高氯离子废水低浓度COD的分析技术

对于高氯离子浓度,低COD值的水样,用国标法测定COD值时会产生较大误差,且误差随着Cl-浓度的增加而增大。通过实验探讨了高氯离子浓度对水样COD测定的影响及消除影响的方法。结果表明,采取不掩蔽Cl-测定水样的COD总量,减去氯离子自身产生的COD值,能较准确地反映水样的COD值且结果重复性好。     

氯离子对COD测定的干扰及校正方法的研究

对不同含量范围的氯离子在测定过程中造成的干扰及排除方法作了较系统的研究，采用标准曲线活对氯离子在测定废水COD时的干扰进行校正，用重铬酸钾法测定不同浓度的纯NaCl溶液的COD，将测定结果绘成标准曲线，由水样测定的COD减去标准曲线查得的氯离子校正值，即得水样的真实COD值．该方法简捷、方便，不用剧毒试剂HgSO4，选用于含氯离子500-25000mg／L的COD的测定．     

用密闭回流分光光度法测定水中低浓度COD

介绍了利用美国Hach半定量测定仪，用自配的消解液，对COD质量浓度小于50mg/L的水样进行密封加热消解，直接测定其COD的方法。本法操作简单，费用低，二次污染少，测定结果能达到分析要求。     

基于正交试验方法的化学需氧量测定影响因素分析

参照《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(HJ 828—2017)标准,设计出三水平四因素正交试验方案,考察水样体积、消解温度、消解时间和硫酸银-硫酸溶液加入量对化学需氧量(COD;)测量值的影响。研究表明:测定COD_(Cr)质量浓度>50 mg/L的样品时,影响COD;测定值的主次因素排序为:水样体积、硫酸银-硫酸溶液加入量、消解时间和消解温度;COD_(Cr)测定的最优试验条件为:水样体积5 m L、消解温度200℃、消解时间90 min、硫酸银-硫酸溶液加入量10 m L。与《HJ 828—2017》标准中的监测条件相比,该方法分析时间更短、加入的硫酸银-硫酸溶液体积更少,在应急监测中具有更高的参考价值。     

高氯离子废水化学需氧量分析方法的研究

提出一种测定高氯离子废水 COD的新方法。其消解条件与现行国标法基本相同 ,消解过程产生的氯气用Na OH吸收并测定出氯离子的 COD校正值。由表观 COD值减去氯离子的 COD校正值 ,即为水样的真实 COD值。标样的相对误差在 -1.5 %～ 5 %之间 ,RSD%≤ 5 .5 %。高氯废水的 RSD%≤ 8.0 %。     

高氯低COD值水样的无汞快速测定法

以硝酸银和硫酸铬钾代替硫酸汞来消除 COD 测定中的氯离子干扰，同时将重铬酸钾溶液的浓度降低为0.100 mol／L，并用硫磷混酸代替硫酸，该方法经过对标准样品和实际样品的测定，表现出对于测定氯离子含量低于25000 mg／L的高氯低 COD 值水样具有较好的准确度和精密度，同时可以实现银盐的回收再利用。     

测定COD用硝酸银消除氯离子干扰

测定水样COD时,存在氯离子干扰。经试验,采用100g/L硝酸银溶液可消除氯离子的干扰,方法如下:取20 0mL水样(或取适量稀释至20 0mL)置于250mL的回流锥形瓶中,加入10 00mL重铬酸钾标准溶液及数粒小玻球或沸石,然后滴加硝酸银溶液至出现砖红色沉淀为止,如硝酸银溶液量超过5 0mL,需对水样进行稀释。其余步骤与标准回流法相同。用国家环保总局标准物质研究所COD标样加入不同质量浓度氯离子进行分析,结果见表1。表1　COD标样分析结果mg/L样品号加入氯离子COD测定均值1502062200204310002054200020354000203　　标样保证值为208mg/L,不…     

印染废水中总有机碳与化学需氧量的相关性

通过测定水中TOC浓度，可综合性地判断废水中有机物污染的程度，也能全面、合理地了解废水中的有机污染物。现采用TOC4100燃烧氧化-非分散红外吸收测定仪，对几种印染废水进行分析测试，并通过对TOC值与COD值的比较，找出印染废水中TOC与COD的相关性。     

