我国铅中毒群体特征

从地理学科角度，联系发达国家铅污染的演变轨迹，及我国铅污染源的结构性特征及其演变趋势，对受到铅污染严重威胁的人群的群体特征按年龄结构，职业结构，城乡差别及群体规模与发展趋势作了具体分析。结果显示，我国约有42．2％的城乡儿童血铅高于目前国际公认的100μg/L儿童铅中毒诊断标准；涉铅中小型乡镇企业职工铅中毒患病率9．35％。其中蓄电池，冶炼行业最高，铅中毒患病率分别为23．8％和18．8％，占总中毒人数的67．2％。     

SO_2污染对莴苣指管蚜(Uroleucon formosanum Takahashi——莴苣植物(Lactuca sativa L)相互关系的影响

在实验室条件下(27±2℃,REH65±3%),受0.15μg/l和0.50μg/lS-O_2作用的蚜虫死亡率在32小时内与对照组无差异。用0.15,0.50μg/lSO_2薰7天后的莴苣苗饲喂,在为期15天的实验中,0.50μg/1组产仔总数(88.5±5.562)大于对照组(73.3±6.019)和0.15μg/l组(71.5±6.650)。内禀增长率率(?)m0.50>(?)m0.15>(?)m对照。体长在各浓度间无明显差异。实验表明:SO_2对蚜虫种群变动的影响主要是通过寄主植株的生理变化而生产的。     

城市大气和人体血液中挥发性卤代烃类

大气中挥发性卤代烃类(VHH)的浓度与工业或商业活动的规模以及人口密度有关。在意大利杜林市测定了VHH_s,算出了一年内它的室内室外含量比和测定了一年中血液内VHH的浓度。结果显示出主要污染物趋势:在冬季为18.1μg/m~3,而夏季为12.02μg/m~3。冬季VHH室内室外含量比显示室内较高(P=0.0006)且VHH在血液中的浓度较高(0.71±0.22μg/L)。在冬季,室内外大气中VHH浓度高是人体摄入VHH的主要来源。     

武汉市典型燃煤工业锅炉烟气重金属排放特征

采用安大略法(OHM法)和Method 29法(M29法)测试武汉市4家企业燃煤工业锅炉烟气重金属排放浓度,分析烟气中汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)的排放特征以及整个过程中重金属的物质流向。结果表明:烟气中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、As主要以气态形式存在,平均浓度分别为0.35μg/m~3、0.15μg/m~3、3.89μg/m~3和6.07μg/m~3,气态占比分别为100%、96.4%、66.2%和75.7%;烟气中Cr主要以颗粒态形式存在,平均浓度为30.05μg/m~3,颗粒态Cr平均占比为97.2%。飞灰富集Hg、Cr、Pb、As的能力大于炉渣。不同重金属在燃烧过程中的流向存在差异,Hg主要流向飞灰和脱硫副产物,Cr、Pb、As主要流向飞灰和炉渣。     

成都市的环境铅水平以及对儿童体铅影响研究

本文介绍了成都地区的大气、食物、自来水和土壤的铅水平，也测试了塑料袋可溶性铅含量，并估算了成都市的主要环境物质对儿童身体铅贡献。在目前条件下，市区幼儿每天从大气吸入铅14．70μg；从食物和自来水分别摄入铅32．4μg和6．56μg，合计一天共进入幼儿身体铅53．8μg，表明成都市环境污染严重，对儿童健康有较大威胁。本文还讲座了环境中铅的主要来源以及孕妇吸入铅对胎儿的健康危害。     

四川省海螺沟区域臭氧本底特征分析

利用海螺沟国家大气背景站2013～2017年的地面O_3连续观测资料统计,期间海螺沟背景区域(O_3-1h)平均浓度为71μg/m~3,(O_3-8h)平均浓度为80μg/m~3,成都市(O_3-8h)平均浓度为165μg/m~3,成都市高出背景区域106%;通过分析和比较背景区域和城市臭氧浓度的变化特征,采用局部近似回归法对海螺沟臭氧背景值进行筛分分析,得出2015～2017年海螺沟区域臭氧春季本底为83±5μg/m~3,夏季本底值为72.5±5.5μg/m~3,冬季本底值为69±5μg/m~3,秋季本底值为60±3μg/m~3。     

厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动及运行

采用污泥混合接种的方法 ,成功地启动了实验室规模的厌氧氨氧化反应器 ,启动后含氨模拟废水运行的进水氨浓度和进水亚硝基氮浓度均为 2 0mmol/L ,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的容积负荷率为 10 6 9mmol/L .d、12 2 6mmol/L .d和 394 5 5mg/L .d ,氨氮、亚硝基氮和总氮的去除率保持在 90 %、99%和 95 %以上。对运行条件研究表明 ,厌氧氨氧化反应的最适pH为 7～ 7 5 ,最适温度约在30± 1℃。厌氧氨氧化随亚硝酸盐浓度的升高而下降 ,氨的厌氧转化随COD浓度的增加也呈抑制型曲线 ,当COD浓度为 80 0±5 0mg/L时 ,厌氧氨氧化速率达到最大。     

