小氮肥厂清洁生产审计案例研究

由于生产技术、规模和管理体系的制约,目前我国的大部分小氮肥厂很难达标排放,尤其是废水中的氨氮超标,成为小氮肥最大的难题.本文通过对成阳氮肥厂开展清洁生产审计的案例分析指出,推行清洁生产审计是企业达标排放的最佳途径,同时本文也提出了在知识经济时代清洁生产对企业技术改造、参与市场竞争的重要性以及企业推行清洁生产需要关注的问题.     

小氮肥厂清洁生产审计案例研究

由于生产技术、规模和管理体系的制约,目前我国的大部分小氮肥厂很难达标排放,尤其是废水中的氨氮超标,成为小氮肥最大的难题.本文通过对咸阳氮肥厂开展清洁生产审计的案例分析指出,推行清洁生产审计是企业达标排放的最佳途径,同时本文也提出了在知识经济时代清洁生产对企业技术改造、参与市场竞争的重要性以及企业推行清洁生产需要关注的问题.     

AHP-Fuzzy综合评价法在燃料乙醇行业清洁生产评价中的应用

清洁生产是从根本上解决环境保护和经济发展的最好模式。依据生命周期理论并结合燃料乙醇行业特点,本文构建了燃料乙醇行业清洁生产评价指标体系。选用AHP-Fuzzy综合评价法对其清洁生产水平进行评价,在严格的理论基础上加强了评价的科学性和有效性。通过实例研究与分析表明,该指标体系和评价方法可操作性较强,准确性较高,能够比较客观全面地评价企业清洁生产水平,了解企业自身的清洁生产潜力,同时能够找出清洁生产环节中存在的问题,对增强企业市场竞争力和推动企业清洁生产意义重大。     

清洁生产政策及其未来走向

2002年6月31日,《清洁生产促进法》在全国人大常委会上获得通过,这是我国清洁生产工作中的一个重要里程碑.本文回顾了近年来我国清洁生产领域相关政策的制订和实施情况,分析了《清洁生产促进法》提出的清洁生产促进手段和制度,讨论了如何根据《清洁生产促进法》的要求,建设适合中国国情的清洁生产政策体系,以及在建设这一体系时所应注意的问题.     

清洁生产政策及其未来走向

2002年6月31日,<清洁生产促进法>在全国人大常委会上获得通过,这是我国清洁生产工作中的一个重要里程碑.本文回顾了近年来我国清洁生产领域相关政策的制订和实施情况,分析了<清洁生产促进法>提出的清洁生产促进手段和制度,讨论了如何根据<清洁生产促进法>的要求,建设适合中国国情的清洁生产政策体系,以及在建设这一体系时所应注意的问题.     

环保部门的清洁生产促进工作

环保部门促进清洁生产的手段 促进清洁生产是未来的环境发展战略和环境管理发展的方向,也是环保部门义不容辞的责任.环保部门主要是侧重于从环境管理措施和技术指导方面推进清洁生产,主要内容为:建立清洁生产审计技术指南和清洁生产的技术标准体系;引导建立清洁生产技术服务机构体系,培训清洁生产服务技术人员;推广清洁生产实用技术;通过排污费优先使用于清洁生产和实施排污交易政策激励企业实施清洁生产;对现有的环境管理制度、标准进行修改完善,把清洁生产的技术要求纳入到三同时、环评、环境标准等制度或法规中,通过严格执法促进企业实施清洁生产;建立企业清洁生产绩效公告制度,树立企业环境形象,激励企业实施清洁生产,对不实施清洁生产,环境绩效差,排污不达标的企业,公布企业名单,接受社会和舆论的监督,同时施以行政和经济处罚.     

清洁生产与中国工业可持续发展

中国工业现有的普遍低下的生产水平和中国资源与能源的相对贫乏、生态环境的严峻形势决定了中国的工业必须实行清洁生产.本文介绍了清洁生产在国际上产生的背景,论述了清洁生产和我国工业可持续发展的关系,以数据表明我国多年来清洁生产实施的成效,并简要分析了中国清洁生产的现状及思想认识和组织管理上存在的问题.     

清洁生产与中国工业可持续发展

中国工业现有的普遍低下的生产水平和中国资源与能源的相对贫乏、生态环境的严峻形势决定了中国的工业必须实行清洁生产.本文介绍了清洁生产在国际上产生的背景,论述了清洁生产和我国工业可持续发展的关系,以数据表明我国多年来清洁生产实施的成效,并简要分析了中国清洁生产的现状及思想认识和组织管理上存在的问题.     

第5次国际清洁生产高级研讨会1998年9月29日-10月1日大韩民国总结报告

清洁生产的地区性实施与监测 当联合国环境署十年前启动清洁生产计划时,世界上对清洁生产几乎一无所知.到1998年,已经在40多个国家中确认了140多个清洁生产中心和活动.不过,关于如何最好地实施清洁生产和如何监测真实进展的问题已经变得比以往任何时候都更加重要,如同联合国环境署技术、工业与经济局主任Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel夫人在引导关于"监测世界性清洁生产进展"的全体会议时所强调的.     

