表面活性剂Burkholderia xenovorans LB400体系对低氯代PCBs的好氧强化降解

增强多氯联苯(PCBs)的水溶性是强化PCBs微生物降解的主要控制因素之一,本研究选取了PCB5(2,3-CB)和PCB31(2,4’,5-CB)作为低氯代PCBs的典型代表,以曲拉通100(TX-100)、吐温80(Tween 80)、鼠李糖脂粗提物(RL crude)3种表面活性剂和β-环糊精(HPCD)联合Burkholderia xenovorans LB400构建PCBs好氧降解体系,测试了它们对PCB5和PCB31的溶出率及微生物生长的影响.结果表明,TX-100(CMC=194 mg·L-1)、Tween 80(CMC=13.1 mg·L-1)、RL crude(CMC=50mg·L-1)浓度在1~7 CMC时和HPCD浓度在500~1500 mg·L-1时对PCB5和PCB31溶出率分别达到54.7%~100%、59.8%~100%;10.5%~40.8%、6.8%~31.6%;10.3%~19.9%、3.3%~11.6%和19.5%~34.2%、4.2%~10.7%.TX-100浓度在1~7 CMC时对B.xenovorans LB400生长的抑制率达到30.3%~45.8%,而Tween 80浓度在0.1~1 CMC时对其生长的抑制率为10.0%~15.4%;RL crude本身能作为底物促进LB400的生长,而HPCD对其生长无明显影响.B.xenovorans LB400对PCB31(5 mg·L-1)的降解效率在添加表面活性剂后有不同程度的提高:TX-100,23.7%~65.5%;Tween80,14.6%~44.3%;RL crude,9.6%~27.2%;HPCD,15.3%~20.7%;而表面活性剂对PCB5(10 mg·L-1)的降解效率则无明显影响.表面活性剂主要通过增大溶液中PCBs-表面活性剂的胶束浓度来提高LB400对PCBs的降解效率,在水溶液培养体系中当设置TX-100和Tween 80浓度分别在1和7 CMC时,PCB31的降解效率达到100%和81.7%,而此时B.xenovorans LB400生长的抑制率为30.3%和5.4%.     

复合污染中Triton X-100在膨润土/水界面上的吸附行为

研究了水溶液中膨润土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(X-100)的吸附,重点探讨了阳离子表面活性剂CPC、阴离子表面活性剂SDBS、中性无机盐NaCl及温度对膨润土吸附TX-100的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土吸附TX-100的效果好于Ca基膨润土;低浓度CPC对膨润土吸附TX-100具有增强作用,当CPC初始浓度大于l0000 mg·L-1(平衡浓度Ce约为1CMC)时具有抑制作用,当CPC浓度低于3000 mg·L-1(Ce约为0.03CMC)时,TX-100吸附量与CPC浓度成线性正相关.SDBS能显著降低膨润土对TX-100的吸附,原因是溶液中SDBS与TX-100混合胶束的形成能阻止TX-100与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用及在其表面形成胶束.NaCl的存在可以大大提高膨润土对TX-100的吸附,去除率由56%提高到99%以上.膨润土对TX-100的吸附随温度升高吸附量增大,其吸附热为12.68 kJ·mol-1,标准自由能的减小和熵值的增大是TX-100在膨润土上吸附的推动力.实验结果对用膨润土处理含表面活性剂废水具有一定的理论价值.     

PCBs降解菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

采用富集培养的方法从多氯联苯(PCBs)污染土壤中筛选到1株高效降解PCBs的细菌,命名为PS-11.经16S rDNA初步鉴定,此菌株属于嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia).结果表明,菌株PS-11能够以PCBs作为唯一碳源生长并且能够降解PCBs,菌株PS-11对2 mg.L-1PCB52 4 d的降解率为31.1%,7 d的降解率可达52.9%;对难降解的高氯代多氯联苯PCB153 7 d的降解率为10.9%.此外,该菌株的环境耐受性比较好,在30℃、pH为7～9、PCB52浓度为2～10 mg.L-1的条件下生长较快、降解效果较好,尤其在pH 7、PCB52浓度为2 mg.L-1时降解率最高;碳源种类不同,菌株PS-11的生长能力也不同,其中在以蔗糖为碳源时PS-11的生长能力最强,以葡萄糖为碳源时PS-11的适应期最短,且蔗糖、葡萄糖和Tween-80均可提高PS-11对PCB52的降解率;同时菌株PS-11还可耐受一定浓度的重金属,其耐受性大小为Pb2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Cu2+.     