改性泥炭对重金属离子的吸附

为了研究泥炭对重金属离子（Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋、Cr^6＋、Ni^2＋）吸附率的各种影响因素，依次进行了溶液pH、振荡时间、改性泥炭投加量、溶液初始浓度等条件试验。结果表明，改性后的泥炭在最适合的条件下，对这5种金属离子都有较强的去除效果，5种金属离子的最大吸附效率均在9096以上。     

HACH分析仪测定COD的注意事项

HACH分析仪由45600型恒温反应器、DR-890型分光光度计、专用反应比色管和相应的试剂等组成,它可测定COD、NH3-N、Cr6+、NO-3-N、DO等42个常规项目。该仪器体积小、携带方便、操作简单快捷、试剂消耗少,可在现场测定。HACH分析仪测定COD的原理是在强酸介质中,重铬酸钾与水样在专用反应管中于150℃密闭回流2h,试剂中的Cr6+被水样中还原性物质还原成绿色Cr3+,在波长420nm(水样COD<150mg/L)或620nm(水样COD>150mg/L)测定Cr3+的吸光值,根据仪器内存工作曲线,可从分光光度计上直接读取水样COD值。现就COD测定中应注意的问题…     

离子色谱法测定水中氯化物监测质量控制指标研究

研究了离子色谱法测定水中氯化物质量控制指标,提出精密度和准确度的建议控制指标,具有广泛指导意义。全国东、西、中部共12个省份的53家实验室参加测定工作。研究结果为：在一定的浓度范围内,RSD1．0％,RSD≤5．0％,RE≤±5．0％;加标回收率为95．0％～115．0％;RD≤4．0％。     

水样中常见金属离子的快速测定

研究了用高效毛细管电泳对自来水水样中常见金属离子的快速测定方法。结果表明,K+、Na+、Li+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Ba2+、Sr2+7种离子在8 min内可全部分离,回收率为98.0%~103.3%。峰面积和迁移时间的相对标准偏差分别在3.2%和1.1%以下,重现性较好,具有较高的检测灵敏度。     

电导和直流安培双检测器离子色谱法测定清洁水样中的碘化物

选用配备了2种不同检测器(电导检测器和直流安培检测器)的离子色谱仪对稀释后过0.22μm滤膜的水样进行分析。配备有直流安培检测器的离子色谱仪测定水中碘化物的方法在0.100~20.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)=0.9999,方法检出限为0.030μg/L,测定下限为0.120μg/L,样品加标回收率为95.0%~104%,相对标准偏差为1.06%~1.64%;配备有电导检测器的离子色谱仪测定水中碘化物的方法在20.0~2.00×105μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)=0.9995,方法检出限为2.00μg/L,测定下限为8.00μg/L,样品加标回收率为99.0%~110%,相对标准偏差为0.71%~3.12%。离子色谱-直流安培检测器法测定水中碘化物的方法准确度高、灵敏度高、精密度好,检出限相对较低,适用于测定ρ(碘化物)≤20.0μg/L的清洁水样;离子色谱-电导检测器法主要适用于测定ρ(碘化物)≥20.0μg/L的水样。     

Utility of cefixime as a complexing reagent for the determination of Ni(II) in synthetic mixture and water samples

A simple, sensitive, and accurate UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of nickel in synthetic mixture and water samples. The method is based on the complexation reaction of nickel ion with cefixime, thus leading to the formation of Ni–cefixime complex in ethanol-distilled water medium at room temperature. The complex showed the maximum absorption wavelength at 332 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the working concentration range of 0.447–4.019 μg?mL^?1 with apparent molar absorptivity of 7.314?×?10³?L?mol^?1?cm^?1 and Sandell’s sensitivity of 0.008 μg/cm²/0.001 absorbance unit. The limits of detection and quantitation for the proposed method are 0.016 and 0.054 μg?mL^?1, respectively. The factors such as cefixime concentration and solvent affecting the complexation reaction were carefully studied and optimized. The method is validated as per the International Conference on Harmonisation guideline. The method is successfully applied to the determination of Ni(II) in synthetic mixture and wadi water samples collected from Al Rustaq. The same water samples are also analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both methods determined the amount of Ni(II) in water sample and found to be approximately the same.     