中国清洁生产的十年

自1990年代以来,为支持可持续发展,中国开始将清洁生产作为一项环境预防与转变生产发展模式的战略措施推行实施.本文依照两个阶段对中国十年清洁生产的实践与进展进行了概括总结.它反映了中国从早期侧重企业层次以宣传培训、示范项目推进清洁生产转入通过政府建立政策机制推进清洁生产的探索前进过程.伴随着2002年中国《清洁生产促进法》的颁布,标志着中国进入依法推进清洁生产的新阶段.中国清洁生产的实践表明,经过政府对其政策的调整变革,将清洁生产纳入管理决策过程中,营造有利于调动企业实施清洁生产的推进机制,是促进中国清洁生产向纵深发展的关键.     

Performance of landfill leachate treatment system with disc-tube reverse osmosis units

Reverse osmosis system with the disc-tube module (DT-RO) was applied to treat landfill leachate on full scale at the Changshengqiao Sanitary Landfill, Chongqing City, China. In the first six-mouth operation phase, the treatment performance of DT-RO system had been excellent and stable. The removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), electrical conductivity (EC), and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) reached 99.2–99.7%, 99.2%, 99.6%, and over 98%, respectively. The rejection of Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, and Mg²⁺ was over 99.9%, respectively. Suspended solid (SS) was not detected in product water. Effective methods had been adopted to control membrane fouling, of which chemical cleaning is of utmost importance to guarantee the long smooth operation of the DT-RO system. The DT-RO system is cleaned in turns with Cleaner A and Cleaner C. At present, the 1st stage cleaning cycle by Cleaner A and Cleaner C is conducted every 100 and 500 h, respectively, depending on raw the water quality.     

整全,互动和可持续的EIA：香港上水屠宰场的例案研究

以香港上水屠宰场的ＥＩＡ为例,阐述了ＥＩＡ过程须结合“清洁工艺”、“环境管理系统”、“持续生的本底监测”和“开放的公众咨询”四个重要单元,互动灵活,以增强环保效益、省时及经济。传统的ＥＩＡ较为被动,如果项目“倡议人”缺乏环保意识,就会妨碍了它的实质功能。通行的末期性公众咨询,很容易激发冲突,与西方冗长的公众参与同样妨碍进度。文章探讨互动式ＥＩＡ的优点,论证它对改善环评工序和可持续发展的重要性。     

Nanomaterials for biofuel production using lignocellulosic waste

Production of biofuels using second-generation, non-food, lignocellulosic waste biomass is a sustainable approach that solve the economic issues of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. The major issues of biofuel production are biomass complexity, pretreatment, enzyme denaturation and cost. This article reviews the application of nanomaterials for biofuel production from various lignocellulosic wastes.     

白术及白术多糖在动物生产中的研究应用

白术多糖是白术这一传统中药的活性提取物,具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、调节免疫功能、增强免疫力、促生长、降血糖等方面的作用,综述白术及白术多糖在动物生产中的应用．参25．     

Alignment of threat,effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations

The use of conservation translocations to mitigate human effects on biodiversity is increasing, but how these efforts are allocated remains unclear. Based on a comprehensive literature review and online author survey, we sought to determine the goals of translocation efforts, whether they focus on species and regions with high threat and likelihood of perceived success, and how success might be improved. We systematically searched the ISI Web of Knowledge and Academic Search Complete databases to determine the species and regions of conservation translocations and found 1863 articles on conservation translocations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean published from 1974 to 2013. We questioned 330 relevant authors to determine the motivation for translocations, how translocations were evaluated, and obstacles encountered. Conservation translocations in North America were geographically widespread (in 21 countries), increased in frequency over time for all animal classes (from 1 in 1974 to 84 in 2013), and included 279 different species. Reintroductions and reinforcements were more common in the United States than in Canada and Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean, and their prevalence was correlated with the number of species at risk at national and state or provincial levels. Translocated species had a higher threat status at state and provincial levels than globally (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categorization), suggesting that translocations may have been motivated by regional priorities rather than global risk. Our survey of authors was consistent with these results; most translocations were requested, supported, or funded by government agencies and downlisting species at national or state or provincial levels was the main goal. Nonetheless, downlisting was the least reported measure of success, whereas survival and reproduction of translocated individuals were the most reported. Reported barriers to success included biological factors such as animal mortality and nonbiological factors, such as financial constraints, which were less often considered in the selection of release sites. Our review thus highlights discrepancies between project goals and evaluation criteria and between risk factors considered and obstacles encountered, indicating room to further optimize translocation projects.     

