阿尼玛卿雪山生态旅游模式研究

阿尼玛卿雪山地区是三江源自然保护区的重要组成部分,旅游资源丰富且独特性强,具有浓郁的藏族民俗风情.通过对该地区生态旅游发展状况、优势和制约因素的研究,提出生态游与体育文化相结合、生态建造、生态营销等构想,是对脆弱生态区域进行生态旅游开发的一种有效尝试,有利于实现生态保护和旅游发展相统一,使该地区旅游走上可持续发展道路.     

甘肃自然保护区生态旅游SWOT分析与发展对策

甘肃自然保护区因其资源的原生性和独特性而具有发展生态旅游的优势条件，其景观多样性丰富，具有较高的旅游价值。从优势、劣势、机遇和挑战四个方面分析甘肃自然保护区生态旅游发展，结果表明，甘肃自然保护区发展生态旅游优势明显，存在一定的限制因素，机遇与挑战并存，据此对甘肃自然保护区发展生态旅游提出了合理的目标定位、强化科学规划、加强资源保护和加强合作、建立多渠道融资机制、突出品牌特色、发展高端旅游产品的对策。     

九阜山自然保护区野生兰科植物资源及其开发利用

为合理开发利用九阜山省级自然保护区野生兰科植物资源，对该区野生兰科植物资源进行了调查。结果表明，该区共有野生兰科植物12属16种，列出了该区每种野生兰科植物的属名、学名、生活型、主要用途、生境及其分布海拔，对其种类组成、属的分布区类型、生活型、生态环境、开发利用价值、资源分布与贮量进行了分析，提出了保护与开发利用措施。     

Assessing Ecotourism from a Multi-stakeholder Perspective: Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve,China

Ecotourism development is closely associated with the sustainability of protected natural areas. When facilitated by appropriate management, ecotourism can contribute to conservation and development, as well as the well-being of local communities. As such, ecotourism has been proposed and practiced in different forms in many places, including China. This study assesses ecotourism development at Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, China. Key informant interviews were conducted with representatives from the provincial Forestry Department, the Nature Reserve, and the local community. Observation was undertaken on three site visits and secondary data were collected. The potential for providing quality natural experiences is high and tourism development is occurring rapidly. However, current relationships between people, resources, and tourism have yet to provide mutual benefits necessary for successful ecotourism. The multi-stakeholder management style and the ambiguity of landownership within the nature reserve constitute structural difficulties for ecotourism management and operation. Although participation in ecotourism could provide a livelihood opportunity and interests in involvement in tourism have been identified among the local fishing community, current involvement is limited mainly due to the lack of mechanisms for participation. Therefore, it is recommended that management programs and government policies should be established to provide a platform for community participation in ecotourism. Then, a positive synergistic relationship between tourism, environment, and community could be developed. Planning and policy requirements are discussed for ecotourism development in protected areas in China.     

缙云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶生态学研究

2007年和2009年的4-9月对缙云山自然保护区蝶类资源进行了调查,共采集蝴蝶标本112种,隶属11科67属.区系分析表明,本地区蝶类资源东洋种占优势,古北种所占比例较小,具备东洋界的基本属性.结合1998-2000年统计数据,以年份为影响因子对蝴蝶群落多样性指数进行单因素方差分析,结果表明缙云山自然保护区10年来各多样性指数无显著变化,蝴蝶群落结构相对稳定.     

Effects of Tourism and Topography on Vegetation Diversity in the Subalpine Meadows of the Dongling Mountains of Beijing,China

Subalpine meadows in the Dongling Mountains (located at E115o26′-115o40′, N40o00′-40o05′) of Beijing, China are important for tourism and the provision of ecosystem services. However, because of poor management serious degradation has occurred on these subalpine meadows. The aim of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of effects of tourism disturbance and topography on the status and diversity of montane meadow communities and to provide direction for improved management. Sixty quadrats of 2 × 2 m² along 10 transects were set up to collect data on site characteristics and vegetation status. The relationships between community composition and structure, species diversity, and tourism disturbance and topographic variables were analyzed by multivariate methods (TWINSPAN and CCA). The results showed that eight meadow communities were identified by TWINSPAN. Most of them were seriously degraded. The first CCA axis identified an elevation and tourism disturbance intensity gradient, which illustrated that tourism disturbance and elevation were most important factors influencing meadow types, composition and structure. Some resistant species and response species to tourism disturbance were identified and can be used as indicator species of tourism disturbance. Species richness, heterogeneity and evenness were closely related to tourism disturbance and elevation. It is concluded that tourism disturbance must be controlled to enable grassland rehabilitation to occur in the meadows. Measures of effective management of the meadows were discussed.     

Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India

Conservationists in the recent years view local peoples' support for protected areas management as an important element of biodiversity conservation. This is often linked to the direct benefits, which local communities get from the protected areas. These benefits could be in the form of biomass resources, park funds diverted to local villages by state agencies and revenue from wildlife tourism. There are a very few studies which have attempted to study the direct relationship between benefits from wildlife tourism and local support for conservation. In India, wildlife tourism is restricted, and mostly controlled by state and private agencies. Wildlife conservation policy does not view tourism in protected areas as a source of revenue for the local communities. The present study examines the local people's attitudes towards wildlife tourism and the impact of benefits from tourism on the local support for Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR), India. STR is a flagship for tourism where protected areas are increasingly being visited and where local support for wildlife tourism has not been studied adequately. Results indicate that two-thirds of the respondents were positive towards tourism and support for conservation. The respondents were aware that more tourism benefits are possible from a well-conserved protected area. There appears to be correlation between benefits obtained by local people from wildlife tourism and other sources, and support for protected area existence, suggesting that benefits impact people's attitudes towards conservation. Some of the main problems are the unequal distribution of tourism benefits, lack of locals' involvement in tourism and development. There is a need to clearly address these issues, so that protected areas may get the support of local people, which may lead to sustainable development.     

柳江盆地亮甲山矿山地质环境治理恢复方案研究

通过对位于柳江盆地国家级自然保护区内的亮甲山矿山开采引起的矿山地质环境破坏进行调查,发现矿区存在崩塌、滑坡及泥石流等地质灾害,水土流失剧烈,自然景观破坏严重,影响了自然保护区建设和当地旅游、科研教学的发展,须进行矿山地质环境恢复治理,方案采取工程措施和生物措施相结合的方式进行综合治理,以消除矿区地质灾害隐患,恢复矿区生态地貌景观。     

北京东灵山亚高山草甸旅游开发与保护研究

亚高山草甸一般分布在海拔3000—4000m范围内,而分布在北京西部东灵山的亚高山草甸最低海拔为1800m。如此低海拔的分布在全球都是罕见的,其生态脆弱性较强,退化问题日益严重,因此对其进行保护性开发显得尤为重要。从资源特性入手分析了其旅游开发现状和存在的问题,并基于客源市场和环境容量分析提出了亚高山草甸开展生态旅游的初步构想,即结合百花山和龙门涧形成“一个中心,两个景区”的空间布局;针对问题的成因,提出制定生态规划、控制客流量和加快旅游基础设施建设等生态保护措施,以达到旅游资源的可持续发展。     

秦岭大熊猫自然保护区与社区发展中的问题与对策——以长青自然保护区为例

在分析陕西秦岭大熊猫自然保护区发展现状的基础上,对其建设管理与周边社区经济社会中存在的问题进行了分析,探讨了自然保护区与周边社区的相互影响关系,提出了大熊猫自然保护区与社区协调发展的对策建议.     

Protected areas, agricultural pests and economic damage: conflicts with elephants and pests in Yunnan, China

Protected areas are often the source of agricultural pests and Xishuangbanna State Nature Reserve in Yunnan is no exception. The main pest associated with the reserve is the Asian elephant Elephas maximus which causes damage outside the reserve to agriculture and also within the reserve. These elephants are an important attraction for tourists visiting Xishuangbanna. Xishuangbanna prefecture contains the only remaining wild elephants in China. The present direct economic value of tourism within the reserve is much less than the loss resulting from the economic damage caused by the elephants and other species protected by it. Whether the net economic value of protecting this species in Xishuangbanna is positive depends on other factors or future tourism prospects. Methods of controlling pests from the reserve are discussed, as is the scheme for compensating agriculturalists for the damage caused by these pests. The problem of achieving an equitable solution to the pest problem is given considerable attention. The economics of reconciling the conflicting interests of those who either regard a species as a pest or as an asset are considered.     

"大太白山"旅游整体开发战略研究

立足太白山旅游发展现状,提出当前阻碍太白山旅游发展的四大问题.为了提升太白山整体旅游水平,提供可持续发展的合理途径,将太白山南、北坡相关保护单位与景区联系起来,以"南北统筹,差异开发"为指导思想,探讨在"大太白山"框架之下的旅游整体开发模式.在此基础上将大太白山旅游区划分为"两片四区",提出了相应的产品对策.     

Landscape Changes in the Mullica River Basin of the Pinelands National Reserve,New Jersey,USA

In 1979, the Pinelands Commission was established as a regional land-use planning and regulatory agency charged with the implementation of a Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) for the Pinelands National Reserve (New Jersey, USA). The CMP was created to balance land preservation and development interests in the Reserve. Because water-quality degradation from developed and agricultural landscapes is associated with changes in the composition of biological communities, monitoring landscape changes provides one of the most direct measures of the impact of land-use policies on the Pinelands ecosystem. In this study, we prepared detailed, land-cover maps within randomly selected aerial-photograph plots for a major watershed in the Reserve. We used these land-cover maps to quantify changes in landscape composition and structure (i.e., patch size, patch area, and number of patches) and characterize land-cover transitions in the basin between 1979 and 1991. Because the study period represented the first 12 years of the regional-planning effort in the Reserve, we evaluated the relationship between land-cover transitions and Commission management-area designations which permit different land-use intensities. Although the landscape composition was similar in 1979 and 1991, we found an increase in the total area and number of developed-land, managed-grassland, and barren-land patches. An increase in the number of patches and a decrease in the total area and median and third-quartile patch sizes for forest land and for all patches regardless of cover type indicated that fragmentation of forest land and the landscape as a whole occurred during the study period. The major land-cover transitions that occurred during the period were the loss of forest land to development and associated cover types and the conversion of one agricultural type to another. Overall, land-cover transitions during the period were found to be consistent with the Commission management-area designations, which indicated that the regional-planning effort has been successful in directing human activities to appropriate areas of the basin.     

