Adverse effects in wild fish living downstream from pharmaceutical manufacture discharges

A set of biochemical and histological responses was measured in wild gudgeon collected upstream and downstream of urban and pharmaceutical manufacture effluents. These individual end-points were associated to fish assemblage characterisation. Responses of biotransformation enzymes, neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption biomarkers revealed contamination of investigated stream by a mixture of pollutants. Fish from sampled sites downstream of the industrial effluent exhibited also strong signs of endocrine disruption including vitellogenin induction, intersex and male-biased sex-ratio. These individual effects were associated to a decrease of density and a lack of sensitive fish species. This evidence supports the hypothesis that pharmaceutical compounds discharged in stream are involved in recorded endocrine disruption effects and fish population disturbances and threaten disappearance of resident fish species. Overall, this study gives argument for the utilisation of an effect-based monitoring approach to assess impacts of pharmaceutical manufacture discharges on wild fish populations.     

Assessment of seasonal variability of biomarkers in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from a low contaminated stream: implication for environmental biomonitoring

In this study, wild three-spined sticklebacks were sampled every six weeks, between April and October, in a low contaminated stream. For all fish, physiological indexes, such as condition factor, hepato-, gonado- and nephro-somatic index were calculated to determine fish condition and reproductive status. Moreover, a set of biomarkers including biotransformation enzymes, oxidative stress parameters, neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption markers was measured. The results allowed to determine biomarker variability due to fish gender or sampling season. For example, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, glutathione peroxidase as well as vitellogenin and spiggin exhibited strong gender differences. Conversely, lipoperoxidation and acethylcholinesterase activity were characterised by a lack of gender and seasonal variation, and can be considered as more robust parameters for a field application. The present work allowed to establish practical guideline for biomarker measurements in wild sticklebacks and to define a reference system which can be used to analyze variations in future monitoring studies.     

Biomarker responses in wild three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) as a useful tool for freshwater biomonitoring: a multiparametric approach

The biochemical response of wild sticklebacks collected in Autumn 2005 at seven stations in the North of France was studied using a set of complementary biomarkers. Here, data on biotransformation of xenobiotics, oxidative stress exposure and damages, neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption are provided. All the sites are characterized by a specific response pattern that allows distinguishing sampling locations. Moreover, these responses are in accordance with data on existing environmental pressures and the chemical analysis of metals performed in surface water. The assessment of individual responses is completed by fish population disturbance monitoring. Based on these measurements, the investigated sites are characterized by different levels of disturbance. This study argues for a multi-parametric approach of aquatic ecosystem contamination based on association between chemical, biochemical and ecological endpoints and provides a testimony of the usefulness of stickleback for this purpose.     

Occurrence,fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: A review

Azole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal infection in human. After application, these chemicals may reach to the receiving environment via direct or indirect discharge of wastewaters, thus posing potential risks to non-target organisms. We aimed to review the occurrence, fate and toxicological effects of some representative household azole fungicides in the environment. Azole fungicides were widely detected in surface water and sediment of the aquatic environment due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals are found resistant to microbial degradation, but can undergo photolysis under UV irradiation. Due to different physiochemical properties, azole fungicides showed different environmental behaviors. The residues of azole fungicides could cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. The reported effects include regulation changes in expression of cytochrome P450-related genes and alteration in CYP450-regulated steroidogenesis causing endocrine disruption in fish. Further studies are essential to investigate the removal of azole fungicides by advanced treatment technologies, environmental fate such as natural photolysis, and toxic pathways in aquatic organisms.     

