不同水文条件下黄河口滨海湿地土壤真菌群落的分布特征

为了探究不同水文条件下黄河口滨海湿地土壤真菌群落多样性和结构特征,通过内转录区间(ITS)高通量测序技术对淡水恢复芦苇湿地(FPW)、非淹水芦苇湿地(NPW)、潮汐芦苇湿地(TPW)和盐地碱蓬湿地(TSW)土壤的真菌群落多样性和结构进行对比分析.结果 表明,非淹水芦苇湿地土壤中真菌OTUs数量最高(902),但4种湿地...     

基于土壤系统结构的喀斯特流域水文干旱分析——以贵州省为例

干旱是全球性普遍发生的一种自然现象,而喀斯特流域水文干旱不能简单归因于“气候异常、降水量减少”。论文将利用面向对象分类技术,提取土壤类型、土壤相对覆盖度、土壤相对粗糙度、土壤相对湿度的遥感信息;从土壤系统结构与土壤系统功能的关系角度,分析土壤单因素单因子、单因素双因子耦合以及多因素耦合对流域水文干旱影响。研究表明:①土壤单因素单因子对流域水文干旱影响,即是土壤通道对降雨的土壤径流影响的体现;②土壤单因素双因子耦合对流域水文干旱影响,取决于其单因子对流域水文干旱影响的程度;③土壤多因素耦合对流域水文干旱影响,即是土壤通道耦合对降雨的土壤径流影响的综合体现。因此,通过论文的研究,从土壤系统结构的角度,揭示了流域水文干旱的驱动机制,为喀斯特地区水资源的利用提供了理论基础。     

A3钢在富营养化淡水体中腐蚀电化学行为

由于富营养化会导致淡水水体环境发生重大改变,从而使金属在其中的腐蚀行为更加复杂。目前,国内外对金属在富营养化淡水水体中的腐蚀行为与规律的研究比较少。因此,开展这方面的研究工作具有非常重要的意义。文中将通过电化学方法研究A3钢在富营养化淡水环境中的腐蚀行为,并着重研究温度、pH值、含氧量等因素对A3钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响。     

港台环境之窗

台湾水产养殖十分发达,但近年来因过度开发,造成了土壤盐化、沿海地层下陷和鱼病蔓延等问题。为此,台湾有关方面最近计划发展海上箱网水产养殖。 台湾渔场养殖分淡水养殖和海水养殖两种。淡水养殖鱼场耗用淡水量大,每年要用掉岛内一成淡水;鱼场常常超量抽取地下水,使台湾800多平方公里的地层下陷,严重影响了其它行业及民众生活。海水养殖鱼场因池水渗漏,导致附近土壤盐化,使良田荒芜。目前台湾的水产养殖年产量约30万吨,其中约9成在内     

黄河口典型芦苇湿地土壤磷的吸附动力学特征

以黄河口不同淹水条件的芦苇湿地为研究对象（潮汐淹水湿地、淡水恢复湿地和季节性淹水湿地）,通过吸附模拟实验探讨了不同类型湿地表层土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征及其影响因素,评估了不同淹水条件下湿地土壤对磷的吸附能力。研究结果表明：具有不同水盐条件的芦苇湿地土壤对上覆水体中磷的吸附表现为淡水恢复湿地>潮汐淹水湿地>季节性淹水湿地,淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附量最大;三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附过程均表现为初期（0~3 h）最快、中期（3~24 h）逐渐减慢、后期（24 h以后）慢而平衡的状态,但淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最快,季节性淹水湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最慢且存在着时间上的延迟性;三类湿地土壤的水盐条件和理化性质差异（如pH、盐度、土壤质地、Al₀、Fe₀和Ca₀）是导致三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附量和吸附速率存在差异的主要因素;Simple Elovich模型和Power Function模型更适合模拟黄河口芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征。在黄河口退化芦苇湿地实施淡水恢复工程,能够在一定程度上促进湿地土壤对磷的吸附,进而降低湿地水体发生富营养化的风险。     

棉秆还田对咸水滴灌棉田土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性的影响

咸水长期灌溉会增加土壤盐分,对土壤理化性质产生不利影响,改变土壤细菌的多样性.秸秆还田可以改善土壤微环境,进而影响土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性.试验设置淡水(FW,0.35 dS·m-1)和咸水(SW,8.04 dS·m-1)两种灌溉水盐度,在每个灌溉水盐度下秸秆用量分别为0 kg·hm-2和6 000 kg·hm-...     

