铅的污染危害及天然产物防治锅中毒

本文从铅污染的生物环境化、低浓度铅污染对儿童发育和智力的阻碍、传统驱铅剂存在的问题论述了探索高效、安全无毒副作用驱铅剂对防治环境铅污染慢性中毒的重要性,介绍了国内外利用天然产物防治铅中毒的研究概况及进展,指出利用天然产物防治铅中毒是一项很有意义的探索方向。     

我国铅中毒群体特征

从地理学科角度，联系发达国家铅污染的演变轨迹，及我国铅污染源的结构性特征及其演变趋势，对受到铅污染严重威胁的人群的群体特征按年龄结构，职业结构，城乡差别及群体规模与发展趋势作了具体分析。结果显示，我国约有42．2％的城乡儿童血铅高于目前国际公认的100μg/L儿童铅中毒诊断标准；涉铅中小型乡镇企业职工铅中毒患病率9．35％。其中蓄电池，冶炼行业最高，铅中毒患病率分别为23．8％和18．8％，占总中毒人数的67．2％。     

西宁地区环境介质中重金属铅的含量及其污染控制

本文报道了西宁地区周围环境(土壤、植物和农作物、水和沉积物)中重金属铅的含量和人为活动引起的铅污染.结果表明,工业性大气降尘、汽车废气和废水排放是西宁地区环境介质中高含量铅的主要来源.根据污染源的性质和特点,对铅污染的控制进行了讨论.     

成都市幼儿体铅水平与环境铅污染的关系

本文检测了成都市 50 1名 3～ 6岁儿童的发铅和血铅水平。发铅平均含量为 17 2 9± 9 70 μg/ g ,血铅平均浓度为 0 59± 0 33μmol/L( 12 3 81± 68 95μg/L)。 60 3%的儿童血铅浓度≥ 0 4 8μmol/L ( 10 0 μg/L) ;3 0 %的儿童血铅浓度≥ 1 4 4 μmol/L( 30 0 μg/L)。发铅与血铅无直线相关关系。市区儿童的发铅和血铅水平显著高于郊区儿童。大气铅测定显示市区铅污染重于郊区。讨论了铅污染的主要来源和儿童铅中毒的预防对策研究。     

铅蓄电池行业重金属污染防治研究

近年来,铅蓄电池行业铅污染事故频发,对环境和人体健康造成了严重危害。各级政府高度重视,环境保护部于2011年初开展铅蓄电池行业环保专项检查工作。本文从铅蓄电池行业的生产全过程出发,从产业结构、技术装备、末端治理、环境管理等方面提出铅蓄电池行业铅污染防治措施,为铅蓄电池行业重金属污染防治工作提供了参考依据。     

建立以人群健康为核心的国家污染防控体系——以“血铅事件”为例

环境健康事件的频发反映了我国污染防控体系的不足。以"血铅事件"为例,综述了我国铅污染管理状况,分析了我国铅环境健康防治现状,并提出了由生产排放达标为核心的国家污染防控体系向以人群健康为核心的国家污染防控体系转变的环境战略与政策管理措施。     

长春市土壤铅污染及其对策

重金属铅分布广,有蓄积性,被认为是最严重的环境污染物之一。铅能对人体和其它动物的组织器官造成不同程度的危害。每年人为排入环境中的铅多达150万吨,汽车排放的烷基铅有40－50万吨,铅污染的主要来源是汽油中的防爆添加剂,这些错随着汽车运行排放扩散,50－93％沉降在交通干线两侧的植物和土壤上,使植物和土壤中的铅含量达到几十至数百mg／kg。我国城市交通运输业的发展加速了公路两侧的铅污染。铅在土壤中容易积累,能通过食物链富集并不易被净化,对生物、自然生态、农业生产都有潜在危害,进而影响到社会经济的发展。因此,铅污…     

环保局长为何难当?

2006年,中国环境形势更为严峻。全年共发生严重环境污染事故161起,平均每两天一起。甘肃徽县铅污染,300多名儿童铅中毒;湖南岳阳砷污染,8万多居     

铅蓄电池厂铅污染土壤清洗剂的筛选及清洗结果研究

为探索不同清洗剂对铅蓄电池厂区内铅污染土壤的去除效果及铅在不同粒径土壤清洗过程中的行为,本研究通过设定清洗剂的浓度梯度,对土样粒径分级、设定清洗时间等方法进行研究。结果显示EDTA和EDDS对铅具有最佳去除率(B点土107.19%和96.49%);盐酸对A点土最佳铅去除率为49.57%,B点、C点土在99.03%和89.93%;柠檬酸对3点位土的铅去除率最大为39.51%;鼠李糖脂对3份土铅去除率均低于10%。EDTA和EDDS在高浓度铅的去除中表现优势;柠檬酸适合去除中低浓度铅;盐酸的使用需考虑土壤本身情况。粗沙粒和细沙粒中的铅去除率高,粉粘粒的铅去除率低;最佳清洗时长为240min。此外,土壤本身理化性质对清洗剂效果的发挥有影响,清洗剂浓度过高可能降低清洗效率。该研究可为铅污染土壤清洗技术提供科学依据。     

