Regional Disparities in China＇s Mainland at Provincial Level Between 2000 and 2005

Based on the methodology provided by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, we analyze regional disparities in China＇s mainland at provincial level between 2000 and 2005. It regards regional GDP growth as the joint result of contribution of a number of factors, i.e. capital productivity, capital per manpower, specialization, employment rate, active population, and population. The results show that for all provincial units, capital per manpower is a dominant contributing factor to the growth of GDP per capita during the period from 2000 to 2005 while capital productivity has quite significant negative impacts. Specialization contributes differently in different provinces. In most provincial units, employment rate and age activity have a positive impact on growth of GDP per capita, though not very significantly.     

Study on Development of the West of Shandong Province Based on Overall Regional Development Planning Pattern

The overall regional development planning pattern has been considered to be a new and effective pattern as for development of provincial economy. The article analyzed the current conditions of the west of Shandong Province and tried to find the generation mechanisms of current non-balanced economic devel- opment of Shandong Province. And then approaches to regional development were put forward according to the theory of regional development pattern as a whole.     

Examination of Resource Curse Hypothesis: Mineral Resources Exploitation and Economic Growth in Xinjiang Autonomous Region

The mineral resources exploitation stage and the economic growth rate are various in different regions of Xinjiang Autonomous region. Using the method of location quotient, this paper identifies and classifies the intensive regions of three types of mineral resources, known as coal, oil and natural gas, respectively. The intensive regions of economic growth were also identified, according to the rate of per capita GDP growth at prefecture, autonomous prefecture and city. The relationships between different mineral resources and economic growth are different, for example, the relationship between economic growth and coal resource is positive, while the relationship between economic growth and oil resource, or natural gas resource is negative. This study empirically examines the effects of natural resources on economic growth of Xinjiang. The results show that whilst natural resources have a positive impact on growth, and can make a negative impact on growth through the transmission channels, such as investment, manufacture, human capital, and scientific and technologic innovation. Moreover, it studies the transmission channels, that is, the effect of natural resources on the other explanatory variables, and calculates the indirect effect of natural resources on growth for each transmission channel, and comprehensive effects of natural resources on growth. The calculated result of comprehensive effects indicates that the positive direct effects of natural resources on growth are shown to outweigh the negative indirect effect of Xinjiang autonomous region.     

Impact of Growing Income Inequality on Sustainable Development in China： A Provincial-level Analysis

A growing body of literature has documented the rapidly increasing income disparities that accompanied China＇s economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, and the driving factors behind this. Growing income inequality in its turn may have important implications for the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital and as a consequence for sustainable economic development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential impact of income inequality on savings, human resources and the environment in China. It starts with an overview of the different causal mechanisms through which income inequality may affect the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital, and discusses to what extent these causal relationships may be relevant in the case of China. Next, provincial data for the year 2002 are used to explore the relationship between income inequality and different elements of sustainable development in China. It is found that income inequality does not affect aggregate savings levels. Rising inequality, however, contributes to lower health and possibly also to higher fertility levels. It also lowers the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and therefore is likely to reduce water pollution. Other types of environmental degradation are not affected.     

Scenario Formation of Energy Demand and CO_2 Emissions for Sustainable China

Co-integration theory has been employed in this paper and Granger causes are found between urbanization rate and GDP, between capital stock and GDP. Scenario analysis of GDP is performed using the GDP model established in the paper. The energy consumptions in Germany, Japan and other developed countries are analyzed and compared with the energy consumption in China. Environmental friendly scenario of energy demand and CO2 emissions for sustainable China has been formed based on the results of comparison. Under environmental friendly scenario, the primary energy consumption will be 4.31 billion ton coal equivalence （tee） and CO2 emissions will be 1.854 billion t-c in 2050; energy per capital will be 3.06 tee that is 1.8 times of energy consumed in 2005 in China and 51% of consumed energy per capital in Japan in 2003. In 2050, the energy requirement of unit GDP will be 20% lower than that of Germany in 2003, but will be still 37% higher than that in Japan in 2003. It is certain that to fulfill the environmental friendly Scenario of energy demand and CO2 emissions is a difficult task and it needs long term efforts of the whole society, not only in production sectors but also in service and household sectors,     

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development,a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development.Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008,the pressure of population aging on social and economic development,was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method.The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed.This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.     

Population Growth,Available Resources,and Quality of Life:China’s Post-Reform Economic Development

Two opposing intellectual traditions and their contem-porary developments regarding the relations among population, available resources, and quality of life as reflected in economic growth are reviewed. What is at issue is whether population growth is detrimental to or beneficial for economic development. Neither of the extreme views gives a complete picture of the interplay among population, resources, and quality of life. Following previous literature on the topic, this paper establishes a more balanced approach that considers the function linking population and quality of life not constant but variable and regards the limitedness of resources as not absolute but relative to regions and societies. The proposed approach is more flexible in better explaining the relation between population and economic growth. China is examined as a case in point to shed light on the interaction of population growth, economic development, and available resources, and its recent post-economic reform experiences showcase the appropriateness of the synthetic approach.     

