湖北省土壤有效硅含量分布

在全省主要土壤上布点，取土壤样品529个．全省土壤有效硅（SiO2）平均含量为202.6mg／kg，含量变化范围为15．7－725.5mg／kg，低于缺硅临界值（＜95mg／kg）的样点占总样点的38.2％．其土壤有效硅平均含量高的有：黄褐土（471．3mg／kg）、石灰土（377.3mg／kg）和灰潮土（332.7mg／kg）；平均含量中等的有：紫色土（189、5mg／kg）、水稻土（174.7mg／kg）、潮土（110.7mg／kg）、黄棕壤（106.0mg／kg）；平均含量低于缺硅临界值的有红壤（89.1mg／kg）和黄壤（41.4mg／kg）土壤有效硅含量对土壤母质有依赖关系．土壤pH值及水稻上不同水型对土壤有效硅含量也有影响，土壤有效硅含量与土壤有效磷、铁、锰存在着相关关系．     

海南岛土壤中的铅

铅对动植物是有毒的,土壤中铅的含量过高,会引起人、畜的地方性疾病。研究结果表明,海南岛土壤中铅的含量大多数在10—40mg kg~(-1)之间,属于正常范围值,但玄武岩发育的土壤含铅量偏高,在230mg kg~(-1)左右。该岛土壤中铅的含量往往随剖面深度的增加而增大。因成土条件的差异,土壤铅含量有一定的地理分异规律,东北部玄武岩地区土壤含铅量比其它地区高数倍,西部干热地区土壤含铅量往往比东部湿热地区高。土壤中铅含量与土壤母质、质地、pH值和土壤中化合物种类等因素有关,但以土壤母质的影响更为突出。     

有机肥料和无机肥料对土壤微量元素含量的影响

五年定位监测的田间试验结果表明，施用有机肥料对土壤铁、锰、铜、锌的消耗具有明显的补充作用，但对有效用的补充仍显不足．因此，土壤硼营养有可能成为作物产量的限制因子．长期单施正要素化肥的土壤有效态铁、锰、铜、锌、硼的含量均明显下降，下降量达3mg／kg以上，其中土壤有效态硼则有潜在缺乏的可能．     

钒对大豆幼苗的毒害与土壤特性的关系

温室盆栽试验研究结果表明，在潮土中钒含量高于30mg／kg，大豆幼苗地上部和地下部干物质量显著减少（＞1％L．S．D）；而在红壤中，钒含量高达75mg／kg，对大豆幼苗的生长也没有明显的影响（＜5％L．S．D）。潮中易产生钒毒害的机理可能是因为对钒的吸附容量小，在土壤溶液中保持有较多量的有效钒供给大豆幼苗，并已当土壤pH变化时仍然保持对钒较高的吸附能力和供给能力。     

铅锌尾矿废弃地的化学性质研究

凡口铅锌尾矿废弃地的不同区位及不同深度的尾矿中铅锌含量存在着较大的差异，总锌为703－19657mg/kg、总铅10413－94988mg/kg。正常尾矿中，有效态锌含量达到151．6－841．7mg/kg，有效态铅含量很低（0．75－2．50mg/kg)，有机质、总氮、有效磷及速效钾等营养物质缺乏。当尾矿酸化后，pH降低，有效态Pb、Zn含量升高，有效锌达到175．8－2828．0mg/kg，有效铅含量最高为100．0mg/kg，而有机质、总氮和有效磷为零，使尾矿更加贫瘠。在尾矿库的边缘区位和尾矿表面的覆盖土壤区位，基质中营养物质含量增加，但是营养状况的改善又引起了有效态的Pb、Zn含量升高。     

西安市兴庆宫公园土壤中重金属含量研究及污染评价

通过对西安市兴庆宫公园表层土壤的取样调查,分析了Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb等5种重金属的含量及形态分布特征,并对其综合污染状况及潜在生态风险进行分析与评价。结果显示,兴庆宫公园的表层土壤呈碱性,并含有较多有机质;土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb平均含量分别为29．89mg／kg、55．28mg／kg、0．169mg／kg、66．71mg／kg和43．59ms／kg;土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb化学形态均以残渣态为主;整个公园土壤内梅罗污染指数为2．29,土壤重金属综合污染已经达到中度污染;整个公园潜在生态风险指数平均值为73．89,生态风险等级为轻微。     