宜宾市大气细颗粒水溶性离子污染特征研究

在川南地区的宜宾市开展了大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度及组分的季节观测分析,结果表明,采样点的PM_(2.5)年均浓度(51. 7μg/m~3)超过二级浓度限值47. 71%,同时全年有20. 94%的天数PM_(2.5)日均浓度超过二级浓度限值;冬季浓度最高、达81. 1μg/m~3,明显高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度总和冬(42. 42μg/m~3)秋(32. 73μg/m~3)春(24. 57μg/m~3)夏(17. 0μg/m~3),但占PM_(2.5)浓度的百分比的季节规律则刚好与之相反,为夏(54. 19%)春(48. 1%)秋(46. 91%)冬(45. 45%);其中,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的3种二次无机离子组分,三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)的37. 47%。PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的浓度均为冬季高于其他季节,但NO_3~-/PM_(2.5)冬(12. 22%)秋(11. 53%)春(8. 14%)夏(5. 43%)、NH_4~+/PM_(2.5)秋(9. 85%)夏(9. 15%)春(8. 52%)冬(7. 61%)、SO_4~(2-)/PM_(2.5)夏(26. 3%)春(20. 75%)秋(15. 82%)冬(14. 61%)。四个季节SOR值均大于NOR值,SOR值季节变化差异不大,但NOR值冬季明显高于其他季节。PM_(2.5)中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+冬季以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中,而夏季则主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4HSO_4存在。     

气相色谱法测定水中CHCl3、CCl4 影响因素

为了准确的测定水中污染物CHCl_3和CCl_4浓度,采用顶空气相色谱法检测水中CHCl_3和CCl_4,讨论了实验环境、实验用水、采样容器等影响因素,达到准确测定的目的。测定CHCl_3浓度在1.00~10.00μg/L、CCl_4浓度在0.50~5.00μg/L范围内线性良好,测定样品中CHCl_3含量的相对标准偏差为0.44%~3.87%,CCl_4测定的相对标准偏差为0.94%~3.79%。     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定桦褐孔菌中三种主要化合物的含量

建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC),测定桦褐孔菌中三种主要化合物原儿茶醛、丁香酸和(E)-4-(3,4-二羟基苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮含量。采用UPLC法,色谱柱为CORTECS UPLC T3(2. 1mm×100mm,1. 6μm),流动相为乙腈—水(含0. 1%甲酸),柱温为40℃,流速为0. 4mL/min,进样量为1μL,检测波长为280nm。结果表明:原儿茶醛、丁香酸和(E)-4-(3,4-二羟基苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮分别在0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L(R2=1. 0000)、0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L (R2=0.9998)、0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L(R2=1. 0000)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=9)分别为98. 150%(RSD=1. 924%)、95. 787%(RSD=2. 487%)、100. 324%(RSD=1. 541%)。不同产地间的桦褐孔菌含量测定结果表明,三种化合物含量的差异较大,吉林长白山最高,俄罗斯西伯利亚次之,黑龙江大兴安岭最低。该方法操作简便、结果准确可靠、重现性好,可为桦褐孔菌的定量分析和质量评价提供科学的依据。     

铅的污染危害及天然产物防治铅中毒

本文从铅污染的生活环境化、低浓度环境铅污染对儿童发育和智力的阻碍、传统驱铅剂存在的问题论述了探索高效、安全、无毒副作用驱铅剂对防治环境铅污染慢性中毒的重要性 ,介绍了国内外利用天然产物防治铅中毒的研究概况及进展 ,指出利用天然产物防治铅中毒是一项很有意义的探索方向。     

原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜样品中铅

铅作为一种对人体有害元素,在蔬菜样品中必须被检测。应用原子荧光光度计检测铅的含量,具有取样量少、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,适合于环境样品的分析检测。     

Assessment of Lead Exposure in Thohoyandou, South Africa

Lead levels in different environmental media (soil, grass leaves, water, ceramics, pencil, paint, crayons and cosmetics) were determined to assess the major sources of lead exposure in Thohoyandou, South Africa. Soil and plant leaves were used as indicators of Pb pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions. After digestion with concentrated acids (HNO₃, HCl and HClO₄) Pb concentrations were determined in triplicate using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The mean Pb concentrations at the kerb of selected busy roads were 205.5 ± 90, 273.0 ± 90 and 312.8 ± 81 μg g⁻¹ and 154.7 ± 67, 182.9 ± 76 and 240.6 ± 66 μg g⁻¹ for soil and plant leaves (dry weight) respectively. These concentrations were substantially higher than the values found on soils 50 m away from the roads (97.4 ± 11 μg g⁻¹). Pb concentrations in plants collected further away from the road (50 m) were substantially lower (71.8 ± 9.0 μg g⁻¹). The observed levels on soil are lower than the UK critical value of 500 μg g⁻¹ for gardens and allotments; and 2000 μg g⁻¹ for parks and open space as well as the Canadian values for agricultural (375 μg g⁻¹), residential (500 μg g⁻¹ and industrial (1000 μg g⁻¹). From these data it was clear that Pb concentrations in soil samples were substantially higher than the levels obtained for plant leaves. The Pb levels in green crayons, blue crayons, pencils (from China & Germany), were 10650 ± 75.2, 8200 ± 52.4, 1160 ± 50.2, 79 ± 10.1 μg g⁻¹ for the inner contents; and 4870 ± 58.1, 5650 ± 55.5, 1950 ± 46.6, 60 ± 12.9 μg g⁻¹ for the outer surface paint respectively. The ceramics showed Pb levels of 630 ± 50.3 μg g⁻¹ (saucer) and 560 ± 32.2 μg g⁻¹ (cup), while the inner contents and outer surface paint showed 480 ± 32.4 and 318 ± 21.2 μg g⁻¹ of Pb respectively. Early morning tap water flush gave a Pb level of 20.6 ± 5.6 μg Pb l⁻¹. This value is higher than the WHO and FDA maximum permissible concentrations of 10 μg l⁻¹ and 15 μg l⁻¹ respectively.     