不同淋洗剂对土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱

应用批量平衡振荡法研究了4种化学表面活性剂〔TX-100(曲拉通X-100)、TW-80(吐温80)、SDBS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)、CTMAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)〕、2种生物表面活性剂〔Saponin(皂素)、RL(鼠李糖脂发酵液)〕和1种生物产品(β-环糊精)对污染土壤中PCBs(以Aroclor1254为例)的洗脱效果. 结果表明:在设定的质量浓度范围内,洗脱效果总体表现为TX-100≈TW-80＞SDBS＞β-环糊精＞Saponin＞RL＞CTMAB;ρ(PCBs)为10g/L时,TX-100、TW-80、SDBS、β-环糊精、Saponin、RL、CTMAB对污染土壤中PCBs的洗脱率分别为54.99%、53.12%、46.99%、25.35%、14.76%、13.70%、0%. 通过对洗脱效果、土壤吸附量、淋洗剂成本和环境友好性4个方面的综合考量,筛选出TX-100和β-环糊精2种相对较好的淋洗剂,对其洗脱时间、洗脱次数和淋洗剂pH的影响进行研究,结果表明,TX-100和β-环糊精对土壤中PCBs的洗脱率在洗脱时间为12h时出现拐点,之后洗脱率提高不大;2种淋洗剂的3次洗脱均以第1次为主,第2次和第3次洗脱对洗脱效果没有显著贡献;相同体积的淋洗剂分2次洗脱与1次洗脱效果相当;pH为4~10时,对2种淋洗剂的洗脱效果影响很小.      

表面活性剂对红球菌降解柴油的影响

从泄漏柴油污染的加油站土壤中筛选出对柴油具有较强降解能力的1株红球菌,研究了阴离子和非离子表面活性剂对菌株的毒性,并探讨了单一的阴离子和非离子表面活性剂及阴离子-非离子混合表面活性剂对茵株降解柴油污染物的影响.主要结论:①高浓度的阴离子型表面活性剂SDS和非离子表面活性剂TW-80,TX-100,都会对红球菌生长造成一定的抑制和毒害作用,3种表面活性剂对菌株的毒性大小顺序为:TW-80＞TX-100＞SDS;②单一的表面活性剂SDS,TX-100和TW-80,都能有效提高红球菌对柴油的降解率,非离子表面活性剂TW-80强化红球菌降解柴油的能力最强,其次为TX-100,阴离子表面活性剂SDS能力最弱;③阴离子和非离子的混合表面活性剂SDS-TX-100,SDS-TW-80比单一表面活性剂更能有效提高菌株的降解率,按SDS质量浓度为50 mg/L,TX-100质量浓度为10 mg/L,TW-80质量浓度为10 mg/L比例形成的阴离子和非离子的混合表面活性剂SDS-TX-100和SDS-TW-80对红球菌降解柴油效果最佳,降解率分别达到52.4％和54.3％.     