棕红壤区土壤中的锌及其生物利用途径

从改善人体锌营养状况的角度，阐述了棕红壤区土壤中的锌含量及其影响锌有效性的多种因素。指出棕红壤区土壤锌资源较为丰富。研究和培育富锌作物品种，提高作物可食部位含锌量，是缓解人类锌营养不良的有效途径之一。     

葫芦岛市有色冶金-化工区土壤与植物汞污染

通过对有色冶金-化工区土壤汞、植物汞空间特征的分析,确定不同源对土壤、植物的影响。土壤表层汞含量以锌冶炼厂和氯碱厂及其附近为中心,向外围辐散降低,呈双中心分布,其含量为0.055～14.575mg·kg-1,平均值为1.435mg·kg-1;植物叶汞含量为柳树(Salix)>榆树(Ulmus)>槐树(Sophora)>丁香(Cytisus)>杨树(Populus)>松树(Pinus)>柏树(Cyparissus),其汞含量为0.029～2.700mg·kg-1,平均为0.182mg·kg-1。植物汞的空间分布特征是以锌冶炼厂及其附近为中心,表明大气沉降作用对植物汞的含量有显著的影响,锌冶炼厂是植物汞含量的主要来源,有色冶金-化工区是我国汞污染最重的地区之一,其生态风险应引起重视。     

桂林市菜地土壤-蔬菜汞污染研究和评价

对桂林市近郊8个不同片区蔬菜产地的118个土壤样品和71个蔬菜样品中汞的含量水平进行了调查和分析。运用单因子污染指数法评价了菜地土壤一蔬菜中汞的污染现状。研究表明，桂林市及近郊菜地土壤和蔬菜已受到不同程度的汞污染，全市各片区菜地土壤汞含量平均值为0．098-0．523mg／kg，以国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准评价，土壤平均污染指数在0．33-1．74范围内，属非污染或轻污染状态，除穿山南片和纸马铺外，其余采样点均有样本超过国家二级标准，其中七星公园东北片的土壤汞超标率较高，达71．4％，污染情况比较均一；虞山桥东南岸土壤汞超标率较低，为33．3％，但土壤汞含量变异较大，说明污染情况变化大。全市各片区老菜的汞含量平均值为0．0625-0．128mg／kg，为国家标准GB2762—1994规定蔬菜汞含量(0．01mg／kg)的6．25—12．8倍，超标率已达100％。实验还发现，蔬菜中的汞含量与土壤中的汞含量具有显著的相关性，且蔬菜汞的大部分分布于地上部可食部分。分析了菜地土壤汞污染的主要原因，可能与使用含汞农药和生活垃圾肥有关。     

重庆市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量及污染特征

重庆市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属的平均含量分别为Hg0.185mg/kg．CdO.231mg/kg.Pb21.09mg/kg.As.As7.03mg/kg,Cr47.92mg/kg；部分基地的土壤受到污染．主要污染物为Hg和Cd。由于城市区划的不同，土壤污染程度为近郊区＞工矿区＞远郊区。     

南方高产茶园土壤养分特性

本文对南方高产获园土壤养分特性进行研究．结果表明，高产茶园土壤表层碱解Ｎ１００．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、全Ｎ１．３８ｇ／ｋｇ．有机质３１．０ｇ／ｋｇ，均按丰富；茶叶产量与上壤碱解Ｎ呈显著正相关．由于重施磷肥，磷素在土壤中趋于积累．土壤表层全磷含量比相应的荒地土壤平均高０．４７ｇ／ｋｇ．由于少施钾肥．老茶园土壤比荒地土壤全钾含量明显下降，下降率最高达３０．２５％，平均达２５．６０％．高产茶园土壤具有独特的熟化层（２０－４０ｃｍ）．红壤茶园土壤肥力最高，赤红壤和砖红壤茶园相近．根据研究结果，建议采用‘控氮、降磷、增钾”的施肥原则．     