NaCl改性沸石去除水中低浓度铅的研究

实验研究了NaCl改性沸石去除水中铅的效果,比较了沸石改性前后对铅的静态平衡吸附量变化,着重考察了吸附时间、pH值、竞争离子以及有机物对去除铅效果的影响。结果表明:NaCl改性沸石吸附铅速度快,对铅有很好的去除效果,平衡吸附量由改性前的28.57mg/g提高到了32.26mg/g。pH值对NaCl改性沸石去除水中铅的效果有较大影响,在pH=6～7时,去除效果最佳。水中竞争阳离子和有机物的存在,在一定程度上会降低铅的去除效果;随干扰物质浓度的升高,NaCl改性沸石对铅去除率出现了明显的下降,但当干扰物质和水样中铅浓度相当时,NaCl改性沸石可对铅保持很高的去除率。     

Lead removal from contaminated water using mineral adsorbents

This study records experiments undertaken to determine the suitable conditions for the use of naturally occurring minerals (talc, chalcopyrite and barite) as an adsorbent for the removal of lead ions from liquid wastes. The adsorption of lead ions from solutions containing different initial lead concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg l^–1 Pb as lead nitrate) using different size fractions (<63 m, 63–150 m) of talc, chalcopyrite and barite at different pH (3, 5, 7 and 9) and different adsorption times (24, 48, 72 and 96 hr) was examined. The results revealed that of the studied minerals, the chalcopyrite fraction at 63–150 m showed the highest adsorption capacity. The adsorption data of Pb ions was also analyzed with the help of the Langmuir and Freundlich models to evaluate the mechanistic parameters associated with the adsorption process. The adsorption isotherms obtained from the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were generally linear and the adsorption of Pb by the studied minerals was correlated with the adsorption maximum and binding energy constant of the Langmuir equation and equilibrium partition constant and binding partition coefficient of the Freundlich equation. It was concluded that the equilibrium time of adsorption was 72 hr at an optimum pH from 7 to 9. This technique might be successfully used for the removal of lead ions from liquid industrial wastes and wastewater.     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定钻井废水中的铅

目前测定铅的分析方法主要有分光光度法、阳极溶出伏安法、示波极谱法、原子吸收法等。针对比色法灵敏度低,试剂不稳定;电化学法干扰严重;而原子吸收法,线性范围窄,样品用量大等问题,江苏油田采用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定钻井废水中的铅。样品经HNO3-HClO4消解,3％～4％KBH4还原,以0.8％～1.5％的HCl为介质,加入10％K3Fe(CN)6和2％H2C2O4基体改进剂,用原子荧光法连续测定钻井废水中的铅。铅的检测限为0.61ng/mL,回收率为87.4％～146％,变异系数＜4.2％。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高。     

Lead in particulate deposits and in leaves of roadside plants, Karachi, Pakistan

Lead concentrations were determined for particulates which were deposited during one year on the leaves of roadside plants in Karachi. The particulates were collected from the leaves at a height of one metre. The lead accumulated by the leaves of different species was also measured. A statistically significant correlation was found between the number of passing petrol driven vehicles and the lead concentration in the deposits at different designated sites. However, no significant correlation was found between the concentration in the deposits and the lead accumulated by the leaves. A lead concentration of 30.00±6.6 ppm was recorded as the highest concentration in the particulate deposits, while maximum lead accumulated by the leaves was noted as 3.12±1.09 ppm.     

用萃取火焰AAS法测定汽车道旁树叶中的铅含量

主要介绍了用碘化钾－甲基异丁基甲酮（ＫＩ－ＭＩＢＫ）萃取汽车道旁植物叶片中的微量铅,然后用原子吸收分光光度法（ＡＡＳ）测定,该方法的精密度和准确度均有较满意的结果     

铅蓄电池行业重金属污染防治研究

近年来,铅蓄电池行业铅污染事故频发,对环境和人体健康造成了严重危害。各级政府高度重视,环境保护部于2011年初开展铅蓄电池行业环保专项检查工作。本文从铅蓄电池行业的生产全过程出发,从产业结构、技术装备、末端治理、环境管理等方面提出铅蓄电池行业铅污染防治措施,为铅蓄电池行业重金属污染防治工作提供了参考依据。