太湖梅梁湾全氟化合物污染现状研究

采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱/质谱法研究了太湖梅梁湾表层水中全氟化合物(Perfluorinated Compounds,PFCs)的污染水平及空间分布特征.结果表明,梅梁湾表层水中总PFCs浓度范围为50.06～87.53ng·L-1,均值为66.57ng·L-1.PFHxA、PFOA和PFOS是太湖梅梁湾最主要的PFCs,其浓度范围分别为17.34～32.52ng·L-1、7.26～15.57ng·L-1和3.47～8.06ng·L-1.PFHxA、PFOA和PFOS占总PFCs含量的59.33%;梅梁湾表层水中总PFCs含量的空间分布特征总体上呈现东部高于西部的趋势,这可能是由梅梁湾的水动力条件和污染源分布不同所致.     

闽江福州段沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及其生态风险

对闽江福州段37个沉积物样品中的15种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了研究.结果表明,15种PAHs的总量在241.5～1310.8ng·g-1之间,均值为630.9ng·g-1,且从上游到下游整体上呈下降的趋势,但在福州市区附近有突增的现象.沉积物中有机质含量(SOM)与PAHs总量呈显著正相关(r=0.58,p<0.01).同时,应用因子分析和多元线性回归方法对PAHs进行了源解析.结果表明,煤燃烧来源占31.7%,汽油燃烧占25.2%,柴油燃烧占28.7%,石油泄漏源占14.5%,石油燃烧是闽江福州段沉积物中PAHs的主要来源.用效应区间中值ERM(the effects range median)和效应区间低值ERL(the effects range low)及其商值平均方法对闽江福州段沉积物中PAHs的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,有4个样品芴的含量超过ERL指导值(19ng·g-1),具有一定的生态风险,其余PAH单体和PAHs总量都不超标.     

纳米沸石对大白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性及镉形态、含量的影响

通过土培试验研究了纳米沸石(NZ)和普通沸石(OZ)对2个品种白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性,镉形态和含量的影响.结果表明,施用沸石明显提高了大白菜地上部和根部过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,使大白菜地上部、植株总干重分别增加了4.5%~96.5%、3.4%~88.4%.施用纳米沸石和普通沸石有效降低了2个品种大白菜地上部和根部镉含量,且降低幅度随沸石施用量的增加而增加.低镉(1 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_1+Z_0)分别降低了1.0%~75.0%、19.5%~68.9%(除Cd_1+OZ_5/OZ_(10)处理).高镉水平(5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_5+Z_0)分别降低了7.2%~53.2%(除Cd_5+OZ_(10)处理)、0.7%~63.0%.与普通沸石相比较,纳米沸石处理大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量降低10.5%~65.7%.在镉污染土壤上(1 mg·kg~(-1)和5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd),施用纳米沸石和普通沸石使山东四号品种大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了12.4%~68.8%和13.2%~55.6%(除Cd_5+OZ_5处理),使新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了9.4%~71.5%和3.1%~38.7%(除Cd_1+OZ_5处理),且随着施用量的增加,降低幅度更大.     

Wintertime measurements of aerosol acidity and trace elements in Wuhan,a city in central China