Chemical changes in agricultural soils of Korea: data review and suggested countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise, 4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, available phosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contents such as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The study showed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassium rapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K2O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, and only 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg(-1) (0-41.59), 4.84 mg kg(-1) (0-66.44), and 4.47 mg kg(-1) (0-96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg(-1) (0.07-78.24), 3.47 mg kg(-1) (0-43.00), 10.70 mg kg(-1) (0.30-65.10), and 0.57 mg kg(-1) (0.21-2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg(-1) (ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 2.68 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 31.19 mg kg(-1) (0.19-252.0), and 0.36 mg kg(-1) (0-4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0-20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0-0.49), 3.62 mg kg(-1) (0.03-45.30), 2.30 mg kg(-1) (0-27.80), 16.60 mg kg(-1) (0.33-105.50), 0.44 mg kg(-1) (0-4.14), and 0.05 mg kg(-1) (0.01-0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over the warning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soil amelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; land reformation; and heavy application of fine red earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Land use techniques should be changed to be harmonious with the environment to increase yield and income. Soil function characteristics should be taken into account.     

铅锌尾矿废弃地的化学性质研究

凡口铅锌尾矿废弃地的不同区位及不同深度的尾矿中铅锌含量存在着较大的差异 ,总锌为 70 3～ 19657mg/ kg、总铅 10 4 13～ 94 988mg/ kg。正常尾矿中 ,有效态锌含量达到 151.6～ 84 1.7mg/ kg,有效态铅含量很低 ( 0 .75～ 2 .50 mg/ kg) ,有机质、总氮、有效磷及速效钾等营养物质缺乏。当尾矿酸化后 ,p H降低 ,有效态 Pb、Zn含量升高 ,有效锌达到 175.8～ 2 82 8.0 mg/ kg,有效铅含量最高为 10 0 .0 mg/kg,而有机质、总氮和有效磷为零 ,使尾矿更加贫瘠。在尾矿库的边缘区位和尾矿表面的覆盖土壤区位 ,基质中营养物质含量增加 ,但是营养状况的改善又引起了有效态的 Pb、Zn含量升高。     

Soil selenium concentration and Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in Tibet, China

In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were 0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29 mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet areas.     

Soil quality evolution after land use change from paddy soil to vegetable land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15-20 years land use changed from the paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice-wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO3-N/kg, and 45-115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4-10 times more than it is in present paddy rice-wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

Baseline zinc content of soils and plants in Poland

Topsoils from Poland were analysed for total and extractable zinc, and for a range of major elements and selected soil properties. Plant samples from the same locations were also analysed for zinc content. The geometric mean concentrations of zinc in samples were (mg/kg dry weight): soil total-Zn, 45.9; soil extractable-Zn 3.1; grass, 30.0; dandelion-tops, 45.9; dandelion-roots, 23.2; oat-leaves, 20.0; oat-grains, 29.7; lichens, 111.5. Significant relationships were found for zinc in grass and extractable-Zn in soils as well as for zinc in lichens and both total and extractable Zn in soils. Zinc in soils varied for soil kinds and regions.     

Soil Quality Evolution After Land Use Change From Paddy Soil to Vegetable Land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15–20 years land use changed from the paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO₃-N/kg, and 45–115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4–10 times more than it is in present paddy rice–wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

铅在紫色土—水稻体系中的植物效应及形态

本文研究了酸性、中性及石灰性紫色土中铅的水稻效应、形态特征及有效性。酸性与石灰性紫色土中水稻分别在含铅量1000、2000mg/kg时出现明显受害,中性紫色土在4000mg/kg时亦无明显影响。水稻各部位含铅量是酸性>石灰性>中性紫色土,并与添加铅呈显著正相关,且其大小顺序为根>茎叶>糙米。铅90％以上积累于水稻根部;施铅使土壤中无效铅比例下降。有效性较高的铅形态比例上升。交换态、碳酸盐态或弱结合态铅含量较高的土壤上,水稻反应大。用有效态铅为指标有可能使不同土壤铅临界浓度比较接近一致。