Sustainability analysis of SEEA indicators for non-renewable resources

Despite the fact that the non-renewable resources industry contributes greatly to regional and national gross domestic product(GDP),it casts massive negative impacts on the environment,which fails to be deducted from economic growth.Hence,sustainable development of non-renewable resources(extraction and processing)is playing an essential role in boosting economic growth continuously.The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting(SEEA)proposed by the United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD)provides a brand-new perspective for sustainability study.This paper designs a fundamental approach of green accounting for non-renewable resources based on SEEA.Three main aspects of the accounting are extracted to explore the way of analysis for sustainability indicators,which are not touched upon by SEEA.Main analyses are as follows:(1)the analysis on the influence of the change of the discount rate in user cost(UC);(2)correlation analysis between environmental degradation and pollutants emission intensity;(3)analysis of the accounting results of green GDP and green GCF(gross capital formation).Then taking petroleum resources in Shandong Province as an example,this paper will calculate and analyze green data based on the accounting and analytical approaches discussed above.However,sustainability indicators studied in the paper are just associated with past economic activities,while investigation into the factors of the change of sustainability indicators is the one most critical point in relevant policymaking.     

Temporal-spatial Characteristics of the Urbanization of Rural Land in Xinjiang

Relying on remote sensor technology, GIS and Land-sat TM digital images, the authors use spatial and statistical analysis to examine the temporal-spatial characteristics of the change caused by urban Construction in Xinjiang＇s rural areas from the end of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s. The primary findings show the following： 1） The urban construction in rural areas has increased drastically. The expansion speed of urban land use has accelerated over the past decade. The sub-land use changes caused by the urbanization of rural are characterized by salient regional differentiation among the three main regions and among the 85 counties of Xinjiang. 2） The shift of land use is mostly characterized by cultivated land and grassland being used for urban and industrial projects. Moreover, this change of land use is characteristic of regional differences. 3） Factors of rural-urban construction land use changes in Xinjiang, are undoubtedly affected by natural environment, social, economic conditions, and to a larger degree by population growth, GDP development and industrial development.     

SETTING A NEW PHASE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE FIELD OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

China is in an industrialization and urbanization phase, and yet faces the conflict between relatively deficient resources per capita and low utilization efficiency; the conflict between the lowering levels of fertility and strong population momentum; and the conflict between environmental degradation and unsustainable economic growth. It would be a great contribution to humanity to achieve sustainable development in the course of the rapid modernization taking place in China - the developing country with 22 percent of the population of the world.     

GDP与能源消费之间的关系研究

选取中国1985-2009年能源消费总量与GDP的年度数据作为研究样本,运用Eviews对时间序列的GDP和能源消费总量进行单位根检验、协整检验、Engle-Grange因果关系检验.结果发现,GDP、能源消费总量的二阶差分在5%的显著性水平下是平稳的;GDP、能源消费总量在5%的显著性水平下,存在协整关系;Engle-Grange因果检验结果显示,在5%的显著性水平下,GDP与能源消费的因果影响关系不明显,但长期能源消费对GDP存在单向因果关系.从研究的结论来看,GDP增长引起能源需求和消费内生性的增长,减少能源的消费不影响产出、就业、收入的增长.要解决我国目前经济发展过程中诸多矛盾,使经济持续发展,首先,必须积极开发新能源、提高能源利用效率、调整能源战略、实施能源保护和节能政策来弥补我国能源短缺,提供充足的能源供给作为保障.其次,要转变经济增长方式、调整产业结构,尤其是工业结构;加快技术创新、发展高新技术产业和知识密集型产业,使我国经济发展摆脱对能源的依赖.     

Uncovering the Connections Among Sustainability, Governance and GDP

This paper examines the connections among sustainability, governance and GDP, using the data from 123 countries. Sustainability is found to be related with GDP in two contradictory ways. On the one hand, growth in GDP strengthens a nation＇s ability to maintain favorable environmental conditions into the future. On the other hand, GDP growth is built on more consumption of natural resources, and therefore generates a larger ＂foot-print＂ on the Earth. Governance plays a key role in sustainable development. However, it is not helping to reduce our footprint on the Earth. In fact, good governance is linked to a larger footprint. This reflects our materialist value and human impulse. When a society prefers the comfort and wellbeing of human beings to the welfare of its environment, democratic governance might be used as an effective tool against nature.     