A 2-week intensive ambient aerosol study was conducted in December 1988 in Wuhan (Hubei Province), a city of nearly 2 million located on the Yangtze River in central China (P.R.C.). This is an industrial region where soft coal burning is widespread, and emission controls for vehicles and industrial facilities are minimal. The sampling site was located in one of the civic centers where residential and commercial density is highest. An Andersen dichotomous sampler was operated with Teflon membrane filters to collect fine (d_p < 2.5 μmad) and coarse (2.5 ⩽ d_p < 10 μmad) particles for total mass and element determinations. An annular denuder system (ADS) was used to collect fine fraction aerosols for analyses of ionic species including strong acidity (H⁺).The study was conducted between 18 and 30 December, which was rainless, consistently cool (3–10°C) and overcast, but without fog or acute stagnation. Fine particulate mass (PM, as μ m⁻³) averaged 139 (range 54–207); coarse PM averaged 86 (range 29–179). Trace element concentrations were also high. Crustal elements (Si, Al, Ca and Fe) were found primarily in the coarse fraction, while elements associated with combustion (S, K, Cl, Zn and Se) were enriched in the fine fraction. The concentrations of arsenic and selenium were evidence of a large source of coal burning, while vanadium levels (associated with fuel oil use) were not especially enriched.Despite the seemingly high PM loadings, ionic concentrations were not especially high. The average composition of soluble fine aerosol species (in neq m⁻³) were SO₄²⁻: 520 (range 180–980), NO₃⁻: 225 (range 50–470), Cl⁻: 215 (range 20–640), and NH₄⁺: 760 (range 280–1660). A deficit in accountable FP components (total mass compared to the total of ionic plus element masses) as well as the black appearance of collected materials indicate an abundance of carbonaceous aerosol, as high as 100 μ m⁻³. (total mass compared to the total of ionic plus element masses) as well as the black appearance of collected materials indicate an abundance of carbonaceous aerosol, as high as 100 μ m⁻³Aerosol acidity was negligible during most monitoring periods, H⁺: 14 (range 0–50 neq m⁻³, equivalent to 0–2.5 μm m⁻³ as H₂SO₄). Sulfur dioxide, measured by the West-Gaeke method for part of the study, concentrations were low. Although not directly measured, the aerosol measurments suggested that gaseous HCl (from refuse incineration) and NH₃ (animal wastes) concentrations might have been high. Higher aerosol acidity might be expected if HCl sources were more prominent and not neutralized by local ammonia or other base components.     

基于PCR-DGGE和拟杆菌(Bacteroides)16S rRNA的岩溶地下水粪便污染来源示踪研究:以重庆南山老龙洞地下河系统为例

岩溶地下水的微生物污染日益严重,其来源的研究得到国际学术界的广泛关注.本研究以重庆南山老龙洞岩溶地下河系统为对象,采用滤膜法监测地下水中的总细菌、大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌及粪链球菌等微生物指标,以拟杆菌(Bacteriodes)为指示细菌,采用PCR-DGGE示踪地下水中大肠杆菌/粪大肠杆菌的来源.结果表明,老龙洞地下河流域各类细菌含量严重超标,总细菌数为10~2.9×10~7CFU·m L~(-1),大肠菌群总数达4.3~4.0×10~5CFU·m L~(-1),其中粪大肠菌群(FC)和粪链球菌(FS)分别最高达到1.1×10~6CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)、1.1×10~5CFU·(100 m L)~(-1);FC/FS多数为2以上,暗示流域地下水受人类粪便影响为主.地下水样和粪便样品的拟杆菌群落的PCR-DGGE比对分析表明地下水与人粪之间相似性为7.1%~69.1%,其中地下河出口处达到69.1%.地下水与猪粪之间相似性为1.1%~53.4%,地下河出口处仅为1.5%.因此,人类粪便为地下河污染的主要来源,猪粪污染为动物粪便污染的一部分,还存在其他动物粪便污染来源.此外,PCR-DGGE产物切胶测序发现大部分Bacteroides为人类肠道或粪便来源的细菌.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了揭示太湖竺山湾沉积物中碳、氮和磷的分布特征,本研究在太湖竺山湾设置3个断面(湖湾内,A断面;湖湾中部,B断面;开敞湖区,C断面) 10个采样点,采集沉积物柱状样,每2 cm间隔分层测定沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,以揭示其水平分布和垂向分布特征.结果表明,在空间上竺山湾表层沉积物呈现开敞湖区向湖湾富集的特征,湖湾内部碳、氮和磷含量显著高于开敞湖区(P 0. 01),其中湖湾内(A断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别为1. 53、1. 55和11. 31 mg·g~(-1),而靠近开敞湖区(C断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量仅为0. 75、0. 57和6. 70 mg·g~(-1).垂向分布特征表现为表层富集,3个断面TN、TP和TOC含量随着底泥深度的增加均呈现出下降趋势,表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别是底层的2～3、2～5和2～3倍.整体而言,竺山湾沉积物TP含量均值为0. 93 mg·g~(-1),属于重度污染,而TN平均含量为1. 11 mg·g~(-1),属于轻度污染;有机氮指数和综合污染指数显示,竺山湾北部地区污染水平为重度污染区,有机污染相对较强,TP的污染指数(STP)处于1. 03～3. 87之间,属于重度污染.     

Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions

Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.     

成都双流夏秋季环境空气中VOCs污染特征

为了解成都市大气污染重点防治区域——双流地区的环境大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征和来源,2016年8月30日~2016年10月7日,VOCs外场观测在成都市双流区展开.结果表明,在线观测期间,采样站点总的大气挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的平均体积分数为(45. 15±43. 74)×10-9,其中烷烃的贡献最大(29%),其次是芳香烃(22%)、卤代烃(17%)、含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs,15%)、烯烃(9%)、乙炔(7%)、乙腈(1%);优势物种为丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙炔、乙烯、苯、甲苯、间/对-二甲苯、丙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷以及丁酮.通过比较VOCs的化学反应消耗速率发现,反应活性最大的为芳香烃,其次是烯烃;反应活性最强的物种为苯乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、异戊二烯、乙烯等.整个观测期间,有两次明显的生物质燃烧活动.国庆假日期间,TVOCs浓度相比之前明显上升,平均体积分数达57. 65×10-9,其中,短链烯烃、卤代烃以及OVOCs浓度上升最为显著.分析某些关键的非甲烷总烃(NMHCs)和OVOCs的日变化特征发现,其变化规律反映了双流地区不同源排放特点.双流区环境空气中VOCs受本地工业源排放影响较大.     

Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, North West Cameroon

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, Ndop plain, Ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋ 〉 Ca2＋ 〉 Mg2~ 〉 Na＋ for cations and NO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/Na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that N a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to Na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/Na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and NO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.     

土地利用变化对喀斯特水体溶解无机碳、总氮和总磷输出的影响——以贵州普定沙湾模拟试验场为例

耦联水生光合作用的碳酸盐岩风化碳汇是全球碳循环研究的关键问题,生物碳泵效应不仅能够稳定碳酸盐风化碳汇,也有利于改善水环境,而过量输入氮、磷会导致水环境变差。土地利用变化作为全球变化重要内容之一,对流域碳氮磷的输出具有重要影响,但关于土地利用变化对喀斯特水体溶解无机碳、总氮和总磷输出影响的研究有待进一步加强。本研究以贵州普定沙湾喀斯特试验场为研究对象,以研究土地利用变化对水文、水化学、溶解无机碳汇通量、总氮通量和总磷通量的影响。结果表明,流量、径流深、土壤CO₂浓度、pCO₂、HCO₃^-浓度和电导率呈现出夏秋季节高、春冬季节低的变化特征,与pH变化相反。样地间,土壤CO₂浓度、pCO₂、HCO₃^-浓度和电导率表现为草地>灌丛地>农耕地>裸土地>裸岩地,与pH变化相反。参与岩溶作用的土壤CO₂是造成水化学变化的主要原因。溶解无机碳汇通量和总氮通量呈现出夏秋季节高、春冬季节低的变化特征,总磷通量秋季最高、春季最低。样地间,草地溶解无机碳汇通量最大,HCO₃^-浓度是决定溶解无机碳汇通量大小的主导因素。有植被覆盖的土地利用方式的总氮、总磷浓度及其通量明显低于无植被生长的类型,总氮通量灌丛地最小,总氮浓度是决定总氮通量大小的主导因素,总磷通量草地最小,而流量是决定总磷通量大小的主导因素。综上,我们认为可以通过调整土地利用方式来达到增加岩溶碳汇和改善水环境双赢的目标。     

Determining reference conditions for TN, TP, SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes, China

Establishing the nutrient reference condition(baseline environmental condition) of lakes in an ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria.Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in the Eastern plain ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),planktonic chlorophyll a(Chl-a) and Secchi depth(SD).The reference condition value for the lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion by the trisection method is TP of 0.029 mg/L,TN of 0.67 mg/L,Chl-a of 3.92 mg/m 3,SD of 0.85 m,and the reference condition range by the lake population distribution approach is TP of 0.014-0.043 mg/L,TN of 0.360-0.785 mg/L,Chl-a of 1.78-4.73 mg/m 3,SD of 0.68-1.21 m.Additionally,empirical models were developed for estimating the reference Chl-a concentration and SD successfully for lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion.Overall,the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference conditions and that in Eastern plain ecoregion lakes the reference condition corresponds to a mesotrophic status.     

