新型有机胺溶液捕集CO2的实验研究

在温度333K、压力0.1MPa下,研究了溶质总量一定的位阻胺(CHA)溶液在不同浓度下CO2的吸收性能,考察了吸收过程中吸收速率、吸收量及吸收时间的相互关系,并将其与MEA溶液的吸收性能进行了对比.控制解吸温度为373K,考察了两种吸收液的CO2解吸量和解吸时间的关系.对两种吸收富液进行腐蚀实验.实验表明,CHA较适用于捕集低分压下的CO2;适当降低有机胺吸收液的浓度有利于充分发挥其对CO2的吸收性能;单位物质的量的CHA对CO2的吸收量高于在相同条件下的MEA对CO2的吸收量.CHA的腐蚀率明显低于MEA的腐蚀率.从循环利用和降低能耗的角度出发,CHA具有较高的研究价值和广泛应用前景.     

有机胺对CO2吸收解吸的研究

利用常压搅拌吸收-解吸装置,在不同温度和浓度条件下,对MEA(乙醇胺)、DEA(二乙醇胺)、MDEA(N-甲基二乙醇胺)、TETA(三乙烯四胺)、DETA(二乙烯三胺)5种有机胺吸收解吸CO2进行研究.探讨了反应温度、吸收液浓度、有机胺种类对CO2吸收和解吸过程的影响规律,并利用正交试验法筛选出性能较好的混合胺复配剂.结果表明,当TETA/DEA=5:1,吸收温度为318K,解吸温度为388K时,混合胺具有较优的吸收解吸综合性能.     

高锰酸盐指数测定过程中的几个重要环节

总结出在高锰酸盐指数测定过程中应注意标准溶液配制、实验用水、加热反应的温度、加热反应的时间、高锰酸钾溶液、(1+5)H2SO4溶液的配制、空白值处理、实验器具选择、终点确定等环节,给出了解决方法与经验.     

巯基改性小麦秸秆对镉吸附与解吸的性能及机制

将小麦秸秆(WS)经碱预处理和巯基丙酰基改性后,制备出对Cd(Ⅱ)具有螯合作用的吸附剂巯基丙酰化小麦秸秆(MPWS).采用静态吸附实验、解吸实验和各种表征方法研究了MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附、解吸性能与机制.结果表明,当振荡速率为150r/min、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为2h、水样初始pH值为6.0时,MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果最佳,Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度为100mg/L水样中Cd(Ⅱ)的最高去除率为97.21%.解吸剂HCl溶液和EDTA溶液对MPWS-Cd的解吸性能良好,最高解吸率均可达95%以上.MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir等温模型;MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程以及解吸剂对MPWS-Cd的解吸过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且均为自发吸热过程.MPWS中巯基、胺基、羟基、羧基参与了化学吸附中与Cd(Ⅱ)的配位反应,吸附机制主要包括配位作用、离子交换作用、静电吸附作用和物理吸附作用;HCl溶液对MPWS-Cd的解吸机制主要为质子化作用,EDTA溶液对MPWS-Cd的解吸机制主要为配位竞争作用.     

丝瓜瓤固定简青霉吸附废水中Pb2+和Cu2+的机理

采用一种新型固定载体——丝瓜瓤,固定简青霉(Penicillum sp.),研究其在溶液中对金属离子Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附效果,并探讨其生物吸附机理,分析其动力学特性.实验结果表明,用丝瓜瓤固定简青霉能高效去除废水中Pb2 和Cu2 .研究发现,溶液pH值对吸附过程有较大影响,最佳吸附pH值在5.5附近;最佳吸附温度为25～35℃;溶液浓度在10～500 mg·L-1范围内,固定化简青霉菌对重金属的吸附随金属离子浓度的增加而增加;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;生物吸附平衡时间约为60min.用0.1mol·L-1HCl解吸,循环吸附-解吸5次后,固定化简青霉吸附金属离子的能力几乎不受影响     

