海南岛土壤中的锌

土壤中锌的含量异常会阻碍植物生长．海南岛地处热带地区，上壤中锌的含量为1.85～107.89mg／kg，平均31.46mg／kg；0.1mol／L盐酸提取有效锌含量0.50～9.80mg／kg，平均3.86mg／kg．玄武岩上的土壤含锌量为87.35～107.89mg／kg，滨海砂上含锌量大多不足20mg／kg，其它土类的锌含量大多在15～50mg／kg．除了个别土壤锌含量偏低外，绝大多数土壤锌含量是正常的．土壤锌含量的地理分布是：东北部地区明显高，其次是西南部，再次为西北部、中部和东南部地区，岛四周的滨海砂土地区最低．海南岛的土壤锌含量与母质种类的关系最为密切，玄武岩母质上的比花岗岩的高得多．气候条件也是影响锌含量的重要因素之一，湿润地区锌有向下淋溶的趋势．干热地区锌有上移的倾向．质地粘重的土壤含锌量往往较高．土壤有机质对锌含量的影响不明显．     

不同土壤类型下Cd和Pb在水稻籽粒中累积特征及其环境安全临界值

研究水稻籽粒对土壤重金属的累积特征和水稻产地土壤重金属安全临界值,可为水稻安全生产和产地安全适宜性评价提供重要参考。以杂交籼稻KU818作为材料,通过外源添加不同质量分数的Cd和Pb,于2008年在南京采用盆栽试验方法,研究不同土壤类型下水稻籽粒对土壤重金属Cd和Pb的累积特征及其环境安全临界值。结果显示,水稻籽粒对重金属的累积量总体上随着外加重金属质量分数的增加而呈现增多趋势,籽粒中重金属含量与处理水平及盆栽土壤中重金属有效态含量呈现显著或极显著正相关。籽粒对Cd、Pb的累积特征呈现出土壤类型之间的显著差异,水稻土栽培下,籽粒对重金属的累积高于潮土栽培下的。根据国家《食品中污染物限量（GB 2762-2005）》标准中重金属的限量标准和水稻籽粒重金属的累积特征推算出水稻产地（潮土和水稻土）安全临界值：Cd为1.63 mg·kg^-1和0.74 mg·kg^-1,Pb为230 mg·kg^-1和110 mg·kg^-1,均高于国家《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准（HJ 332-2006）》的指标。结果表明,由于临界值在土壤类型之间差异较大,制定统一的农产品产地重金属限量标准还需结合当地土壤性质加以评价。     

几种有效硅测定方法对不同母质水稻土的适宜性研究

本研究以湖北省十二种典型母质发育的水稻土为对象，比较了常见几种土壤有效硅提取方法对不同母质水稻土的适宜性．研究结果表明，ｐＨ４．０酸－醋酸钠提取法对性质相差较大的不同母质水稻土的测定，不仅能反映土壤性状对有效硅含量的影响，而且测定精密度高，与其它有效硅测定方法比较，在缺硅诊断中可适用于较为广泛的水稻上类型．     

钒对大豆幼苗的毒害与土壤特性的关系

温室盆栽试验研究结果表明，在潮土中钒含量高于30mg／kg，大豆幼苗地上部和地下部干物质量显著减少（＞1％L．S．D）；而在红壤中，钒含量高达75mg／kg，对大豆幼苗的生长也没有明显的影响（＜5％L．S．D）。潮中易产生钒毒害的机理可能是因为对钒的吸附容量小，在土壤溶液中保持有较多量的有效钒供给大豆幼苗，并已当土壤pH变化时仍然保持对钒较高的吸附能力和供给能力。     

红壤丘岗区潜育性稻田硫硅硼铜元素的有效性

研究结果表明,红壤丘岗区潜育性稻田中的冷浸田和烂泥田土壤有效硫含量相对较低,这两种类型潜育田存在潜在性缺硫问题,故应注意硫肥的施用。潜育性稻田土壤有效硅亦普遍低于非潜育性田,因而极有可能发生缺硅。与同母质类型的非潜育性稻田比较,红壤潜育性稻田土壤有效硼含量并无明显差异。但第四纪红土发育的潜育田土壤有效硼低于缺硼临界值。部分潜育田士壤有效铜含量亦低于渍水土壤缺铜临界值,这说明部分渍潜田存在缺铜现象。     

镉污染区水稻土磷素含量特征及其形态分布规律

以湖南省常德市Cd污染水稻土为供试土壤,研究了该区域土壤磷(P)元素含量状况、形态分布特征及其相关关系.结果表明,水稻土全磷含量范围为318.3—2016.2 mg·kg~(-1),总体上表现为适宜和丰富水平.然而,土壤有效磷的含量偏低,50%的土壤有效磷含量低于正常值(10 mg·kg~(-1)).在酸性水稻土中,无机磷含量依次为Al-PCa-PO-PFe-P;而在碱性水稻土中,土壤无机磷含量为Al-PCa10-PO-PCa2-PFe-PCa8-P.碱性水稻土有机磷占全磷比例高于酸性水稻土,达到30.1%—75.5%.土壤pH与Al-P、Ca-P之间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而与O-P之间具有显著负相关关系(P0.05);土壤全磷与有机磷、Al-P之间存在极显著正相关性关系(P0.01),而与有效磷、Ca-P具有显著正相关性关系(P0.05);土壤有效磷与Al-P、有机磷含量之间分别表现为极显著和显著正相关关系.     