江湖阻隔对涨渡湖区鱼类资源的生态影响

长江中游两岸绝大多数通江湖泊自20世纪50年代以来因水利工程阻隔先后失去与长江的联系而产生一系列的生态问题。我们以涨渡湖为例开展江湖阻隔后对单个湖泊鱼类资源所产生的生态影响进行研究,结果表明：江湖阻隔导致湖泊生产经营方式改变,使得野生渔业产量的比例由1949年的95%,降低到2002年的不足5%;江湖阻隔后湖泊鱼类种类由50年代约80种下降到现在的52种,其中,洄游性和流水型鱼类比重由50%下降至不足30%;迷魂阵渔获物在单位产量、个体大小上极显著(p < 0.01)地高于通江湖泊,但在物种数和多样性指数上则要低得多(p < 0.01)。因此,江湖阻隔对湖泊渔业具明显影响,且正导致野生鱼类资源的进一步衰退。     

长江上游支流老河沟鱼类群落结构的时空格局

2012年3月、6月、9月和12月按季度对涪江支流老河沟的14个样点进行了鱼类群落结构调查和分析。共采集鱼类11种,隶属于2目4科;其中,鲤形目鱼类7种,占物种数的63.64%。沿上游源头到下游的纵向梯度方向,老河沟鱼类的种类数和丰度均逐渐增加,具极显著性差异,而鱼类种类数和丰度则无季节差异性。聚类分析(Cluster Analysis)和多维尺度分析(MDS)表明,当Bray-curtis相似度矩阵值为40.77%时,老河沟鱼类群落分成上游、中游和下游3组。利用相似度百分比分析(SIMPER)确定,引起3组差异性的特定鱼类是宽鳍鱲、尖头、似()、齐口裂腹鱼、贝氏高原鳅、红尾荷马条鳅和青石爬鮡。典型相关分析(CCA)表明海拔、底质类型、流速、溶氧、总溶解固体、水温、电导率、河宽、pH值和水深等环境变量是老河沟鱼类群落时空格局差异的影响因子。     

Pollution prevention in the pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry traditionally uses complex batch-type processes in the manufacture of medicines, although the production of specific medicines by continuous processes is currently envisaged. Due to the diversity of these processes, it is difficult to define a general set of waste prevention guidelines that would apply to all drug manufacturing. The most applicable methods of prevention can, however, be delineated for each of the five steps in the pharmaceutical manufacturing, i.e. (i) research and development, (ii) chemical synthesis, (iii) natural product extraction, (iv) fermentation and (v) product formulation. Waste streams generally arise from cleaning and sterilising equipment, chemical spills, rejected by-products and the processes themselves. Prevention mainly involves waste reduction by materials substitution, process modification/optimisation, waste stream segregation and solvent waste recycling. These measures are assessed and lead to guidelines for waste minimisation methods according to the waste streams under scrutiny.     

瓯江鱼类资源调查及保护对策

瓯江是浙江省第二大江,鱼类资源丰富,然而至1972年调查以来,尚未有全面的鱼类资源调查研究。对瓯江干流从上游查田镇至下游海口镇的5个采样点进行了较全面的鱼类调查,共采集鱼类标本1 246尾,隶属于5目14科46属60种。相比1972年调查结果,有34种未采集到,其中包括列入中国濒危动物数据库的4种：中华鲟、鲥、香鱼、花鳗鲡;本次调查结果较1972年调查新增19种,其中外来鱼类2种：莫桑比克罗非鱼、大口黑鲈。在对5个采样点的鱼类组成、群落相似度、优势种组成、生物多样性指数等进行分析后,发现瓯江上游鱼类种类以流水性鱼类为主,且生物多样性较高;中下游鱼类种类组成以静水性鱼类为主,且生物多样性较低。本次调查的每日单船渔获量为45 kg/（船·d）,仅为1972年的25%,鱼类资源衰退严重。最后,对鱼类资源下降的原因进行了分析,并提出了保护对策     

葛洲坝下游近坝区水域鱼类资源声学调查与评估

于2013年4月及6月,针对DIDSON的特点设计了携带声呐的船舶走航式及定点式两种方法,对葛洲坝下游近坝区水域（大江、三江至下游镇江阁处江段）进行水声学调查,观察鱼类资源的时空分布特点。观测数据经去噪处理,获得鱼类资源结果。结果表明：葛洲坝下游近坝区鱼类资源分布呈明显的空间差异,大江水域鱼类密度显著高于三江水域,且近坝区高于下游江段,最大值为6924 ind./1 000 m3,位于大江电站下游约1 km处,最小值为153 ind./1 000 m3,位于宜化大楼江段。鱼类资源在时间上没有显著的统计学差异,6月份鱼类活动昼夜差别比4月份更明显,主要集中在上层水域,傍晚至凌晨鱼类活动较少。进一步分析发现,船闸的运行方式、水体中食物可获取程度、各鱼类种群生活习性差异等,均对鱼类资源时空分布产生影响。此外,开展适逢葛洲坝禁渔期,禁渔措施维持了近坝区水域春、夏季鱼类资源量的稳定性,是保护鱼类资源的有效而直接的方法     