碳酸钠与有机胺复合吸收剂吸收与解吸CO_2的实验研究

采用常压磁力搅拌吸收-解吸装置,将碳酸钠和MEA(乙醇胺)、DEA(二乙醇胺)、DETA(二乙烯三胺)、TETA(三乙烯四胺)4种有机胺分别按照一定比例复配,综合考虑复合吸收剂的CO2吸收速率、吸收量、解吸速率、解吸量、经济成本等多方面因素,筛选出在实验操作条件下最优的二氧化碳吸收剂。实验结果表明,最优的复合吸收剂为摩尔浓度比为0.8 mol/L∶0.2 mol/L的Na2CO3-DETA吸收剂,当吸收温度和解吸温度分别为313 K和373 K时,吸收量为16 640 m L/L,一次解吸率为69.47%,其CO2吸收解吸综合性能最佳。     

填料塔中DBU溶液对CO2脱除率的实验研究

温室效应日益受到各国政府和科学家的关注,如何实现CO2捕集成为温室气体减排的关键.本文通过搭建吸收CO2的填料塔,研究1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)溶液浓度、DBU溶液流量、气体流量、液气比、入口CO2浓度、气体温度和填料层高度对CO2脱除率的影响.结果发现CO2脱除率随DBU溶液浓度、DBU溶液流量和液气比的增大而增大;随气体流量和入口CO2浓度的增加而下降;气体温度在30~40℃时,CO2脱除率达到最高;填料层高度对CO2脱除率也有一定影响,随着填料层高度的增加,CO2脱除率只有小幅增大,因此实际应用中要综合考虑脱除率和经济性,选择合适的填料高度.     

化学沉淀分离-置换法提纯Al13的工艺研究

采用A1Cl3溶液和Na2CO3粉末在不同温度下制备了不同浓度的聚合氯化铝(PACl).以选定的中等浓度、高Al13含量的PACl为原液,研究了Al13与硫酸盐沉淀反应过程中SO4/Al摩尔比、反应体系起始总铝浓度的影响以及Al13硫酸盐与Ba(NO3)2置换反应过程中的Ba/SO4摩尔比、超声、温度等因素的影响.实验结果表明,在制备温度为50℃条件下,浓度在0.4～0.6mol/L范围的PACl含有较高的Al13.沉淀分离反应的最佳SO4/Al摩尔比为0.6∶1;生成的Al13硫酸盐沉淀物为正四面体状晶体.在Al13硫酸盐与Ba(NO3)2溶液置换反应过程中,Ba/SO4的最佳摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度及超声作用对置换反应的影响较小;提高Ba(NO3)2的起始浓度可以得到相应较高浓度的纯化Al13溶液.所得Al13纯度的统计平均值为92.1%.     

BS-CTMAB复配修饰膨润土的稳定性

为了探究两性阳离子复配修饰膨润土的解吸稳定性,采用阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对两性表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰后的膨润土进行复配修饰,批处理法研究Na Cl溶液解吸下的土样稳定性,并对比温度、p H和盐溶液浓度对解吸的影响.结果表明:在相同BS-12修饰比例下,BS-CTMAB复配修饰膨润土的稳定性随CTMAB复配修饰比例的增加而减小;在相同CTMAB的修饰比例下,100%BS复配的土样相比50%BS稳定性更佳.解吸液p H和Na Cl溶液浓度的升高、温度的降低均促进土样稳定性增强;Na Cl溶液浓度、温度和p H值对BS-CTMAB复配修饰膨润土稳定性影响呈现为Na Cl溶液浓度最大,温度次之,p H值最小;100%BS+CT复配土样的解吸稳定性最好.     

CoOx-TiO2催化臭氧氧化草酸的研究

采用溶胶凝胶的方法制备CoOx-TiO2催化剂,对臭氧流量、催化剂投量、反应温度、草酸初始浓度、pH值等影响草酸去除率的因素进行了研究,并探讨了催化机理.实验结果表明,溶液初始pH值对草酸的去除率有显著的影响,溶液初始pH值为3时,草酸具有去95.7%的最高去除率.催化氧化过程中草酸被彻底矿化为CO2和H2O.通过叔丁醇实验和电子顺磁共振波谱仪(ESR)证明,在催化过程中有羟基自由基的生成,但羟基自由基并不是主要的氧化剂.草酸可能首先在催化剂表面发生吸附或者络合,然后被羟基自由基或者臭氧分子直接氧化.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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