Carbonyl compounds in dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams in restaurants with varying cooking methods in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Eighteen carbonyl species in C₁–C₁₀ were measured in the dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams of six different restaurant types in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. Measured results in the dining areas show that Japanese barbecue (45.06 ppb) had the highest total carbonyl concentrations (sum of 18 compounds), followed by Chinese hotpot (38.21 ppb), Chinese stir-frying (8.99 ppb), Western fast-food (8.22 ppb), Chinese–Western mixed style (7.38 ppb), and Chinese buffet (3.08 ppb), due to their different arrangements for dining and cooking spaces and different cooking methods. On average, low carbon-containing species (C₁–C₄), e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and butyraldehyde were dominant and contributed 55.01%–94.52% of total carbonyls in the dining areas of all restaurants. Meanwhile, Chinese–Western mixed restaurants (45.48 ppb) had high total carbonyl concentrations in kitchens mainly because of its small kitchen and poor ventilation. However, high carbon-containing species (C₅–C₁₀) such as hexaldehyde, heptaldehyde and nonanaldehyde (16.62%–77.00% of total carbonyls) contributed comparatively with low carbon-containing compounds (23.01%–83.39% of total carbonyls) in kitchens. Furthermore, Chinese stir-frying (132.10 ppb), Japanese barbecue (125.62 ppb), Western fast-food (122.67 ppb), and Chinese buffet (119.96 ppb) were the four restaurant types with the highest total carbonyl concentrations in exhaust streams, indicating that stir-frying and grilling are inclined to produce polluted gases. Health risk assessments indicate that Chinese hotpot and Japanese barbecue exceeded the limits of cancer risk (10^− 6) and hazard index (= 1), mainly due to high concentrations of formaldehyde. The other four restaurants were below both limits.     

Limitation of spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in the Haihe River, China, by heavy metals

The Haihe River is characterized by high ammonia pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how environmental factors, such as heavy metals in the river limit the spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. In this study, the relationships between five heavy metals and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms were studied. The results showed that under high ammonia, low oxygen and high concentrations of suspended particles, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) ranged from 101:3 to 104:8 gene copies/mL and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) ranged from 102:7 to 104:9 gene copies/mL. The average metal concentrations in water were 23.57(Cr), 21.58(Ni), 65.09(Cu), 622.03(Zn) and 10.16(As) μg/L, with those of Zn, Cu and Cr being higher than the US EPA criteria. Scatter plots of microbial abundance and metals indicated that both AOA and AOB were limited by heavy metals, but in different ways. As had an inhibitory effect on AOB, while Ni and Zn promoted AOA, and the other metals investigated showed no significant correlation with microbial abundance. Overall, our results indicated that the effects of heavy metals on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in water are complex, and that the final effect is determined by the physiological role of each element in the microorganisms, as well as environmental conditions such as complexation of organic matter, not simply the total metal concentration.     

Estimation of inorganic particulate matter in the atmosphere of Isa Town,Bahrain, by dry deposition

Inorganic particulate matter was sampled weekly during the period April 1985–April 1986 in Isa Town, Bahrain. The mean annual conductivity of water-soluble inorganic particulate matter was 59.99 μScm⁻¹; pH 7.5; total suspended solid 0.06 gdm⁻³; total dissolved solid 63.79 ppm; total hardness as MgCO₃ 86.80 ppm; as CaCO₃ 208.05 ppm; Cl⁻ 111.27 ppm; Na⁺ 2.18 ppm; and NO₃⁻ 0.006 M. Each shows seasonal variations in concentration. The average aerosols maxima were recorded in summer. The total suspended solid (TSS) mode of aerosol displays some change, with a mean in winter of 0.039 gdm⁻³ and a mean value in summer of 0.044 gdm⁻³. The aerosols data were influenced differently by some atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction.     