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价,对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁;中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染;下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高,中游湖泊较高,干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大,物种丰富,多样性高;侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低;淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些;河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零,生态条件差。     

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价，对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁；中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染；下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高，中游湖泊较高，干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大，物种丰富，多样性高；侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低；淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些；河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零，生态条件差。     

巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空分布

基于2013年4月和10月对巢湖流域66个河道样点的调查数据,初步研究了巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空变化特征。主要研究结果显示,鱼类多样性无显著性的水系间、生态分区间的变化,但随季节和河流级别显著变化:10月份的个体数显著高于4月份,2级河流的物种数和个体数均显著大于1级、3级和4级河流。鱼类群落结构的季节动态显著,随生态分区显著变化,但不受水系、河流级别的显著影响。在二级生态分区水平上,仅西南森林生态亚区的鱼类群落结构与其他5个生态亚区的显著差异;宽鳍鱲、吻虾虎鱼等在西南森林生态亚区具有更高多度,而鲫、鰐、鲤等物种在其他生态亚区多度更高。     

Impact of global warming on European tidal estuaries: some evidence of northward migration of estuarine fish species

The aim of this study was to determine whether the latitudinal distribution of fish species that use estuaries to complete their entire life cycle has shifted northward as an expected consequence of global warming. The mean latitude of past fish species distributions found in 1970s’ literature was compared with the mean latitude of distributions today based on fish density indices collected in 55 tidal estuaries along the Atlantic European seaboard, from Portugal to Scotland. Among the 15 most common species, 11 displayed a positive difference between current and past mean latitudes suggesting a northward shift of the populations. Using the occurrence of subtropical species in temperate areas as an indicator of water warming, the northernmost range limit of 10 subtropical species was subsequently focused on. Six of them were recorded up to their past northern latitudinal limit. These results reinforced the idea that a number of fish species associated to estuaries have migrated northwards over the last 30 years, possibly due to water warming. These ecological changes can get important managerial implications, i.e. in the assessment of the ecological status in European directives.     

葛洲坝船闸过鱼时空特性研究

于2013年4月、6月及8月，在葛洲坝一、二号船闸上下闸首断面及闸室内，利用DIDSON声纳定点探测方法，对船闸上下行鱼类数量进行探测记录，并同步进行水质水动力现场监测，研究船闸过鱼现状及规律。结果表明：船闸天然情况下存在一定过鱼能力，附加一定的改进措施，船闸可能成为通航与过鱼功能合一的新型过鱼建筑物。船闸过鱼存在一定的昼夜节律，鱼类在夜晚时段表现的更为活跃，且在不同季节有选择相对适宜温度活动的趋势，而两船闸间下闸首天然鱼类通过量无显著差异。6月由于水温条件适合，且处于禁渔期末，鱼类大量繁殖，过鱼数量最大，4月及8月过高及过低的水温均不利于家鱼繁殖，过鱼相对较少，且均值比较无显著差异，另外不同月份水位流速变动可能对过鱼量造成一定影响。一号二号船闸的鱼类上闸首通过率分别为21%及42%     

