化学需氧量现有2种标准分析方法若干问题研究

《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(HJ 828—2017)和《高氯废水化学需氧量的测定氯气校正法》(HJ/T 70—2001)是测定水中COD_(Cr)现有有效的2种标准方法。针对这2种方法存在的问题,通过实验给出操作建议。指出,对高氯废水稀释后采用《HJ 828—2017》方法测定水中COD_(Cr)时,稀释倍数太大或稀释后COD_(Cr)质量浓度20 mg/L,将降低测定结果的准确度;采用《HJ/T 70—2001》方法测定高氯废水中COD_(Cr)时,硫酸亚铁铵浓度应为0.10 mol/L;《HJ 828—2017》方法中高、低质量浓度分界点建议从50 mg/L改为60 mg/L,试验结果可行且对部分行业排放标准适用性更好;鉴于低浓度样品的精密度结果相对偏大,建议按照COD_(Cr)的浓度大小分级设定精密度的质控要求,更加科学合理。     

化学需氧量测试中硫酸－硫酸银加入方法的改进

化学需氧量测试中硫酸－硫酸银加入方法的改进赵军（济南军区环境监测宣教中心济南２５０００２）化学需氧量的测试中要加入硫酸－硫酸银溶液作催化剂。测定步骤规定：需从冷凝管上口慢慢地加入３０ｍＬ。按此步骤，一般都是每测一样品，都得用量筒量取一次硫酸－硫酸银溶...     

从CODcr测定废液中回收硫酸银

用重铬酸钾法测定水样化学需氧量需加入硫酸银作催化剂,滴定后每个样品约有0.4克硫酸银随废水排入环境,可溶性银盐排入环境可造成环境的污染,且银是贵金属。因此,将COD_(Cr)实验废液中的硫酸银进行回收处理,再生硫酸银是有意义的,本文探讨了硫酸银的回收方法及回用于实验的可行性。     

重铬酸钾分光光度法测定COD的改进

使用美国HACH公司DR/2010型分光光度计测定COD,需用原装消解液,费用较大。今自配低浓度COD消解液和自建校准曲线代替原装消解液和仪器内存曲线,取得了满意的测定结果。1　试验自配消解液:C(1/6K2Cr2O7)=0 104mol/L重铬酸钾溶液与硫酸-硫酸银溶液以1∶5体积比混合摇匀。其他试剂、仪器及试验步骤均同文献[1]。2　结果与讨论2 1　校准曲线的绘制采用300mg/LCOD标准溶液,绘制标准曲线,得线性回归方程:y=2 25×10-3-3 43×10-3x,γ=-0 9997。2 2　精密度配制15 0mg/L、45 0mg/L和75 0mg/LCOD标液,用自配消解液和自建校准曲线进行…     

水中化学需氧量的无汞盐快速测定

在C（H2SO4）=56％硫酸介质、重铬酸钾的氧化体系中，以钼酸铵、硫酸铝钾为助催化剂，可减少催化剂硫酸银的用量，消解15min即可测定水中化学需氧量,用硝酸银溶液代替硫酸汞去除水样中氯离子，避免了汞盐的污染．工业废水加标回收率在97％～101％之间，有较好的准确度．     

《水质 化学需氧量的测定 重铬酸盐法》新旧标准比较

比较了《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸钾法》新标准《HJ 828—2017》与旧标准《GB/T 11914—1988》的区别。相较旧标准,新标准主要对取样体积、硫酸汞加入方法和加入量、氯离子浓度粗判、方法检出限和检出下限、质量保证与质量控制等内容进行了修订。针对新标准中校核要求、方法检出限计算及平行双样质量控制方面存在的问题进行探讨。     

无汞盐快速法测定水和废水中的COD

在56％硫酸介质、重钾酸钾的化学氧化体系中,以少量的硫酸银作催化剂,使用钼酸铵、硫酸铝钾为助催化剂、消解15分钟,测定水和废水中的COD。对于含氯离子水样则加1ml25％硝酸银溶液,使生成难以离解的氯化银沉淀,从而抑制氯离子干扰,代替毒性的硫酸汞,避免了汞盐对环境的污染     

含铬废水中化学需氧量测定方法探讨

向含铬废水中加入硝酸银溶液，使六价铬与银离子形成铬酸银沉淀，消除了Cr(Ⅵ)对化学需氧量(COD)测定的干扰，进而用分光光度法测定了含铬废水的COD值。     

COD测试废液中银汞的回收与回用

化学需氧量(COD)常用重铬酸钾回流法测定.在测定过程中,需加硫酸银,若将其测试废液任意排放,不仅会造成环境污染,而且也使大量的银、汞等贵金属白白流失.因此,COD废液中银、汞的回收与回用近年来已愈来愈引起人们的重视.一、COD测试废液的组成COD的测定是在50%沸硫酸介质中进行,用重铬酸钾将水样中的还原性物质(主要是有机物)氧化,过量的重铬酸钾以试亚铁灵作指示剂,用硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液回滴.COD测试废液的化学组成可由其检验步骤估算,     