笼养肉鸡生长过程NH3、N2 O、CH4和CO2的排放

为确定规模化笼养肉鸡生产过程NH3、N2O、CH4和CO2的排放因子,并探讨不同生长阶段排放特征,本研究选择山东某商业化肉鸡养殖场,利用INNOVA 1312多气体分析仪-连续采样测试系统和风机风量现场测定系统(FANS),对肉鸡舍NH3、N2O、CH4和CO2的排放进行为期42 d的测定,确定了肉鸡整个生产过程气体的平均排放因子和累积排放因子.结果表明,整个肉鸡生产过程中NH3排放因子呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,变化范围在8.5～342.1 mg·(d·bird)-1,平均为137.9mg·(d·bird)-1[48.6 g·(d.AU)-1],CH4和CO2排放因子随着日龄的增加而增大,CH4排放因子的变化范围在19.5～351.9mg·(d·bird)-1之间,平均为154.5 mg·(d·bird)-1[54.4 g·(d.AU)-1],CO2的排放因子在2.2～152.9 g·(d·bird)-1之间变化,平均为65.9 g·(d·bird)-1[23.2 kg·(d.AU)-1],整个生产过程没有监测到N2O的排放;肉鸡的NH3累计排放因子为(5.65±1.02)g·(bird·life cycle)-1,第1阶段(0～17 d)、第2阶段(18～27 d)和第3生长阶段(28～42 d)氨气排放占总排放的比例分别为33.6%、36.4%和29.9%,第2阶段的NH3累计排放因子显著高于第1和第3生长阶段;CH4和CO2的累计排放因子分别为(6.30±0.16)g·(bird·life cycle)-1和(2.68±0.18)kg·(bird·life cycle)-1,第3阶段的CH4和CO2累计排放因子显著大于1和2阶段,占总排放量的50%以上.研究结果为控制气体排放提供了数据基础.     

渭河陕西段浮游植物群落结构时空变化与影响因子分析

浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者,其群落结构与水环境密切相关.为了解渭河陕西段浮游植物群落结构时空格局及其与环境因子的关系,更好地进行水资源和水生态保护,于2017年9月—2018年4月在丰水期和枯水期对该河段设定的9个研究断面,27个采样点位进行浮游植物群落结构和水环境因子调查监测,共检出浮游植物8门69种,群落结构分析表明,枯水期浮游植物种类数高于丰水期.浮游植物细胞密度和生物量变化分别为84.9×10⁴~3868.3×10⁴ cells·L^-1、0.268~20.978 mg·L^-1,丰水期平均密度（1490.0×10⁴ cells·L^-1）和平均生物量（7.864 mg·L^-1）显著大于枯水期（354.8×10⁴ cells·L^-1、1.152 mg·L^-1）.优势种分别为6种和8种,主要以绿藻门和硅藻门为主.浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数（H''）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）、Margalef丰富度指数（d）均表明丰水期浮游植物多样性高于枯水期,9个采样断面的水质总体评价呈现出无污染或轻度污染至中轻污染状态.典范对应分析（CCA）排序结果表明,影响枯水期浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为总磷（TP）、pH和总溶解性固体（TDS）,TP和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）是影响丰水期浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

合肥市十八联圩湿地表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布及污染评价

十八联圩是南淝河入巢湖湖口区一处由"退耕还湿"形成的大型人工湿地.为了解其表层沉积物营养盐与重金属分布和污染特征,于2018年7月采集湿地内部和外部毗邻水体共72个位点的沉积物样品进行调查,并对污染来源进行了分析.结果表明,在十八联圩湿地内部水体中,表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)平均含量分别为2 108. 87mg·kg~(-1)、1 448. 82 mg·kg~(-1)和86. 2 g·kg~(-1),而在外部水体中,分别为2 305. 81 mg·kg~(-1)、1 268. 46 mg·kg~(-1)和59. 9 g·kg~(-1).重金属Mn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg在湿地内、外部水体中的平均含量分别为462. 58、42. 12、21. 69、18. 05、0. 63、5. 67和0. 059 mg·kg~(-1); 381. 61、36. 85、24. 74、30. 70、2. 49、6. 47和0. 035 mg·kg~(-1).湿地内水体表层沉积物,在营养盐污染评价中,TN整体处于轻度至中度污染水平,TP整体处于重度污染水平,营养盐整体处于中度至重度污染水平;在有机污染指数评价中,OM整体处于中度至重度污染水平;在重金属潜在生态风险评价中,潜在生态风险指数(RI)和潜在生态风险系数(Eir)表明,部分区域的Cd与Hg具有一定的生态风险.而湿地外毗邻水体表层沉积物的营养盐水平同样较高,且重金属污染严重,所有位点均达到强生态风险以上.     