嘉陵江干流鱼类群落生态结构分析

鱼类群落生态结构是群落生态学研究的一个热点问题。通过野外调查和资料分析发现,嘉陵江干流分布鱼类有156种,隶属于7目18科85属。依据所摄取食物类型的不同,这些鱼类可以划分为浮游动物食性、浮游植物食性、着生藻类食性、水生植物食性、水生昆虫食性、软体动物食性、肉食性和杂食性等8种食性类型。使用相似性指数和相似性分析方法,对嘉陵江上、中和下游的鱼类组成及群落生态结构组成分析发现：（1）从上游到下游,鱼类物种逐渐增加;（2）整个嘉陵江干流中,水生昆虫食性的鱼类占3141%,肉食性占1923%,着生藻类食性占1859%,软体动物食性的占1154%,浮游动物食性占1026%,杂食性占641%,水生植物食性占192%,浮游植物食性占064%;（3）从上游到下游,肉食性鱼类所占比例逐渐增加,以水生昆虫和着生藻类为食的鱼类所占比例则逐渐减少,相似性分析表明,嘉陵江各江段鱼类群落生态结构组成的差异不显著。嘉陵江干流鱼类群落生态结构的组成和变化与水生态系统结构和功能的变化密切相关     

湖南境内澧水鱼类资源现状与多样性研究

作为洞庭湖一级支流,澧水对洞庭湖乃至长江水系鱼类资源的维持或补充有着重要作用。为了了解澧水的鱼类资源现状,于2010年4月~2011年12月,对湖南境内澧水水系鱼类资源进行调查。共采集鉴定鱼类95种（包括1种湖南鱼类新纪录,4种外来种）,隶属于8目19科59属。种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主,占5053%。多样性分析表明,澧水不同江段鱼类群落多样性处于较好或丰富状态,在空间分布上,鱼类物种数按上、中、下游依次增加,多样性指数也呈上升趋势且差异显著（P<005）。相似性及聚类分析表明,澧水鱼类群落可分为3个类群,即：上、中、下游类群;上游与中游类群为中等相似,与下游类群为中等不相似,中游与下游类群相似性总体小于与上游类群相似性。澧水鱼类在洄游、摄食、栖息习性等生态类型上呈现多样化特征。调查江段渔获物组成虽存在差异,但主要以鲤、鲫、翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌、鲇、黄颡鱼、[XCz1.tif;%85%85,JZ]、银鮈、中华花鳅、子陵吻鰕虎鱼等湖泊定居性或山溪流水性[JP3]鱼类为主,“四大家鱼”等洄游性鱼类所占比例极低,鱼类小型化现象明显,原因分析主要与水工建设和过度捕捞有关。[     

Genotoxic effects of binary mixtures of xenoandrogens (tributyltin, triphenyltin) and a xenoestrogen (ethinylestradiol) in a partial life-cycle test with Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

A partial life-cycle test with the model fish Danio rerio was performed in order to evaluate the genotoxic potential of binary mixtures of xenoandrogenic (tributyltin--TBT; triphenyltin--TPT) and an estrogenic compound (ethinylestradiol--EE2). Five days post-fertilisation larvae were diet-exposed to environmental relevant concentrations of TBT and TPT (25 ng/g-100 ng/g), and water-exposed to ethinylestradiol (3.5 ng/L) for a four-month period; binary mixtures of TBT plus EE2 and TPT plus EE2 were run in parallel. The erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) assay in circulating erythrocytes was used to evaluate genotoxicity in the end of the four-month exposure period. A significant increase (p<0.05, Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA) in ENA frequency, in comparison with control animals, was observed in those animals exposed to TBT and TPT (the highest doses only), and to EE2 and the binary mixtures, although neither synergistic nor additive effects of the tested compounds were evident. Overall, the results clearly indicate that chronic exposure to low levels of TBT, TPT, EE2 and binary mixtures of TBT plus EE2 and TPT plus EE2 are genotoxic to zebrafish, which may suggest that wild fish populations may be under increased DNA damage in areas contaminated by these endocrine disrupting chemicals.     