用正交试验法确定测试COD的最佳条件

《水和废水监测分析方法》(以下简称统一方法)中规定的化学需氧量监测方法,存在测定时间长,费用大等缺点.本文以硫酸锰作催化剂,运用正交设计进行优化,确定了最佳操作条件,使回流时间缩短了四分之三,试剂费用节省约60%.水、电耗用量降低75%.1 实验方法1.1 主要试剂;1.1.1 硫酸—硫酸锰溶液:称取5.00g硫酸锰,溶于500mL浓硫酸中,加热溶解,冷却待用.1.1.2 邻苯二甲酸氢钾标准溶液(COD值500mg/L).     

Evaluation of simple microbiol tests for detection of fecal coliforms directly at 44.5 degrees C

Simple microbial test comprising H₂S paper strip test,presence-absence (PA) test, and fluorogenic brila broth (BB)test performed directly at 44.5 °C were evaluated andcompared with the standard most probable number (MPN) method fordetection of fecal coliforms in 173 drinking water sources. BBand PA test were comparable with standard MPN method, whereas,poor compliance was noted for H₂S test. PA test whencompared with standard MPN test only 15%; disagreement wasdetected, whereas, highest disagreement of 40%; was observed incase of H₂S test. BB test was found to be highly sensitiveas only 7.8% disagreement with that of standard MPN test wasfound. Three hundred cultures obtained from positive tests wereidentified in order to evaluate the specificities of test usedin detection of fecal indicator Escherichia coli. BB testwas also found highly specific in detection of indicatororganism as compared to PA and H₂S test. Among theorganisms isolated from BB test 84.4%; of them were identifiedas E. coli as compared to 43.4 and 33.3 in PA and H₂Stest, respectively. The low incidence of recovery of E.coli (18.1%) for the standard MPN method places doubt on thevalidity of its application in tropical areas. The result ofthis investigation suggest that BB performed directly at 44.5 °C could be suitable cost effective test to assess themicrobiological quality of drinking water in India and other tropical countries.     

Efficiency of Modified H2S Test for Detection of Faecal Contamination in Water

Faecal contamination is a major causative factor for incidence of water borne infectious diseases. Certain hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) producing enteric bacteria such as Salmonella sp. and Citrobacter sp., assosiated with coliforms, have been considered for rapid detection of recent faecal contamination in water. The basic H₂S test medium, modified by adding 0.25 gm/L of L-cystine HCl, was examined for its efficiency with 90 water samples collected from 40 pipe supplies, 20 open wells, 15 hand pumps and 15 different surface water bodies (river, streams and ponds). Sterilized modified culture medium in glass vials was inoculated with 100 mL of each sample and incubated at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 44 ^∘C for 18, 24, 42, 48, 66 and 72 h. Blackening of content in incubated vials was considered positive. For comparison, most probable number (MPN) of coliform and faecal coliform per 100 mL was also estimated in each sample by multiple tube fermentation (MTF) method. H₂S positive result was exhibited by 78% of samples. Coliform (> 10) and faecal coliform/100 mL were also detected in 59% of samples. Maximum H₂S positive results (100%) were found with well and surface water samples incubated at 30, 35 and 44 ^∘C for 18 h. Coliform (> 10) and faecal coliform/100 mL were also detected in most of these samples. Pipe supplies (60%) and hand pumps (73%) also exhibited considerable H₂S production. Coliforms and faecal coliforms were also found in significant number of these samples. Thus, the modified H₂S test may prove a useful alternative indicator of faecal contamination for water quality surveillance and screening of large number of water samples in short duration, particularly during any outbreak of water borne disease among rural population.     

2002—2016年北京市PM10浓度时间变化特征

以北京市2002—2016年PM₁₀日均浓度序列数据为基础，结合小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验等分析方法，研究PM₁₀浓度随时间变化的周期性、趋势性及突变性特征。结果表明：PM₁₀日均浓度变化具有较典型的季节周期性，主周期为300 d左右，次周期为150 d左右。不同周期分析结果显示，PM₁₀污染春季最高，冬季次高，夏末秋初最低。总体上，PM₁₀浓度以平均每年约4 μg/m³的速率递减。2009年以前PM₁₀浓度呈波动变化，降低趋势不显著，2009年1月为序列的突变点，突变后呈显著下降趋势。     