The calculation of equivalence factor for ecological footprints in China: a methodological note

The Ecological Footprint (EF), a physical indicator to measure the extent of humanity’s use of natural resources, has gained much attention since it was first used by Wackernagel and Rees in 1996. In order to appraise land area types with different levels of productivity, they introduced the concept of an equivalence factor. This relates to the average primary biomass productivities of different types of land (i.e. arable land, pasture, forest, water/fishery, built-up land and fossil energy land) to the regional average primary biomass productivity of all land types in a given year. Hence, the equivalence factor is an important parameter in the EF model and it directly affects the reliability of all results. Thus, this article calculates equivalence factors on the national and provincial levels in China based on Net Primary Production (NPP) from MODIS 1 km data in 2008. Firstly, based on the Light Utility Efficiency and CASA model, the NPP of different biologically productive lands of China and of different provinces was calculated. Secondly, China’s equivalence factor for 6 land area types was calculated based on NPP: arable land and built-up land has an equivalence factor of 1.71, forest and fossil energy land has a factor of 1.41, pasture has a factor of 0.44 and water/fishery 0.35; Finally, the equivalence factor of 6 land area types in different provinces was also calculated. The NPP of each ecosystem type varies along with the equivalence factor in different provinces. However, the ranking of the equivalence factors in different provinces remain the same, with that of arable land being the largest, and the water/fishery being the smallest.     

Experimental evidence that bright coloration is not important for territory defense in purple martins

Summary I tested the hypothesis that bright breeding plumage in territorial males acts as a badge of fighting ability or aggressive motivation to intimidate intruders. Territorial male purple martins (Progne subis) whose iridescent blue plumage was lightened to mimic the appearance of subadult males did not suffer an increase in intruder pressure or loss of territory compared with control males. Bright plumage color itself did not deter intruders and was not important for successful territory defense. Furthermore, a bright coloration of owners was not associated with an increased level of aggression toward intruders. Results from parallel studies on this species suggest that bright coloration is important in territory acquisition. The effectiveness of badges of fighting ability and aggressive motivation in territory defense is limited by whether intruders benefit from assessing these traits in owners. Differences in signaling systems between species are due in part to differences in floater tactics and the mode of territory acquisition.     

A survey method for estimating potential levels of mangrove forest primary production

Measurements of net photosynthesis in mangrove communities by direct methods is technically and logistically difficult. Recording litter fall alone neglects other important components of production. A method has been developed which lends itself to ready application for obtaining survey estimates of photosynthetic yield. The procedure involves measurement of light attenuation through forest canopies attributable to photosynthetic utilization and standardized against leaf pigment assays. Rates of assimilation are assumed from the literature. Production estimates range between 16 and 26 kgC ha^-1 day^-1.     

Park gazettement and integrated conservation and development as factors in community conflict at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda

Conflicts between protected-area managers and local people are common, but the drivers of conflict are rarely analyzed. This limits opportunities to identify strategies that reduce conflict and the magnitude of resulting threats to conservation. Integrated conservation and development (ICD) was adopted at Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda, to reduce conflict during gazettement of the national park, but the success of this approach remains contested. We retrieved documents of conflict written by park staff and local people from 1986 through 2000 (before, during, and after gazettement). We extracted data on 48 incidences of violent conflict and categorized them by gazettement period, area, instigator, and type to undertake a historical analysis of the triggers of violent conflict at Bwindi. Before and during gazettement, local villagers instigated most of the conflict incidents when law-enforcement efforts sought to halt commercial activities within Bwindi. No conflict arose from the arrest of villagers collecting subsistence resources during these periods. After gazettement, prohibitions on commercial activities continued to drive conflict even though villagers collecting subsistence resources were arrested more frequently than before gazettement, and local attitudes toward the park had improved following receipt of ICD benefits. Law-enforcement efforts targeted commercial activities to reduce this threat to Bwindi's mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), although the activities remained important income sources for people in villages near Bwindi. Losing commercial income following gazettement therefore appeared to be their primary motivation for instigating conflict with park rangers. Prohibitions on subsistence resource use triggered conflict less often. Our use of typologies for a multivariate conflict analysis demonstrates that by identifying differences between effects of conservation as drivers of conflict, conflict analysis can enable a more strategic deployment of conflict-resolution measures that could further conservation efforts. At Bwindi targeting ICD toward individuals who lost benefits from commercial activities may strengthen the role of ICD in conflict resolution and conservation.     

32种芳香化合物的好氧生物降解性表征

本文采用芳香化合物生物降解产生的二氧化碳量作为表征其生物降解性的指标，测定了３２囊芳香化合物好氧生物降解１２ｄ产生的二氧化碳量，在此基础上提出了定性划分有机物生物降解性的标准，按照此标准对３２种芳香化合物的生物降解性进行了划分；另外还探索了影响生物降解性的诸因素。