两性磁化炭添加比例对河流沿岸土吸附Cu2+的影响

将两性(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰磁化炭分别以质量分数0、1%和2%加入嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土中,考察各混合土样对Cu^2+的等温吸附和热力学特征。结果表明:混合土样对Cu^2+的最大吸附量为58.36 mmol/kg~366.85 mmol/kg,添加等量两性磁化炭时各混合土样对Cu^2+吸附量表现为JL>NB>CX>HC的趋势,且添加比越高吸附能力越强。各混合土样对Cu^2+的吸附为自发、吸热和熵增的反应过程,对Cu^2+的吸附量与温度和pH值均呈正相关关系。当离子强度为0.1 mol/L时,各混合土样(除HC外)对Cu^2+的吸附量最大。     

2-Nitroso-1-naphthol as a selective reagent for preconcentration of cobalt by vortex assisted combined with solidification of organic droplet and its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Highly rapid and selective vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of organic drop has been used for determination of cobalt ion. 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol (2N1N) was used as a selective complexing agent to form stable cobalt–2N1N complex which can be extracted with 1-undecanol at a short time by the assistance of vortex agitator system followed by its determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In vortex assisted, vigorous vortex stream as well as the vibrant effect of vortex system cause very fine droplets of extraction solvent to be produced and extraction occurred at a short time. Some parameters influencing the extraction process such as pH of samples, concentration of 2-nitroso-1-naphthol, extraction solvent volume, extraction time, ionic strength and surfactant addition, as well as interferences were evaluated in detail and optimum conditions were selected. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 15 to 400 μg L^?1 of cobalt ions. The relative standard deviation based on ten replicate analysis of sample solution containing 50 μg L^?1 of cobalt was 3.4 %. The detection limit (calculated as the concentration equivalent to three times of the standard deviation of the blank divided by the slope of the calibration curve after preconcentration) was 5.4 μg L^?1. The accuracy of the proposed method was successfully evaluated by the analysis of certified reference materials. This selective and highly rapid method was used for determination of cobalt ions in different water samples.     

The use of silica gel modified with allyl 6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate for selective separation and preconcentration of lead in environmental samples

The aim of the present work is the assessment of a new sorbent, prepared using silica gel coated with a pyrimidine derivative (allyl 6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate), for extraction and preconcentration trace amount of lead from different samples prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation and determination of lead at pH?6, so that lead ion completely adsorbed on the column. The limit of detection based on three times the standard deviation of the blank was found to be 0.53 ng?mL^?1 in original solution. Obtained sorption capacity for 1 g sorbent was 5.0 mg Pb. The linearity was maintained in the concentration range of 0.1–30.0 ng?mL^?1 for the concentrated solution. Eight replicate determinations of 2.0 μg?mL^?1 of lead in the final solution gave relative standard deviation of ±2.6 %. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination trace amounts of lead in the environmental samples such as carrot, rice, zardchoobe, and real water samples.     

Cement for stabilisation of industrial residues containing heavy metals

A method aimed at decreasing the toxicity of heavy metals [namely, Zn(II) and Cr(III)] in real polluted residues by immobilisation has been developed. The residues were processed either with two cement-type stabilisers or lime. The cement-type stabilisers were Portland cement and Depocrete SM/2 at the self-generated pH (ca. 11) which afforded physical as well as chemical potential for the immobilisation of heavy metals. The other stabiliser, lime, reduced organic compounds, thus favouring the decrease of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and endowing the residue with better mechanical properties for transport. After leaching the stabilised residues using the standard leaching test [Order 13/10/89, Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) 270 10/11/89], three ways for establishing the toxicity of the treated residues were used, namely: (1) the ecotoxicity test using Photobacterium phosphoreum (DIN 38 412); (2) determination of the concentration of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS); (3) determination of the COD or oxygen required for complete chemical oxidation of a water sample. Portland cement (20%) blended with Depocrete SM/2 (3%) acted as an effective stabiliser for residues containing heavy metals as it increased the ecotoxicity index (EC50) by more than five times. Thus the heavy metal concentration in the leaching liquid was lowered to less than 0.1 mg l-1. The addition of 5% of lime afforded a residue easily transportable from the place of treatment to the landfill. The precision of the method was studied in terms of both repeatability and reproducibility. The values found with respect to EC50 and expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 1.6% and 5.1%, respectively.