喀斯特地区生态系统服务变化及权衡协同关系

为探明喀斯特地区生态系统服务的时空变化特征,厘清服务间的权衡协同关系,文章以典型喀斯特区贵州省毕节市撒拉溪示范区为例,借助InVEST模型评估2010年、2015年和2018年土壤保持、产水量、碳储量与生境质量,分析不同年度的时空变化特征,并基于逐像元空间相关分析探究服务之间的权衡与协同关系进行探究.结果 表明:(1)2010-2018年,该区各生态系统服务均呈增长趋势,土壤保持、产水量、碳储量和生境质量指数分别增长了3.51×104t/a、164.95×104mm/a、1.28×104t/a和565.18.(2)土壤保持、碳储量和生境质量在不同时段均表现为增长趋势,2015年增长幅度大于2015-2018年;产水量在不同时段存较大差异,2010-2015年为增长趋势,增幅为56.53％,2015-2018年为下降趋势,降幅为15.40％.(3)土壤保持、碳储量与生境质量在空间上呈北高南低的格局,产水量则为南高北低.(4)产水量与土壤保持、碳储量和产水量均表现为权衡关系,土壤保持与碳储量和生境质量两两服务间均表现为协同关系,两两生态系统服务间在空间上均呈北部协同、南部权衡的空间分布特征.     

喀斯特地区景观格局变化对生境质量的响应

生境质量是生态系统服务功能和生态系统健康程度的重要体现，厘清喀斯特地区不同景观格局变化下的生境质量情况，对实现生态脆弱区的经济发展和生态保护具有“双赢”的现实意义。文章以南北盘江流域为例，基于InVEST模型研究流域2000-2020年景观格局与生境质量的时空演变特征，并以网格为分析单元，利用GeoDa、SPSS软件对二者的时空响应及关系进行分析，为喀斯特景观格局优化和生态环境保护提供科学依据。结果显示：（1）2000-2020年，南北盘江流域景观转变主要发生在耕地、林地的相互转换及建设用地对耕地的挤占上。研究区景观格局整体向好发展，但除林地外的其他景观地类细碎化程度加深，局部地区景观格局破碎度增强并向着异质化、复杂化方向发展。（2）2000、2010、2020年流域生境质量均值分别为0.728 7、0.727 5、0.726 6，生境处于良好水平，呈轻微下降趋势。空间上生境质量呈“东西低，中南高”的分布特征，低质量区主要集中在南盘江流域上游，北盘江流域生境质量较好，但生境退化度高。（3）景观格局变化是影响生境质量的重要因素，不同景观格局指数与生境质量的相关性及响应程度存在时空差异。该...     

异龙湖水质及水生生态系统演变趋势

云南高原湖泊为社会经济发展提供了重要的淡水资源与生态系统服务功能,然而流域开发的持续与气候极端事件的频发导致了包括异龙湖在内的大中型湖泊出现了水质恶化、藻类暴发与生态环境功能退化。根据1980-2015年35 a的水质监测数据,利用综合营养状态指数(TLI)对异龙湖水质营养状况变化趋势与生态系统响应特征进行评价分析。近35 a来,异龙湖长期处于富营养化过程,水质营养状态可为3个主要阶段。1980-1994年湖泊水质营养状态呈现波动上升趋势,主要是流域农业面源输入造成的;1994-2010年富营养化趋势有所减缓,可能与期间跨流域引水对湖泊营养盐的稀释有关;但2010-2015年又开始明显加剧,主要是流域社会经济持续快速发展造成的工业污染、农业面源污染及湖内沉积物营养盐释放造成的。自1980年以来,异龙湖的水生生物发生了结构性变化,生物多样性丧失严重,主要受湖泊富营养化程度驱动,同时气候变化特别是极端干旱事件对水生生态系统的影响也不可忽视。     

基于贝叶斯网络的生态系统服务权衡协同关系强度及其空间格局优化：以汾河流域为例

了解生态系统服务（ESs）间权衡协同关系强度对于汾河流域地区的生态环境管理和恢复至关重要,然而,迄今为止,对该地区ESs间关系强度变化的驱动变量和空间格局优化仍然缺乏足够的研究.在定量评估汾河流域2000年和2020年6种生态系统服务的基础上,引入了生态系统服务权衡协同指数（TSI）定量衡量两两ES间权衡协同关系的强度,同时构建了贝叶斯生态系统服务权衡协同关系强度网络,识别了权衡协同强度的驱动变量,通过敏感度分析确定了关键变量对权衡协同关系强度的影响程度,并在空间格局上刻画了ESs权衡协同关系强度的优化区.结果表明：①2000年和2020年汾河流域6种ESs时空差异较为显著,在时间尺度上,产水量、净初级生产力、粮食供给、土壤保持和碳储量均呈现波动上升的趋势,在空间尺度上,6种生态系统服务在20年里空间分布变化较小.②碳储量与生境质量、土壤保持以及净初级生产力的TSI在空间上呈现出四周高中部低的格局;与产水量有关的5对服务中TSI最大的地区均分布在流域西部和南部;粮食供给与其他服务之间的TSI自北向南呈现“高-中-高”的分布特征.③敏感性分析发现,产水量与土壤保持和生境质量的强度均受到降水、根系限制性深度和降雨侵蚀等的显著影响,且根据关键变量不同状态的条件概率,发现汾河流域中部的文水县、清徐县和祁县等是权衡协同强度的高值区,可作为生态修复重点区域.研究结果对于认识多种生态系统服务间权衡与协同强度的复杂关系及其驱动变量,对后续提出生态环境可持续治理和政策制定具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