安徽省长江以北地区土壤水溶性氟含量及分布特征

采集安徽省长江以北地区有代表性土壤样品３４７个，测定了其水溶性氟含量。结果表明，土壤水溶性氟含量范围０３８～１２６９ｍｇ／ｋｇ，平均为２３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ。地区分布是南低北高，以淮北宿州和阜阳地区为最高，平均含量在３ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上。主要土壤类型土壤水溶性氟含量顺序是砂姜黑土、潮土＞黄棕壤、紫色土＞水稻土＞石灰土、粗骨土。不同母质土壤水溶性氟含量顺序是古黄土性河湖相沉积物＞黄泛冲积物＞紫色砂岩＞下蜀黄土＞石灰岩＞酸性结晶岩风化物＞河流冲积物。土壤水溶性氟含量与土壤ｐＨ呈正相关。ｐＨ高的黄泛冲积物和古黄土性河湖相沉积物母质土壤含水溶性氟多，该土壤地区发生氟中毒可能性较大。     

矿物油对水稻－萝卜的影响

用不同剂量的润滑油（引擎油、齿轮油）、煤油和废油污染土壤，探讨它们对水稻和后茬萝卜生长的影响．结果表明，引擎油在剂量为５ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对水稻生长和后茬萝卜的成苗及苗高均有影响；齿轮油、煤油和废油在剂量为２ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对水稻秧苗无多大影响，在剂量为１ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对后茬萝卜有抑制作用．对被废油污染的土壤，可用油处理剂Ｓ．Ｇ８０５治理．但剂量以１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下为宜．     

不同农业施肥制度对红壤稻田土壤磷肥力的影响

采用田间定位试验研究了几种不同农业施肥制度对红壤稻田土壤磷肥力的影响．结果表明：（1）在移耕农业、施化学N肥和NK胆施肥制下，农田系统磷素亏缺量大，7年间达140mg/hm2以上，土壤有效磷降低；（2）有机农业和施化学P肥施肥制可促进农田系统磷素平衡，改善土壤供磷状况，提高稻株含磷量和磷累积量；（3）在有权无机结合施肥制下，农田系统土壤磷素盈余量大，7年间共达200mg／hm2以上，并可改善土壤磷组分，增加土壤有效磷含量，促进水稻对磷的吸收．     

Fe~（2＋）和Mn~（2＋）对水稻锌吸收与运转的影响

水培试验结果表明，Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｍｎ（２＋）对水稻锌的吸收和运转有明显的影响．高浓度Ｆｅ（２＋）或Ｍｎ（２＋）（５μｇ／ｇ）显著降低水稻吸锌量、抑制锌由根向茎、叶的运转．稻株生物量与叶片Ｆｅ／Ｚｎ比值或Ｍｎ／Ｚｎ比值有明显的负相关关系，在叶片Ｆｅ／Ｚｎ＞８或Ｍｎ／Ｚｎ＞２６时，水稻生物量明显降低．造成水稻缺锌的主要原因是土壤有效锌含量低，而高浓度Ｆｅ（２＋）和Ｍｎ（２＋）是诱发和加重水稻缺锌的重要条件．因此在生产上应重视改善缺锌低洼稻田的排水通气状况．     

Chemical changes in agricultural soils of Korea: data review and suggested countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise, 4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, available phosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contents such as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The study showed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassium rapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K2O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, and only 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg(-1) (0-41.59), 4.84 mg kg(-1) (0-66.44), and 4.47 mg kg(-1) (0-96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg(-1) (0.07-78.24), 3.47 mg kg(-1) (0-43.00), 10.70 mg kg(-1) (0.30-65.10), and 0.57 mg kg(-1) (0.21-2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg(-1) (ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 2.68 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 31.19 mg kg(-1) (0.19-252.0), and 0.36 mg kg(-1) (0-4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0-20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0-0.49), 3.62 mg kg(-1) (0.03-45.30), 2.30 mg kg(-1) (0-27.80), 16.60 mg kg(-1) (0.33-105.50), 0.44 mg kg(-1) (0-4.14), and 0.05 mg kg(-1) (0.01-0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over the warning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soil amelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; land reformation; and heavy application of fine red earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Land use techniques should be changed to be harmonious with the environment to increase yield and income. Soil function characteristics should be taken into account.     