气质联用法测固定污染源中三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、六氟乙烷和六氟化硫

建立了固定污染源排气中三氟甲烷、四氟甲烷、六氟乙烷和六氟化硫的采样和气质联用分析方法,检出限分别为0.06、0.15、0.21、0.71 mg/m3,精密度在3.2%以下,相关系数大于0.999 6,并对浙江省内2家典型企业排放的温室气体进行了监测,实际样品监测结果表明,该方法能够满足废气中4种温室气体的监测要求。     

内蒙古干草原冬、春季大气气溶胶的若干特征观测研究

内蒙古半干旱草原区大气气溶胶浓度以及散射等特性对生态环境、气候变化与预测研究有重要意义,文利用2009年1～4月在锡林浩特观象台草原站的观测资料,分析了冬、春季背景大气气溶胶质量浓度、黑碳质量浓度、散射系数的分布特征。研究发现,背景天气下,PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0浓度值都较低,平均值分别为22.7、9.5、6.1μg/m3,3种PM浓度值间的相关性不同;黑碳浓度平均值为0.59μg/m3,小粒子中的含量较高,其日分布规律受人类活动影响较大,与各PM浓度分布有较大不同;散射系数平均值为31.2Mm-1,与PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0、黑碳质量浓度都显著相关。三种PM中,PM2.5对散射和吸收的影响最大。风速、相对湿度对不同粒径的PM以及黑碳浓度、散射系数的影响有所不同。     

台州市酸雨污染现状及其对策分析

通过对近十年来的酸雨监测资料的收集分析,结合同期台州市大气环境中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的监测数据,采用秩相关系数法,对酸雨污染趋势和成因进行分析和讨论,并提出针对性措施,以期为台州市以及类似地区的大气污染、酸雨污染等防治工作提供政策参考。     

2018年长三角一次持续重污染过程分析

利用常州市6个环境空气质量评价点PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和水溶性离子数据，结合后向轨迹、激光雷达探空资料、气象资料等，分析了2018年1月29日—2月2日长三角区域一次持续重污染过程。结果表明，重度污染时次高达94 h，PM_2.5最高值达235 μg/m³，由外来输送污染物与本地排放的污染物叠加而成，在不利气象条件影响下，污染物在长三角区域长时间滞留；重污染期间，污染物日变化规律显示，PM_2.5受外来源影响更显著，而SO₂、NO₂受本地污染源影响更显著，水溶性粒子组分与常州市本地源存在较大差异，其中NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-值增加最为明显，较污染前分别增加了9.1，5.9，4.3，4.2和4.1倍；K⁺值升高较快，说明污染期间也受到了生物质燃烧的影响。此外，NO₃^-和SO₄^2-在空气质量较好时，在水溶性离子中的占比日变化幅度较大，而在重污染期间，NO₃^-和SO₄^2-日变化幅度明显减小。     

佛山市高明区环境空气污染物变化分析

根据佛山市高明区2007—2012年环境空气监测数据资料,分析该区近6年来空气污染物的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明,2007—2012年该区空气污染呈现由单一型污染向复合型污染转变,综合污染指数总体上升,污染物以SO2、PM10为主。SO2、NO2浓度呈逐年增长,PM10则呈平稳状态。三者污染浓度最高值均在每年第4季度出现。该区的SO2浓度主要受工业污染源影响;NO2也受工业影响显著,与机动车数量呈正相关;PM10与烟粉尘排放量呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关。因此,改善该区环境空气应着重从控制工业污染源、扬尘污染、机动车排气污染3大方面开展工作。     

Study of urban atmospheric pollution in Navarre (Northern Spain)

An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels of ozone, NO_x, and SO₂ were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM₁₀ measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM₁₀ levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM₁₀ concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m⁻³, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM₁₀ limit as well as the PM₁₀ temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM₁₀ levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O₃ concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and NO₂ levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m⁻³, respectively). Mean SO₂ levels were 8 μg m⁻³ in Pamplona and 5 μg m⁻³ in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM₁₀, NO and NO₂ showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic origin of PM₁₀, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks.     

南京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃变化特征

逐月采集南京市大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC分析了2010年每个月PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的种类和浓度水平。结果表明:PM_(10)中PAHs年均值为25.07 ng/m~3,范围为11.03~53.56 ng/m3;PM_(2.5)中PAHs年均值为19.04 ng/m~3,范围为10.82~36.43 ng/m~3。PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs总体浓度有着相似的变化趋势,呈现凹形变化曲线;在南京市大气颗粒物中吸附的PAHs大部分以5~6环的高环数组分为主,大部分PAHs和∑PAHs的相关性较好,年度变化幅度不大,分析结果表明,颗粒物中PAHs的来源与稳定的排放源相关,机动车排放不容忽视,与北方城市燃煤污染有着较大的区别。