流化床垃圾焚烧炉产生的有毒二(口恶)英同类物分布研究

测定了流化床垃圾焚烧炉焚烧产生的飞灰、烟尘和烟气中的2,3,7,8位氯取代二(口恶)英同类物的含量及其毒性当量.结果表明,产生的二(口恶)英主要存在于飞灰中,烟气中的含量很少.飞灰中二(口恶)英总浓度和毒性当量分别为8.44ng/g和0.80ng/g,经过布袋除尘器后的烟尘和烟气中二(口恶)英的浓度之和与毒性当量之和分别为0.34 ng/m3和0.02 ng/m3,而布袋除尘器前的烟尘和烟气中二(口恶)英的浓度之和与毒性当量之和分别为40.78 ng/m3和3.01ng/m3.飞灰和烟尘中2,3,7,8位氯取代二(口恶)英同类物的分布相似,但是与烟气中2,3,7,8位氯取代二(口恶)英同类物的分布差别较大.通过了解有毒二(口恶)英同类物的分布,可以进一步优化流化床垃圾焚烧炉的焚烧条件,降低二(口恶)英的排放量,减少垃圾焚烧对环境的污染.     

销毁含多氯联苯废弃物焚烧炉的二噁、类二噁和多氯联苯排放

我国正在研制专用于销毁高浓度多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）的焚烧炉,主要处理废旧的含（ＰＣＢｓ）的电力电容器和变压器,应用可靠准确的监测方法测定了试验性焚烧炉渣、烟灰排气和废水中的二口恶口英（ｄｉｏｘｉｎｓ）,类二口恶口英多氯联苯（ｄｉｏｘｉｎｌｉｋｅＰＣＢｓ）和ＰＣＢｓ含量,结果表明该炉试烧高浓度ＰＣＢｓ时,焚毁率可以达到９９．９９９９％,炉渣中的２,３,７,８ＴＣＤＤ毒性当量为８７．８６ｐｇＴＥＱ／ｇ,烟灰中残留二口恶口英和类二口恶口英的总２,３,７,８ＴＣＤＤ毒性当量为４７．２３ｎｇＴＥＱ／ｇ．     

二噁口英及类似有毒有害物的处理技术

二(口恶、口英)、多氯联苯、多环芳香烃及化学武器等有毒有害物的处理技术已取得长足进展.这些有毒有害物的处理技术可概括为物理方法、化学方法、物理化学方法和生物降解法.本文从概念、应用场合、分解效率以及操作条件等方面对这些方法分别进行了介绍,重点介绍和评述了吸附和催化法,以及应用前景很好的生物降解技术.     

垃圾焚烧发电过程中的二次污染物控制处理技术

概述了二口恶英、重金属、酸性气体、灰渣等垃圾焚烧二次污染物的形成机理，并详细介绍了通过控制垃圾焚烧条件、尾气处理以及吸附等方法，可以有效控制二口恶英类污染物的排放；重金属的控制可以用除尘器或使用相应的吸附剂处理；采用较为成熟的烟气处理技术，可以控制处理酸性气体；灰渣可采用固化稳定化和酸或其他溶剂提出法处置。     

多孔水凝胶P（HEA/AMPS）对水溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）的吸附

以2-丙烯酸羟乙酯（HEA）和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）为单体合成了聚合物水凝胶（PHEA/AMPS）,采用水凝胶对水溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）的吸附行为进行了研究。实验主要考察了聚合物组分、溶液pH、初始Fe（Ⅲ）浓度和吸附时间对水凝胶吸附作用的影响,并通过FT-IR和XPS分析了吸附前后水凝胶的变化。结果表明,当单体摩尔比AMPS∶HEA=1∶1,pH=2时,水凝胶对Fe（Ⅲ）的吸附容量最大。水凝胶对水溶液中Fe（Ⅲ）的吸附容量随着溶液中初始Fe3＋浓度的增加而增加,但当初始Fe3＋的浓度达到1 g/L时,吸附容量基本达到饱和。吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线方程,吸附动力学符合准二级模型。FI-IR和XPS的分析表明,水凝胶的磺酸基和酰胺基是吸附Fe3＋的有效功能性基团,吸附机理为螯合和离子交换。     

隧道实验测定南京市机动车PM_（10）排放因子

选取南京城市隧道进行机动车PM10平均排放因子的测试研究。采用质量平衡模型和多元线性回归方法计算了4种车型PM10的综合排放因子。结果表明：隧道内机动车PM10平均排放因子为0.347±0.100 g/（km·辆）;大型车的PM10排放因子远高于其他车型的排放因子,其次是中型车和摩托车,小型车最小,其综合排放因子分别为1.440 g/（km·辆）、0.850 g/（km·辆）、0.790 g/（km·辆）和0.320 g/（km.辆）;在车速相似的情况下,本隧道实验所测机动车的PM10排放因子与国内隧道实验结果相仿,却远大于国外隧道实验结果。     

Fe_3O_4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒吸附水体中的Cd~（2＋）和Zn~（2＋）