四川龙泉湖自然保护区可持续性评价与撤销建议

龙泉湖自然保护区位于川中盆地西缘，以石盘水库为保护对象。本文首先从自然生态条件、资金与管理、周边社区发展3方面，选取稀有性、多样性、自然性、典型性、面积适宜性、资金状况、管理状况、社区发展8项指标，构建我国自然保护区可持续性综合评价的指标体系。对于面积适宜性，笔者统计得出判别功能区面积比是否适宜的标准，将该指标具体细化。核心一缓冲一实验区面积的合理比例约为0．4：0．1～0．2：O．5～0．4。以这一指标体系，对该保护区予以评分，验证该指标体系的可操作性。评分结果龙泉湖保护区仅得33分，处于不可持续水平。限制因素在自然生态、管理方面，尤其是生态功能重要性太低。进而分析该保护区不具备自然属性，动、植物物种数占四川省的比例很小，无特殊保护价值；且至今未设立保护区管理机构，无专业管护人员，不能履行管理职责。因此，本文建议撤销龙泉湖省级自然保护区，改设为省级水利风景区或湿地公园。     

雾灵山自然保护区的生态效应与保护对策

通过对雾灵山国家级自然保护区的调查，研究保护区的生态沿革，分析保护区的生态功能、生态作用等生态效应，针对当前所存在的草甸严重退化、动物种群密度降低、水量减少等生态问题，提出对保护区的生态环境应尽快制定环境保护规范化，建立生物多样性保护权威机构，实行社区共管，开展科学生态旅游等措施。     

甘肃国家级自然保护区旅游资源的游憩价值评估

旅游资源经济价值的量化能促进资源的合理开发和保护利用，对旅游资源价值的评估是监测旅游资源的保护与可持续开发利用效果的理论基础。以甘肃国家级自然保护区为研究对象，运用游憩费用法对甘肃国家级自然保护区旅游资源的游憩价值进行了评估，计算出其游憩总价值。这些结果可为甘肃国家级自然保护区的旅游资源管理决策和旅游资源补偿提供一定的参考。     

基于生态风险评估的旅游目的地开发研究——以吉林省大布苏国家级自然保护区为例

吉林大布苏国家级自然保护区的主要生态风险源来自人类活动，该保护区目前以开展生态旅游为主。以吉林省大布苏国家级自然保护区为例，运用生态风险评估的一般方法系统分析影响其生态风险的因素，确定其主要生态风险源为干旱、盐碱化、水土流失和人类活动，其中人类活动造成的影响特别突出。将ArcGIS应用于生态风险的评价当中，结合2004--2011年土地利用类型变化，绘制综合生态风险等级分布图，提出针对性的旅游开发对策以降低该保护区面临的生态风险，实现吉林省大布苏国家级自然保护区的可持续发展。     

智慧旅游：未来旅游业发展新趋势——基于4G技术支撑下的景区转型升级

一种新技术的问世,驱动着经济社会的大发展、大变革,4G时代的到来再一次把移动通信技术推向另一个高端平台,其推广应用也成为了各企业在行业中崭露头角的关键法宝.智慧旅游是一种需要移动通信技术作为核心支撑而发展的新型旅游,必将在未来旅游业中迅速崛起.着眼4G于实际,放眼智慧旅游于未来,从智慧旅游和4G技术的概念以及发展历程着手,挖掘了4G与智慧旅游发展的内在关系.以武夷山风景区作为实例,分析了当地资源状况和智慧旅游发展现状,并从以政府为代表的管理机构、旅游企业、旅游者、目的地居民角度出发,提出武夷山风景区智慧旅游开发的对策.     

琅琊山风景区旅游商品开发

琅琊山作为著名旅游地，其旅游商品目前存在着产品单调、缺乏特色、品质不高等问题。通过对现有问题的分析，提出了琅琊山风景区旅游商品开发的原则，利用景区独特的自然资源与人文景观优势，从4个方面给出了旅游商品开发的对策，以提升景区的形象与品位，推动旅游业更好地发展。     

武陵山片区旅游经济时空差异与影响因素研究

以武陵山片区县域为研究尺度,基于标准差、变异系数和旅游经济发展水平梯度探析了旅游经济发展水平的差异特征与演变规律,并借助GWR模型对旅游经济空间分异的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)武陵山片区71个县域旅游经济发展水平在时间上呈绝对差异逐年上升,而相对差异波动下降的演变趋势。(2)2014—2018年间旅游经济发展水平欠发达区数量下降,并呈西北和东北部明显高于其他区域的空间分布格局。(3)人均GDP、第三产业占GDP比重、3A级以上景点数、国家级非物质文化遗产数、公路密度、3星级以上宾馆数是影响武陵山片区旅游经济发展水平的主要因素。