Exposure measurement, risk assessment and source identification for exposure of traffic assistants to particle-bound PAHs in Tianjin, China

To investigate the levels of exposure to particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) and to estimate the risk these levels pose to traffic assistants(TAs) in Tianjin(a megacity in North China), a measurement campaign(33 all-day exposure samples, 25 occupational-exposure samples and 10 indoor samples) was conducted to characterize the TAs' exposure to PAHs, assess the cancer risk and identify the potential sources of exposure. The average total exposure concentration of 14 PAHs was approximately 2871 ± 928 ng/m3(on-duty), and 1622 ± 457 ng/m3(all-day). The indoor PAHs level was 1257 ± 107 ng/m3. After 8000 Monte Carlo simulations, the cancer risk resulting from exposure to PAHs was found to be approximately 1.05 × 10-4. A multivariate analysis was applied to identify the potential sources, and the results showed that, in addition to vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and cooking fumes were also another two important contributors to personal PAH exposure. The diagnostic ratios of PAH compounds agree with the source apportionment results derived from principal component analysis.     

贵屿某电子垃圾拆解点附近大气颗粒物中氯代/溴代二噁英、四溴双酚A污染水平研究

对贵屿某电子垃圾拆解点附近大气颗粒物中氯代二英(PCDD/Fs)、溴代二英(PBDD/Fs)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)含量水平进行了调查研究.结果显示,大气颗粒物中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs和8种2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs的浓度范围分别为126.54～524.78pg·m-3和376.42～566.76pg·m-3;平均毒性当量(TEQ)分别为16.29pg·m-3、91.28pg·m-3,均高出目前所报道的国内外其它部分城市大气污染水平1～4个数量级,且PBDD/Fs的污染水平远远高于PCDD/Fs.四氯至八氯代PCDD/Fs同系物呈现出明显且特别的分布规律,PCDDs和PCDFs浓度均随着氯原子取代程度增加而降低.TBBPA的浓度范围为66.01～95.04ng·m-3,大气中PBDD/Fs浓度与之显著相关r=0.69.初步的暴露风险评价表明,当地居民每日通过呼吸摄入的二英含量远远超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)规定的人体每日耐受量(TDI)1～4pg(W-TEQ)·kg-·1d-1.     

喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中径流产污特征

降雨径流产生的非点源污染是地下水污染的重要来源,喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙养分流失是造成该地区地下水污染的关键因素.通过模拟喀斯特坡耕地地下孔(裂)隙特征,采用人工模拟降雨和室内分析相结合的方法,研究浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中降雨径流产污特征.结果表明:喀斯特坡耕地地下径流产污是一个极其复杂的过程,微度(1%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地径流全氮、全磷和全钾流失量随雨强变化不明显,全氮和全磷流失量均在70 mm·h-1雨强达到最大值;轻度(3%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷流失量在雨强50 mm·h-1时达到最大值;中度(5%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷、全钾流失量则在雨强为90 mm·h-1时达到最大值;各孔(裂)隙发育条件下的全氮、全磷、全钾养分流失量对坡度的响应不明显,轻度发育下的全氮和全磷流失量最大,在中度发育条件下,坡耕地土壤中全钾流失总量最大;不同雨强、坡度条件下的地下径流全氮、全磷和全钾次产污模数随地下孔(裂)隙度变化亦不明显,其中全氮次产污模数在4.38~58.72 mg·h-1·m-2,全磷在0.16~3.15 mg·h-1·m-2,全钾在0.16~3.03 mg·h-1·m-2范围变化.