一种新型纳米固相萃取吸附剂,由阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）包裹在Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒表面形成,用于吸附水溶液中的重金属离子。研究了吸附过程的主要影响因素（如SDS浓度、溶液pH等）以及解吸过程的最佳条件,并对其机理进行了初步的探讨。研究结果表明,共沉淀法制备的Fe3O4颗粒粒径分布均匀,平均粒径约为54 nm;SDS浓度为300 mg/L时,Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒吸附Cd2＋和Zn2＋的能力最强;在一定浓度范围内,Fe3O4/SDS体系对Cd2＋和Zn2＋的吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,饱和吸附量分别为22.42 mg/g和13.95 mg/g。最终结果表明,Fe3O4/SDS磁性纳米颗粒具有较强磁分离能力和较好的吸附效果。     

关于自然生态系统中TCDD的存留和运动的长期研究

引言 有毒的2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二(口恶)英(TCDD)的出现一是作为三氯苯酚制品的污染物(Young,1978),二是作为低温焚烧含氯母体废物的副产物(Esposito等,1980).2,3,7,8-TCDD异构体对环境污染的重要性是近年来激烈争论的问题(Young,1980).虽然一些TCDD的来源找到了,但TCDD的环境监测计划在提供污染资料方面一般说     

西安大气气相中的多环芳烃

利用PUF被动采样器于2008年8月—2009年7月采集了西安大气样品,研究了大气气相中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和季节分布特征。结果表明,西安大气气相中16种美国EPA优控的PAHs（Σ16PAHs）质量浓度为10.9-489.6 ng/m3（平均为143.4 ng/m3）,四季具有明显的季节差异,依次为夏季（62.5 ng/m3）〈春季（80.1 ng/m3）〈秋季（175.8 ng/m3）〈冬季（255.2 ng/m3）。气相中PAHs主要以3-4环为主,占总量的86.5%-94.1%。利用主成分分析法判断四季气相中PAHs的污染来源类型,主要为燃煤和机动车尾气及生物质燃烧的复合源。     

Fe（Ⅲ）/H2O2体系光催化氧化在水处理中应用的研究进展

概述了Fe（Ⅲ）/H2O2体系光催化氧化反应的机理,对Fe（Ⅲ）/H2O2在光催化降解制药废水、染料废水、环境内分泌干扰物等方面的研究进展进行了综述。并对Fe（Ⅲ）/H2O2体系光催化氧化在水处理方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

The emission inventory of PCDD/PCDF in Taiwan

Establishment of a country or region-based dioxin inventory was considered a crucial step toward elimination of worldwide dioxins/POPs contaminations, although no harmonized method for the preparation of an inventory is available at present. In this study, we used limited data and information to generate an inventory of dioxin emissions from some major sources in Taiwan. A total of 67.25 g I-TEQ of dioxins released annually was estimated. Unlike most of the industrialized countries, municipal waste incineration is not the highest contributor for dioxins released into the atmosphere. In contrast, secondary copper smelting accounts for more than 39% of the total dioxin emissions, and is higher than those from all waste incinerators combined (23.7%). Cement kilns and electric arc furnaces for steels also produced significant portion (both >10%) of dioxins into the environment, followed by secondary aluminum smelting (6.53%), industrial oil combustion (5.02%) and power plants fueled by coal (5.01%). Other known sources are either insignificant with respect to their dioxin emissions or not included in this inventory due to lack of information or uncertainty of the results. Data presented in this report provide a general picture of dioxin emissions in Taiwan, but were mostly based on less reliable or representative information, especially with respect to emission factors from different emission sources. It is necessary to establish background information relative to our own environment at present. Upon available, the inventory should be updated accordingly for proper environmental management on dioxins.     

Study of dioxin sources in north Rhine-Westphalia

This publication presents the results of the "Dioxins Measurement Programme of North Rhine-Westphalia" which has been initiated and sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment in North Rhine-Westphalia. Only 14 plants emitting more than 1 ng I-TEQ/m3 were found to account for almost the entire quantity emitted annually in North Rhine-Westphalia which according to the measurements amounted to 500 g I-TEQ/a. For about 70% of the more than 50 plants included in the study which were thought to emit increased amounts of dioxins and furans this minitial assumption could not be confirmed; in these cases the concentrations were below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3. Thus the entry of dioxins into the atmosphere was caused by few large plants and not by numerous small ones which would have been difficult to monitor. Immediately initiated abatement measures which instantly reduced the entry of PCDD/PCDF into the environment can be considered as the most important success of the programme. Moreover, the results on the measurement programme furnishes important information on the efficiency of waste gas cleaning methods and on the influence which input materials and operating conditions exert on the emissions of dioxins.     