中国南方稻田土壤汞含量及潜在危害评价

选择我国南方水稻主产区安徽、浙江、湖南、湖北以及广西5个省,采集213个稻田土壤样品,探究我国南方稻田土壤中汞的空间分布特征与土壤理化参数(如p H值和有机质)的相关关系及汞富集的潜在危害。结果表明:不同省份的稻田土壤汞含量存在显著的差异(P0.05,n=213),含量范围是0.029~0.326 mg·kg~(-1)(干重),平均值为(0.094±0.036)mg·kg~(-1),与农用地土壤环境质量标准0.30 mg·kg~(-1)(GB15618—1995)相比,除湖北省以外均有轻度汞污染。Pearson相关性分析表明,稻田土壤中的汞含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.01,r=0.445),说明适度偏高的有机质有利于土壤汞的富集。不同省份稻田土壤潜在危害等级除浙江省外均在轻微到中等的范围内,浙江省的为强等级。     

铅在紫色土—水稻体系中的植物效应及形态

本文研究了酸性、中性及石灰性紫色土中铅的水稻效应、形态特征及有效性。酸性与石灰性紫色土中水稻分别在含铅量1000、2000mg/kg时出现明显受害,中性紫色土在4000mg/kg时亦无明显影响。水稻各部位含铅量是酸性>石灰性>中性紫色土,并与添加铅呈显著正相关,且其大小顺序为根>茎叶>糙米。铅90％以上积累于水稻根部;施铅使土壤中无效铅比例下降。有效性较高的铅形态比例上升。交换态、碳酸盐态或弱结合态铅含量较高的土壤上,水稻反应大。用有效态铅为指标有可能使不同土壤铅临界浓度比较接近一致。     

稻田土壤对铵的矿物固定对土壤保氮作用的贡献

为了定量评价土壤对铵的矿物固定作用在土壤对肥料氮的保持作用中的相对贡献,通过室内培养试验和分析测定,研究了湖南省几种主要母质发育的水稻土对添加铵的矿物固定作用及其对土壤保氮作用的贡献。结果表明:土壤对外源铵的矿物固定是土壤重要的保氮机制之一,但不同土壤对保氮作用的相对贡献大小不一,以河沙泥的固铵作用对土壤保氮作用的贡献最大,固铵量占总保氮量的51.5%,红黄泥最低,固铵量仅占总保氮量的17.1%,其余五种土壤的固铵作用对土壤保氮作用的贡献大小顺序依次是黄泥田(43.7%)、湖潮泥(35.5%)、紫泥田(35.4%)、灰泥田(25.0%)、麻沙泥(20.8%)。     

Chemical Changes in Agricultural Soils of Korea: Data Review and Suggested Countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise,4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, availablephosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contentssuch as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The studyshowed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassiumrapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K₂O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, andonly 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils(0–15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg^–1(0–41.59), 4.84 mg kg^–1(0–66.44), and 4.47 mg kg^–1(0–96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn,and As in surface soils (0–15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg^–1(0.07–78.24), 3.47 mg kg^–1(0–43.00), 10.70 mg kg^–1(0.30–65.10), and 0.57 mg kg^–1(0.21–2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg^–1(ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg^–1(0–46.50), 2.68 mg kg^–1(0–46.50), 31.19 mg kg^–1(0.19–252.0), and 0.36 mg kg^–1(0–4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the averagecontents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0–20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg^–1(ranged from 0–0.49), 3.62 mg kg^–1(0.03–45.30), 2.30 mg kg^–1(0–27.80), 16.60 mg kg^–1(0.33–105.50),0.44 mg kg^–1(0–4.14), and 0.05 mg kg^–1(0.01–0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over thewarning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soilamelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; landreformation; and heavy application of finered earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Landuse techniques should be changed to beharmonious with the environment to increase yield andincome. Soil function characteristics should betaken into account.     

广东省杨村华侨柑桔场土壤微量元素含量与分布的研究

采集并分析全场不同母质形成的有代表性的土壤样本142个.研究结果表明，各类土壤全B、Mo、Zn和Mn含量的平均值均低于全国平均值，全量Cu平均值高于全国平均值.有效B、Mo、Zn和Mn含量的平均值均低于临界值，有效Cu的平均值稍高于临界值;但66.7％的土样有效Cu含量低于临界值.硼、钼、锌和锰严重缺乏，铜多数缺乏.全场各类土壤的微量元素含量差异较大，各类土壤微量元素的垂直和水平分布特征不尽相同，尤其是垂直分布差异明显.从土壤微量元素的全量与母质的关系来看，以玄武岩、紫色砂页岩母质形成的土壤全量较高，砂砾岩母质形成的土壤全量中等，砂页岩和冲积物母质形成的土壤全量较低.     

贵州主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性研究

首次较系统、全面地测定了贵州省主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性，分别探讨了水稻土和旱作土脲酶活性与土壤主要理化性状之间的关系。结果表明：耕作土壤脲酶活性因土壤利用状况、土壤类型和土壤肥力水平不同而有明显的差异，供试水稻土、旱作土和菜园土的平均脲酶活性分别为１５５、２７７和７０３ｍｇＮＨ４－Ｎ／１００ｇ土·２４ｈ；不同类型水稻土和旱作土具有不同的脲酶活性水平，这主要受成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性的影响；水稻土和旱作土的脲酶活性均随土壤肥力水平的提高而增强，说明脲酶活性强弱是表征土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一。回归分析表明，土壤脲酶活性主要受土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等因素的影响，其中土壤基础铵量对耕作土壤脲酶活性的影响最大。水稻土脲酶活性还受土壤通透性的制约．而旱作土的则主要受土壤养分状况的影响。