洞庭湖土地利用和生态服务功能时空变化及其耦合效应分析

生态系统服务价值及空间分布变化与土地利用方式的改变有密切关系,不同生态服务空间上也存在权衡和协同的复杂关系.基于1980年、1990年、2000年和2010年4期土地利用数据,利用InVEST模拟了洞庭湖区域历史5种生态服务功能的变化(碳储量、生境质量、产水量功能、水质净化功能和土壤保持功能),并采用生态系统服务权衡度...     

湖泊生态系统服务功能价值估算及保护对策研究

为了科学合理的对澄碧河水库进行开发和利用,应用评估指标体系法和DPSIR模型,对2013年-2017年澄碧河水库生态系统服务功能价值估算,对生态系统健康和安全性进行评估。结果表明:澄碧河水库生态系统服务功能价值逐年增加,价值量排序为调节服务功能支持服务功能文化功能供给服务功能;流域生态安全指数(ESI)处于较安全水平,要维持生态系统安全水平不下降,重点在于加强水库生态环境管理,逐步减少经济社会发展对水库生态环境的干预。     

东江流域生态系统服务价值变化研究

从生态系统的类型、质量和功能的时空变化出发,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,结合市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法等方法,并在全面考虑各类型生态系统服务功能和基础数据可获得性的基础上,对东江流域的生态系统服务价值进行科学评估,揭示生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000-2008年东江流域生态系统服务总价值呈减少趋势,且除水域外,其余生态系统的单位面积生态服务价值均为2008年比2000年有所减少,说明流域生态系统的质量呈下降趋势。林地的单位面积生态服务价值2004-2008年的年均减少率大于2000-2004年,反映了流域森林资源的质量加速下降的状况;从空间上看,虽然上中游单位面积的生态系统服务价值大于下游,但上游单位面积生态系统服务价值减少得比较剧烈。     

辽河三角洲土地利用变化轨迹、驱动过程及生态系统服务时空演变

辽河三角洲位于"辽宁沿海经济带",拥有重要的自然保护区和保存完好的大面积芦苇沼泽和以盐地碱蓬为主的潮间带盐沼,栖息着多种濒危物种.1980年以来,农业开发、水产养殖、油气开采活动加剧,使得该区域生态环境发生巨变.本研究分析了1980—2010年,辽河三角洲土地利用时空变化轨迹及驱动过程,并应用InVEST模型模拟了碳储存、生境质量、水质净化3种生态系统服务的时空变化,在此基础上进一步分析了土地利用变化与生态系统服务的关系.研究结果表明:辽河三角洲地区土地利用变化以围垦、修复、淤积3种驱动为主,社会经济驱动主导,自然驱动明显.碳储量和生境质量呈下降趋势,而水质净化功能波动变化.土地利用和生态系统服务相关性表明湿地可以提供较高水平的3种生态服务功能,而生态服务功能低的区域则多与建设用地重合.在规划保护区或实施保护性修复措施时,应优先考虑3种生态系统服务的高价值区域,以实现高效、经济的生态环境保护.     

赤水河流域国家重点生态功能区县域生态功能状况及变化研究——以赤水市为例

作为国家重点生态功能区，赤水市是长江上游生态安全屏障的重要组成部分。本研究融合卫星遥感、生态环境数据和社会经济指标，对2015—2020年赤水市的全域生态系统类型、生态系统质量和生态系统服务功能状况及变化度进行评价和分析，诊断明确了赤水市生态保护面临的城镇扩张挤占其他生态系统、生态系统质量改善程度缓慢、局部生态系统功能有降低趋势等突出问题，提出了赤水市生态建设思路以及重点任务，包括推进城镇建设生态保护力度、开展植被保护恢复与生态廊道建设、注重生态保护和优势产业相协调、加强流域生态保护地保护和体系建设。     

京津冀生态屏障区人类活动对生态安全的影响

使用SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）和InVEST（Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs）模型分别模拟计算了滦河和潮河流域水源涵养、面源污染、干旱特征和生境质量等指标,在此基础上使用压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型建立了生态安全评价体系,以面源污染、生境质量和土地利用特征等人类活动对生态安全的影响作为切入点,以子流域为评价单元,评价了研究区生态安全,分析了各层指标对生态安全的影响.结果表明,2010年和2015年研究区总体生态安全状态等级均为敏感级,生态安全评分综合指数分别为0.50和0.48.研究区生态系统整体较为稳定,空间上各子流域之间生态安全状态存在较大差异.面源污染和城镇扩张等人类活动对生态安全的影响较大.林地和草地评分较低,可能与种植结构和景观格局有关.水源涵养量值增加和生境稀缺性值下降,说明加大水源涵养能力建设和降低生境稀缺性是提高生态安全的有效措施.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.