维生素B12对脱氯功能蓝藻降解2,4,4’-三氯联苯的促进作用研究

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是环境中典型的持久性氯代有机污染物.PCBs污染的生物修复问题是当前环境科学领域的热点.以维生素B12(VB12)为实验材料,应用无氯培养体系,研究了VB12对脱氯功能蓝藻Nostoc PD-2脱氯降解2,4,4’-三氯联苯(PCB28)和降解过程基因表达的影响.结果表明,添加不同浓度的VB12能够促进Nostoc PD-2对PCB28的降解,添加浓度分别为10、100和1000μg·L-1的维生素B12时,与未添加VB12组相比,其7 d脱氯百分比分别提高了11.0%、19.7%和21.9%;添加10μg·L-1和100μg·L-1维生素B12条件下,PCB28的降解半衰期从5.53 d缩短至3.08 d.添加维生素B12后,细胞色素b6f复合体铁硫蛋白基因和双加氧酶基因的表达量均与PCB28的降解效果呈现显著相关性,铁硫蛋白基因表达量与PCB28降解效果的相关性更高.上述结果表明添加VB12能够有效促进脱氯功能藻种PD-2对PCB28的降解,并在基因水平上影响功能藻种的降解活性,这能够为开发高效生物降解PCBs的技术和脱氯功能藻种降解PCBs的机制提供科学依据.     

鼠李糖脂对假单胞菌GP3A降解芘的性能及细胞表面性质的影响

在实验室可控条件下,研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对假单胞菌GP3A生长情况、降解芘(初始浓度为15 mg·L-1)性能以及降解过程中菌体表面性质(细胞表面疏水性、菌体Zeta电位)的影响.结果表明,鼠李糖脂明显促进了GP3A的生长,当鼠李糖脂浓度为200 mg·L-1和500 mg·L-1时,72 h时菌体的生长量比未...     

羟丙基-β-环糊精对不动杆菌属菌株降解硝基苯的影响研究

经过长期驯化和分离得到一株能降解硝基苯的高效菌株，初步鉴定其为不动杆菌属菌株，在30C时，硝基苯对该菌株的最适宜浓度为400mg／L左右。主要研究了羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)对该菌株降解硝基苯的影响。研究发现：当硝基苯的浓度不超过微生物的最适宜生长浓度(400mg／L)时，HPCD对其降解基本没有影响；当硝基苯的浓度高于微生物的最适宜生长浓度时，HPCD的包合作用降低了硝基苯的毒性，加快了硝基苯的降解；HPCD浓度保持一定时，随着硝基苯浓度的增加，促进效果越明显；硝基苯浓度保持不变时，HPCD的浓度越高，促进效果越明显。     

HP-β-CD对不动杆菌降解高浓度硝基苯的影响

研究了在不动杆菌降解高浓度硝基苯的过程中添加羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)对细菌生长、硝基苯的去除及中间产物的转化的影响.利用乙酸酐直接将硝基苯的降解样品酰基化,通过GC-MS分析定性出降解中间产物2 氨基苯酚.在适宜降解菌生长的400mg·L-1硝基苯初始浓度下,加入250和500mg·L-1HP-β-CD对生物量和硝基苯的降解基本无影响;当硝基苯初始浓度约为850mg·L-1时,加入HP-β-CD(>2000mg·L-1)显著促进了细菌的生长、硝基苯的降解和2-氨基苯酚的生物转化,并且促进程度与加入量成正比.这种促进主要是因为HP-β-CD的空腔对硝基苯和2-氨基苯酚的包合产生了脱毒的效果.当HP-β-CD的加入浓度分别为0,2000,4000mg·L-1时,降解菌对850mg·L-1硝基苯的降解都遵循一级反应动力学,降解速率常数由0 0077h-1分别增加到0 0089和0 0161h-1,当HP-β-CD的加入浓度为8000mg·L-1时,降解菌对850mg·L-1硝基苯的降解遵循零级反应动力学,其降解速率常数为16 1162mg·L-1·h-1.     

洞庭湖及入湖河流中209种多氯联苯同类物分布特征与风险评估

为全面了解洞庭湖水域多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染情况,采用同位素稀释-高分辨质谱法对洞庭湖及入湖河流共21处表层水进行了 209种PCB同类物测定分析结果表明,共检出50种PCB同类物,ρ(∑ PCBs)在0.077～10 ng·L-1之间,平均值为2.7ng·L-1,中值为1.9 ng·L-1,污染浓度为:入湖河流＞湖...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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