黄河三角洲不同类型湿地土壤盐分的剖面分异特征

为探究高强度人为干扰是否改变滨海湿地土壤盐分的剖面特征,采集黄河三角洲典型自然湿地和人为干扰湿地不同植物群落下的土壤剖面样品,进行实验室测定。运用单因素方差分析、非参数检验、聚类分析等方法,对土壤剖面含盐量及理化性状进行统计分析。结果显示：由陆向海湿地土壤从轻度盐渍化向盐土过渡,盐分剖面特征受人为活动影响显著,同时人为影响因植被类型而异。总体而言,人为干扰湿地土壤盐渍化程度高于自然湿地。土壤盐分剖面类型可划分为表聚型、震荡型和均匀型三种,空间上由海向陆土壤盐分剖面类型由表聚型、震荡型向均匀型转变。人为干扰湿地中的柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）群落和裸地土壤盐分表聚特征明显,属于表聚型剖面,表聚系数为63%,均匀型剖面占比最高,达到2/3。当地人为筑坝修路等建设活动,通过直接阻断或改变地形等方式削弱了湿地潮汐的水文连通过程,进而改变土壤含水率、容重等生境要素,可能成为影响盐分剖面特征的重要因素。通过闸阀调控、生态补水工程等水文连通恢复措施,改善湿地土壤盐碱化问题,有助于推动黄河三角洲滨海湿地的可持续发展与管理。     

盐分增强对河口淡水潮汐湿地土壤活性碳组分和碳获取酶活性的影响

为了研究未来盐水入侵对河口淡水潮汐湿地土壤有机碳分解的影响,本研究将河口淡水潮汐湿地土壤移置到半咸水潮汐湿地,研究土壤移置30、180和510 d后,河口淡水潮汐湿地土壤活性有机碳（LOC）组分和碳获取酶活性（β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素水解酶、过氧化氢酶与酚氧化酶）对盐分增强的响应.结果表明,土壤盐分增强对活性有机碳组分的影响显著,盐分增强促进土壤MBC和DOC的含量增加,土壤EOC的含量减少.植物地上生物量随着土壤盐分的增强而降低,而地下生物量随着盐分的增强而增加.细菌丰度随着土壤盐分增强而减少,真菌丰度随着土壤盐分增强而增加.随着土壤盐分的增强,4种碳获取酶的活性增加.相关分析和回归分析表明碳获取酶的活性受土壤Fe(III)/Fe(II)比值、土壤C/N比值及土壤真菌/细菌（F/B）比值影响.研究结果表明：当河口淡水潮汐湿地由淡水潮汐湿地转变为半咸水潮汐湿地,植物的根系泌氧和有机物分泌都会相应增加,土壤有机质质量变差,故而土壤碳获取酶的活性会相应增加,而土壤活性有机碳的含量大量减少.因此,未来海平面上升后,河口淡水潮汐沼泽湿地土壤碳储量减少,并进一步加剧海平面上升对河口淡水潮汐湿地生态...     

应对21世纪全球水危机——评《当江河枯竭的时候》

江河是人类最宝贵的淡水资源,灌溉了农田、哺育了人民。然而,世界上的大江大河正在陷入困境,水危机正在全球蔓延：在约旦河到达约旦之前,以色列人正用管道把它抽干;恒河流域连年干旱,因为印度在旱季抽干了这条圣河中所有的水;伟大的阿姆河,号称中亚的尼罗河,被改变了流向,引入大漠之中,导致咸海干涸;     

黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究

分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的３ｍ土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.