环境污染导致健康损害案例评析

<正>环境污染导致健康损害纠纷随着我国环境问题的长期积累,由环境污染导致的环境健康损害呈高发和爆炸性增长的趋势。近几年来,被新闻媒体报道的由环境污染导致的癌症村就有几十起,由铅污染导致的铅中毒事件、由冶炼厂导致的铬中毒、氟中毒事件也屡有报道。为了处理这些事件,各级人民政府花了很大精力,采取了许多临时应对的     

环境铅污染与健康

本文论述了环境铅污染与健康,包括污染物的来源、毒性危害和分析方法。     

SCR 催化剂的砷中毒研究

催化剂是SCP系统的重要组成部分,研究催化剂中毒的原因,对延长催化剂的使用寿命及降低SCR系统的运行费用意义重大.本文介绍了煤燃烧过程中砷的迁移规律,利用实验的方法测定出氧化砷浓度与催化剂中毒的关系,建立了砷中毒后NOX反应速率的动力学方程,并利用国外几组SCR数据对方程进行了验证,计算值和实际值相吻合.文章并对如何降低砷的危害提出了建议.     

硫化氢中毒的机制及其防治

本文综述了1958～1989年间对硫化氢中毒的研究成果。硫化氢是广泛存在于自然环境及某些工作场所的无色剧毒气体,其主要中毒机制是抑制细胞色素氧化酶,中断细胞的有氧氧化。预防性给予亚硝酸盐可减轻中毒症状,但对其中毒尚无有效的解毒剂。     

石油石化行业急性中毒事故的现场抢救

石油石化行业工艺复杂,存在的有害因素种类繁多,一旦发生急性中毒其涉及面广、影响大,有时可造成严重危害。文章较为详细地介绍了该行业存在的主要有毒物质以及发生急性中毒事故的必要条件和特点,阐述了有毒物质侵入人体的途径主要为直接接触或通过呼吸,最后针对一般情况、吸入性中毒、直接接触造成危害的情况介绍了相应的现场急救处理措施。     

Lead/zinc exploration update

For over three decades, the United Nations has been assisting developing countries to explore, promote and develop their mineral resources. By industry standards, its exploration achievements in terms of economic discoveries are regarded as excellent. This paper provides an update of those exploration activities for lead and zinc in Burkina Faso, Pakistan and Nepal. These three case studies were selected because they illustrate the diversity of the technical assistance provided by the United Nations, as well as the technical and economic success of its programmes.     

Hazard and Effects of Pollution by Lead on Vegetable Crops

Lead (Pb) contamination of the environment is an important human health problem. Children are vulnerable to Pb toxicity; it causes damage to the central nervous system and, in some extreme cases, can cause death. Lead is widespread, especially in the urban environment, and is present in the atmosphere, soil, water and food. Pb tends to accumulate in surface soil because of its low solubility, mobility, and relative freedom from microbial degradation of this element in the soil. Lead is present in soil as a result to weathering and other pedogenic processes acting on the soil parent material; or from pollution arising caused by the anthropogenic activities; such as mining, smelting and waste disposal; or through the adoption of the unsafe and unethical agricultural practices such as using of sewage sludge, and waste water in production of vegetable crops or cultivation of vegetables near highways and industry regions. Lead concentrations are generally higher in the leafy vegetables than the other vegetables. Factors affecting lead uptake included its concentration in the soil, soil pH, soil type, organic matter content, plant species, and unsafe agriculture practices. Generally, as Pb concentration increased; dry matter yields of roots, stems and leaves as well as total yield decreased. The mechanism of growth inhibition by lead involve: a decrease in number of dividing cells, a reduction on chlorophyll synthesis, induced water stress to plants, and decreased NO ₃ ^- uptake, reduced nitrate and nitrite reductase activity, a direct effect of lead on protein synthesis, a decrease on the uptake and concentration of nutrients in plants. The strategies to minimize Pb hazard can be represented in: (a) Phytoremediation, through natural plants are able to bio-accumulate Pb in their above–ground parts, which are then harvested for removal such as, using Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea), Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabium), or Poplar trees, which sequester lead in its biomass. (b) Good and ethical agricultural practices such as cultivation of vegetables crops as far from busy streets or highways and industry regions as well as nonuse of sewage sludge and waste water in cultivated soils. (c) Increasing the absorptive capacity of the soil by adding organic matter and humic acid. (d) Growing vegetable crops and cultivars with a low potential to accumulate lead, especially in soils exposed to atmospheric pollution. (e) Washing of leafy vegetables by water containing 1 % vinegar or peeling roots, tubers, and some fruits of vegetables before consumption may be an important factor in reducing the lead concentration.     

土壤铅污染修复技术研究进展及展望

土壤铅污染是目前较为突出的环境问题,而且国内近几年有加重的趋势.为此,国内外对土壤铅污染的修复技术进行了大量的研究.本文从物理化学修复、生物修复、农艺修复等方面分别阐述了土壤铅污染的修复技术及研究进展,并对铅污染修复的发展方向进行了展望,为土壤铅污染的修复技术研究提供了借鉴和参考.     

我国铅锌矿产资源及其生产和消费预测

本文论述了我国铅锌矿产资源储量、分布特点和消费现状,并预测了我国铅锌金属的需求量．