Determination of PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and HCB emissions from the metallurgical sector in Poland

Background The aim of the project was to measure the actual emissions of PCDD/F, PCBs and HCB from 20 selected metallurgical installations in Poland, in order to update the national inventory of dioxin emission from metallurgical industry for developing a strategy for dioxins and furans emission abatement from the subject facilities (UNEP 2005). Methods Sampling methodology used in this work was developed at the Cracow University of Technology because of the complexity of simultaneous sampling and determining PCDFs, PCDDs, PCB and HCB. For the determination a GC-MS/MS system was used. Results and Discussion Results from the work indicate that the highest dioxins and PCB concentrations were recorded for iron ore sintering plants at 1.10–1.32 ng total¹ TEQ/Nm³ followed by aluminium scrap melting at 0.03–0.66 ng total TEQ/Nm³. The highest HCB concentrations at 613–1491 ng/Nm³ were also recorded for iron ore sintering plants, whereas at aluminium plants the HCB concentrations were in the range of only 10.1–22.7 ng/Nm³. Conclusions The above investigations indicate that secondary aluminium production is the most significant dioxins source, if calculated as emission factor values. However, iron ore sintering plants are operating at much higher production capacity, causing this process to become the major source of dioxins, PCB and HCB pollution to the atmosphere in Poland. Recommendations and Perspectives Based on the performed tests and the environmental reviews of selected plants several recommendations were formulated for the reduction of generation or of emission of these pollutants from iron ore sintering plants, electric arc furnace steel production processes, hot-blast furnace operations, secondary aluminium smelting and primary zinc production from zinc cathodes.     

Criteria for the evaluation of dioxins in the environment

In FRG and other countries unequivocal criteria for the limitation of dioxins (PCDD's/PCDF's) in food like vegetables and fruits are lacking. These have to be directly associated with the limitation of dioxins in the soil and the deposition of particulate matter as the two main pathways for plant contamination. Based on recent investigations in the vicinity of cable-waste incinerators in Northrhine-Westphalia with comparatively high contents of dioxins in garden plants and soils and other sources of dioxins, considerations are given for the establishment of the criteria urgently needed.     

Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans and selected other chlorinated organic compounds in food from Russia

Food is considered to be the main source of dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) for human intake, but there are relatively few publications reporting the levels of dioxins and furans in food samples.^(1–4) Food samples from western to eastern Russia were collected during three recent trips by one of us (AS), and tested for dioxins and dibenzofurans to provide some indication of environmental contamination. The results show that in specific food samples there are more dioxins present than dibenzofurans, but in fish samples the opposite is true. We compare the levels found in Russian food with levels found in samples from other countries, on both wet weight and lipid basis. These Russian samples show ranges similar to but slightly lower than those seen in other industrial countries.     

Cytogenetic investigation of women exposed to different levels of dioxins in Chapaevsk town

Three groups of women (aged 20-40 years) exposed to different levels of dioxins were studied in Chapaevsk town: 15 women working at the chemical fertilizer plant where occupational exposure to dioxins is possible; 16 women without dioxins occupational exposure, but living as far as 1-3 km from the plant; 14 women without dioxins occupational exposure and living as far as 5-8 km from the plant. No personal correlation related to dioxins exposure was found by chromosome aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes, micronuclei (MN) and nuclear anomalies in buccal mucosa cells. There were no significant differences between the groups in CA and MN. Karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis were significantly increased in the highest exposed group.     

二恶英的生成及污染控制

介绍了二恶英的性质、毒性、污染源以及排放趋势,重点论述了二恶英的生成影响因素与污染排放控制技术.二恶英的生成影响因素主要有炭源、氯源、温度、催化剂和氧源等.二恶英的污染排放控制技术则介绍了传统的去除技术和一些降解技术.     

二恶英的生成及污染控制

介绍了二恶英的性质、毒性、污染源以及排放趋势,重点论述了二恶英的生成影响因素与污染排放控制技术.二恶英的生成影响因素主要有炭源、氯源、温度、催化剂和氧源等.二恶英的污染排放控制技术则介绍了传统的去除技术和一些降解技术.     

Dioxins and their fingerprint in size-classified fly ash fractions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China--mechanical grate and fluidized bed units

The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in brief dioxins, has seldom been addressed systematically in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). This study shows the amount and fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in fly ash from four different Chinese MSWIs, that is, three mechanical grate units and one circulating fluidized bed unit. In these fly ash samples, dioxins-related parameters (international toxic equivalent quantity, total amount of PCDD/Fs, individual isomer classes, and 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners) all tend to increase with decreasing particle size for mechanical grate incinerators, yet only for the finest fraction for fluidized bed units. Moreover, the fluidized bed incinerator seems superior to grate incineration in controlling dioxins, yet a comparison is hampered by internal differences in the sample, for example, the fluidized bed fly ash has much lower carbon and chlorine contents. In addition, the presence of sulfur from mixing coal as supplemental fuel to the MSW may poison the catalytic steps in dioxins formation and thus suppress the formation of dioxins. With more residual carbon and chlorine in the fly ash, it is easier to form dioxins during cooling. Nevertheless, there is no apparent relation between Fe, Cu, and Zn contents and that of dioxins in fly ash.