基于葛洲坝1号船闸模型的水流诱鱼试验研究

以鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)为研究对象,在自制的葛洲坝船闸模型中,研究水流诱导鱼类进入船闸的技术。诱鱼效果采用鱼平均聚集率(P)、诱集效率指数(I)、通过闸门频次(f)和上下游停留时间比(Tr)作为评价指标。研究结果表明:适当范围的水流流速对诱导鱼类进入船闸有一定的诱集作用。当闸门断面平均流速为0.45 m/s时,诱集效率最高,此时鱼类在船闸两侧区域平均聚集率和诱集效率指数最大,通过闸门频次最高;当水流流速为0 m/s(对照组)时,鱼类的活动规律不明显;当水流速度大于0 m/s且小于0.45 m/s时,鱼群聚集中心主要集中闸门内高流速区域;当流速超过0.45m/s后,逐渐增大时,鱼类进入船闸的频率呈下降趋势,鱼群聚集中心主要集中在闸门下游侧流速较稳定的区域;当流速超过0.75 m/s后,鱼类的顶流行为逐渐减弱,不再呈现向闸门聚集的趋势,出现逃逸行为。通过本研究,为鱼类行为学的研究提供基础数据,同时为中低水头水利枢纽船闸与鱼道结合的可行性研究提供参考依据。     

川东平行岭谷区野生春剑伴生植物群落特征研究

为了对春剑野生种群生物多样性保护和再引入生态重建提供理论和技术基础，采用典型样地调查法，对川东平行岭谷区野生春剑伴生植物群落特征进行了研究。结果表明：野生春剑主要分布在松科与壳斗科针阔混交林、壳斗科常绿 落叶阔叶混交林和松树林植物群落，伴生植物有40科58属70种，优势种主要是乔木层的马尾松、青冈、巴山松、油松等，灌木层的杜鹃花、马桑、山茶花等，草本层的蕨类和地被层的苔藓。其中，马尾松、杜鹃花、蕨类、苔藓具有较高的重要值，可作为野生春剑栖息地的指示植物。春剑伴生植物种类具有相对的特异性和选择性，与其它群落相比，群落3、群落4和群落6物种多样性指数H′和均匀度指数E都相对较低，松科和壳斗科植物个体数量较多并占有突出地位，春剑种群的生态密度也相对较高。虽然川东平行岭谷区野生春剑的适生生境条件依然存在，但春剑种群数量总体较小，种群的生态密度在11～60株/hm2，人为破坏性的滥采，是其濒危的直接原因。加强野生春剑资源的就地保护和生境保护，突破春剑种子野生环境共生萌发技术瓶颈，积极开展春剑的“再引入”工作，是春剑保育策略的重要方向     

Quantifying the impact of septic tank systems on eutrophication risk in rural headwaters

Septic tank systems (STS) are a potential source of nutrient emissions to surface waters but few data exist in the UK to quantify their significance for eutrophication. We monitored the impact of STS on nutrient concentrations in a stream network around a typical English village over a 1-year period. Septic tank effluent discharging via a pipe directly into one stream was highly concentrated in soluble N (8-63mgL(-1)) and P (<1-14mgL(-1)) and other nutrients (Na, K, Cl, B and Mn) typical of detergent and household inputs. Ammonium-N (NH(4)N) and soluble reactive P (SRP) fractions were dominant (70-85% of total) and average concentrations of nitrite-N (NO(2)N) were above levels considered harmful to fish (0.1mgL(-1)). Lower nutrient concentrations were recorded at a ditch and a stream site, but range and average values downstream of rural habitation were still 4 to 10-fold greater than those in upstream sections. At the ditch site, where flow volumes were low, annual flow-weighted concentrations of NH(4)N and SRP increased from 0.04 and 0.07mgL(-1), respectively upstream to 0.55 and 0.21mgL(-1) downstream. At the stream site, flow volumes were twice as large and flow-weighted concentrations increased much less; from 0.04 to 0.21mgL(-1) for NH(4)N and from 0.06 to 0.08mgL(-1) for SRP. At all sites, largest nutrient concentrations were recorded under low flow and stream discharge was the most important factor determining the eutrophication impact of septic tank systems. The very high concentrations, intercorrelation and dilution patterns of SRP, NH(4)-N and the effluent markers Na and B suggested that soakaways in the heavy clay catchment soils were not retaining and treating the septic tank effluents efficiently, with profound implications for stream biodiversity. Water companies, water regulators and rural communities therefore need to be made more aware of the potential impacts of STS on water quality so that their management can be optimised to reduce the risk of potential eutrophication and toxicity to aquatic ecosystems during summer low flow periods.