绿色GDP理论基础与核算思路探讨

在可持续发展理论的冲击下，绿色GDP核算受到了学术界的广泛关注。本文讨论了绿色GDP植算的概念、意义及相关理论基础，并且进一步提出，绿色GDP核算在方法上存在直接测算与间接测算两种思路。理论上进两种思路各有利弊，但从实践上看，这两种核算方法都迁存在不少的难点。     

基于EMD的中国经济增长与能源消费的关系

能源消费对我国经济、社会实现可持续和谐发展起着重要作用，但理论上二者之间的关系并不明确。利用matlab 70软件，通过经验模态分解（EMD）方法对我国 1954~2007年能源消费年增长速度、GDP增长速度进行分析，旨在系统说明我国经济增长与能源消费之间的内在关系，更能体现出经济增长同能源消费增长之间的动态关系，同时也为研究长时间序列的动态变化提供一个全新的研究方法。通过EMD方法，将研究对象的不同时间尺度的波动或趋势逐级分解开来，产生一系列具有不同特征尺度的本征模函数（IMF），得到系统在不同时间尺度下的演化曲线，可以将这些曲线看成是系统的特解。通过对我国近 54 a 的资料进行EMD分析，结果表明：（1）我国能源消费增长由4个IMF分量及趋势项构成，GDP增长由3个IMF分量和趋势项组成。（2）对于短周期的高频波动，能源消费增长与经济增长之间是高度一致的。（3）对于中尺度的周期波动，能源消费表现出一定的滞后性，平均滞后 1~3 a。（4）从大尺度的周期波动来看，经济增长表现出一定的滞后性，平均滞后 3~5 a，表现出能源对经济的约束作用。     

广东省耕地转化及其效益变化趋势分析

本文将土地详查资料和统计资料中耕地资源的数据作了对照 ,并将耕地的变化与经济 (GDP)增长联系起来研究。结果表明 ,实际的耕地数比原有的统计数要多 ;实际减少的耕地却远远大于统计数 ;耕地减少率与GDP增长率有同步消涨的关系。可以认为 ,广东省经济主要还是资源消耗型的 ,追求经济的高速增长是耕地减少的主要驱动力     

Energy-Saving Effect Calculation and Implementation Strategy Study on the Industrial Structure Adjustment in Western China

The western region is an important strategic base of energy in China. The average per capita possession of fossil energy in the west is twice that in China. On the basis of the analysis of the mechanism how industrial structure adjustment affects energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), the energy input-output table of western China was designed and compiled. Combining multiobjective planning techniques, setting energy-saving, economic growth, and laborer's income growth as the goals, setting basic input-output relations, production capacity, and labor as the constraints, the multiobjective optimization model of western energy input-output was constructed. The results of industrial structure optimization of western China show that: with technology and product price remaining unchanged, the adjustment of the industrial structure can reduce energy consumption per unit GDP by 2.7%, at the same time ensuring the average annual increase of GDP and laborer's income of western region in excess of 8%. It indicates that industrial structure adjustment is an effective method in accomplishing the aim of energy saving. Finally, policy suggestions from four angles, such as industrial chain and financial policies, were put forward.     

湖北省经济发展与耕地资源变化的关系

近20年来，湖北省在经济快速发展的同时，伴随着耕地面积的快速减少，这对我国粮食安全战略产生了一定隐患。选择GDP、全社会固定资产投资总额、城市化水平与耕地面积作为主要分析指标，应用对比分析与最小二乘法分析了1990~2007年湖北省经济发展与耕地面积变化的关系，其能够解释耕地资源占有量的9298%的变化。研究结果表明：湖北省近20年的经济发展与耕地面积变化呈负相关关系，经济增长是耕地面积减少的主要原因，但随着经济发展水平上升和土地集约利用水平提高，单位经济增长付出的土地代价会逐渐下降；同时经济发达地区比经济欠发达地区耕地流失严重，平原地区比丘陵地区耕地减少量大。研究结果可以为湖北省在今后经济发展过程中，如何合理利用土地和保护有限的耕地资源提供一定的科学依据，为其他省份进一步研究经济发展中的耕地变化提供借鉴。     

我国三大地带经济发展不平衡性动态分析

本文采用人均GDP指标,对1978-2002年我国三大地带经济发展的不平衡性及驱动机制进行了动态时序分析,剖析了三大地带经济差距产生的原因.结果表明:近20多年来无论是绝对差距、相对差距还是综合差距，三大地带经济区域差异均呈现扩大趋势，尤其是以20世纪90年代初期最为显著。究其原因，除了自然环境和历史背景的影响外，产业结构、所有制结构，投资强度，对外开放程度和社会文化环境等因素均具有重要影响。为缩小三大地带的经济差距，除加强对中西部的投资建设外，应加快对中西部改革开放的步伐，增强了中西部的自我发展能力。     

中美两国经济发展与铜消费量对比研究

发达国家的发展过程表明,经济增长与铜消费量密切相关。本文由IPAT方程推导了铜消费指标与GDP间的关系式,得出GDP的年增长率（g）的单位GDP铜消费量的年下降率（t）是影响铜消费量变化的两个重要参数。给出了中、美两国铜消费指标与GDP间的关系曲线;中国1960-2004年间单位GDP的铜消费量并未形成明显的上升或下降趋势;美国1941-2004年间单位GDP铜消费量的变化总体上逐年降低,1941年为17.80kg/10^4USD,2003年为2.56kg/10^4USD,单位GDP的铜消费量降低近7倍。对应不同的单位GDP铜消费量年下降率的假设,估计了未来25年内中国经济增长与铜消费指标间的关系以及单位GDP铜消费量降低的倍数。