垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞微观概念模型的提出

根据垂直潜流人工湿地发生堵塞的成因主要是基质层中不可滤物质积累的结论,在分析垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞物形态及成分粒径的基础上,首次提出了基质间不可滤物质积累微观概念模型的假设;并根据微观概念模型,在考虑生物膜、无机物积累等动态变化因素条件下提出基质间完全堵塞所需时间、基质表面发生雍水所需时间及基质渗透系数随时间变化的关系.     

垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理中的应用和发展

不同规模垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理实际应用的结果表明,采用垂直潜流人工湿地处理农村地区的污水在技术上、经济上和运行管理上都是可行的,值得在农村地区推广.同时,解决了垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理应用过程存在的诸多技术瓶颈问题,提出了多种防止垂直潜流人工湿地发生堵塞雍水的对策措施.     

潜流人工湿地污染河水处理系统中的填料堵塞问题研究

利用潜流人工湿地系统处理污染河水,水力负荷为0.15 m3/(m2·d).研究了该系统长期运行过程中的填料堵塞问题及其对污染物去除率的影响.构建了潜流人工湿地污染河水处理中试系统,在运行两年后,潜流人工湿地填料存在一定的堵塞现象,填料孔隙率最大减少了2.67%.填料孔隙堵塞现象主要发生在该中试系统的前段(沿水流方向距进水点0～5 m),其填料堵塞物质主要为无机颗粒物.植物对填料堵塞问题的改善作用并不显著.填料的部分堵塞对该中试系统中污染物的去除率有一定的影响,运行第2年氨氮的去除率略有降低,而COD的去除率有增加的趋势.     

基于电阻率法的人工湿地堵塞区域探测方法

人工湿地污水处理技术已经得到广泛的应用,但目前对人工湿地堵塞问题,无法对堵塞区域进行精确定位.为了解决这个问题,根据潜流人工湿地结构和堵塞区域的特点,建立了长、宽、高分别为146、119和102 cm水槽物理实验模型,利用改进的高密度电阻率测井法开展了探测和定位人工湿地堵塞区域的实验研究,并结合人工湿地堵塞模型的Vis...     

垂直潜流人工湿地有机物积累及去向初步分析

为防治湿地堵塞、改善湿地处理效果,初步探讨了湿地中有机物的积累规律,并估算湿地中有机物不同去除途径的贡献率。结果表明,垂直潜流人工湿地中基质间积累的有机物主要是不可溶有机物,且粒径主要集中在5.00μm以上,分析是不同粒径有机物凝聚积累的缘故;垂向沿程基质间有机物的积累量受进水水力负荷影响明显;进入垂直潜流人工湿地中的有机物绝大部分都被生物(植物和微生物)吸收和利用而得以去除,该途径贡献率可达99.9%以上。     

表流-水平流复合人工湿地对高污染河水的净化

为了研究表流-水平流复合人工湿地对高污染河水的净化效果及植物对复合湿地中二级潜流湿地的影响作用,实验构建了表流+芦苇水平潜流和表流+无植物水平潜流复合人工湿地。在相同的水力负荷下连续运行一年的结果表明,复合人工湿地对高污染河水中TN、NH3-N、TP、COD、BOD5和SS的去除率分别为57.3%~63.1%、65.7%~68.1%、69.4%~82.7%、85.3%~86.3%、96.7%~96.9%和97.9%~98.2%,种有植物的二级潜流湿地具有更好的脱氮和除磷效果;表流湿地作为复合湿地的第一级能够有效去除大部分的有机污染物和悬浮物,进而避免二级潜流湿地的堵塞,并利于二级潜流湿地的脱氮除磷的进行;复合湿地对有机物和悬浮物的去除不受季节性波动的影响,但是其脱氮效果受季节波动的影响较大。     

分层式潜流人工湿地水力学特性数值模拟与分析

人工湿地水力学特征对其污染物去除过程有重要影响.采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT中的多孔介质模型对分层式潜流人工湿地内部的流场进行模拟,并分析了不同进出口位置对湿地水力学行为的影响.模拟结果表明,分层式潜流人工湿地基质层内部速度分布的差异较大,水流多从进口端的左半部汇人下部砾石层以大于3.69×10-4m/s的速度出流...     

无植物潜流人工湿地基质床污染物去除性能研究

采用单一基质页岩和页岩、陶粒组合基质进行无植物潜流人工湿地基质床的水质净化实验,比较不同基质设置对COD、TN、NH+-N、TP、溶解性总磷(TDP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(SRP)去除效果的影响.结果表明,在相同进水水质,水力负荷为480mm/d的运行条件下,以单一页岩为基质的无植物潜流人工湿地基质床的COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP、TDP、SRP去除效果均略优于填充页岩和陶粒组合基质的基质床.总体来看,基质对湿地系统中各污染物去除的贡献均不是非常显著,并且不能保证长期稳定的运行效果.沿程去除结果表明,无植物潜流人工湿地基质床对COD、NH+-N、TP的去除主要发生在进水后沿程的0～90 cm距离内.水力负荷和基质设置均可能影响基质床的污染物去除效果,以基质选择为目的的批量吸附实验结果不能完全反映基质床的全面去污性能.     

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点，系统开展了室内外实验研究，并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明，潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论；但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响，工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果，提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择，可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。     

基于煤矸石?沸石自动改性的潜流人工湿地填料组合方案研究

针对传统砾石填料容易造成堵塞,导致潜流人工湿地处理效果变差的问题,开展填料优化选择研究。结果表明,煤矸石/沸石/砾石这一填料组合方案大大延长了潜流人工湿地的堵塞周期,比传统砾石填料组合至少晚6d,对COD、氨氮、总磷的平均去除率分别提高26.4、9.4、18.7百分点,堵塞位置向下部移动30cm,水头损失日均增加量和孔隙率变化量日均增加值分别低0.01cm和0.02%。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.