污水处理厂中污水臭气除臭技术的研究与应用

污水处理厂中恶臭气体污染已成为环境污染的重大问题,除臭技术的研究与应用已经成为一个热点。通过介绍处理厂中污水臭气的来源、成分以及对人体的危害,详细分析了各种除臭技术的发展历程,并比较了各自的优缺点,展望了其发展的趋势与应用领域。通过各种除臭技术的比选,最终确定污水处理厂臭气除臭形式采用生物滤池法,最终满足污染物排放标准的要求。展望了今后的研究方向是寻找研究新型的、高效的、环保的除臭技术。     

生物滤塔除臭技术在污水处理厂的应用

生物滤塔除臭技术在污水处理厂中应用广泛。文章通过对实际案例运行情况的分析,研究了几个主要因素变化对除臭效率的影响。在温度为22℃,温度〉95％,pH值为6．6左右且进气流量及浓度稳定的情况下,生物滤塔的除臭效率可达96％以上,平均净化效率达85％以上,净化后的气体达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》二级标准。     

关于城镇污水处理厂恶臭污染物标准的探讨

城镇污水处理厂土地集约化利用对污水厂恶臭问题提出了新的挑战。本文对比国内外最新恶臭污染物的国家标准和地方标准,对现行的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)、《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB14554-93)存在的问题进行探讨,提出有必要制定污水处理厂恶臭污染物的环境空气质量标准。     

污水泵站的恶臭评价与治理对策

以天津市某污水泵站为例,运用国家环保部推荐模式SCREEN3模式计算污水泵站恶臭对周围环境的影响及治理对策,得出以下结论:1)类比天津纪庄子污水处理厂、高碑店污水处理厂等污水处理厂的类比调查,根据规模不同进行相应的比例折算出单位面积恶臭污染物产生的源强,然后根据污水泵站的面积计算恶臭源强;2)使用国家环保部推荐模式SCREEN3模式计算无组织排放厂界达标、最大落地浓度和卫生防护距离等;3)经过综合比较,目前泵站除臭采用较多的是等离子体法和生物除臭法。     

一种新型的污水处理厂除臭工艺

介绍了一种新型的污水处理厂恶臭处理工艺,利用组合填料在污水处理厂生物系统内定向培养除臭微生.物,除臭微生物分配至污水处理厂各构筑物水体中与恶臭物质发生系列反应消除恶臭,实现污水处理厂全过程除臭.针对该技术的开发背景、技术原理、除臭效果以及应用情况等展开介绍,最后分析展望了该技术在污水处理领域的应用前景.     

某污水处理厂的升级改造工程设计及运行

某污水处理厂一期工程规模为2.5×104m3/d,采用氧化沟处理工艺,为了满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A的排放要求,在充分利用原有处理设施的基础上进行升级改造。介绍了升级改造的思路和具体实施方案,并对比改造前后的污水处理效果。运行结果表明:污水厂各项出水指标均能稳定达到一级A排放标准,单位处理成本增加0.34元/m3。     

污水处理厂恶臭污染物控制技术的研究

根据杭州滨江区污水处理厂恶臭污染物的来源及组成成分,采用活性氧技术对恶臭污染物进行控制．介绍了活性氧技术的原理,并从工程应用方面对除臭设备的设计条件、系统流程、工艺参数进行了较详细的概述。项目实施后运行结果表明,H2S、NH3、CH3-SH的去除率可分别达到81．3％、88．1％、84．4％。     

污水处理厂恶臭污染治理

污水处理厂作为一项环保工程,实际运行过程中也会产生尾水排放、废气污染、固体废物污染等环境问题.其中,较为显著的环境影响为废气污染,主要污染物质以NH3、H2S等恶臭气体为主.污水厂恶臭污染处理是否得当将直接影响水厂选址、居民健康及周边环境等.文章以天津市几座大型污水处理厂为例,根据实际监测数据,给出生物滤池除臭、离子除...     

养殖场典型功能区恶臭气体处理工艺选择与工程实例

以北京市某规模化养殖场为研究对象,针对不同功能区恶臭气体产生的特点和排放特性,分别进行了不同的控制技术的选择研究,并针对养殖场典型功能区储粪间和运动场产生的恶臭气体,分别采用组合式生物技术和复合菌剂雾化喷淋技术对其进行处理,研究了这两处典型功能区恶臭气体处理工程的设计与运行效果。结果表明:两种除臭工程均取得了较好的稳定运行效果,其中组合式生物除臭工程对养殖场储粪间产生的氨的去除率为89.2%～94.1%,出气中氨浓度为0.14～3.17 mg/m~3,达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—93)(排气筒高度为15 m)的要求;复合菌剂雾化喷淋除臭工程对养殖场运动场散发的氨的去除率为67.1%～83.16%,喷淋后氨浓度为0.15～0.81 mg/m~3,达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—93)中一级排放标准的要求。该组合式生物技术和复合菌剂雾化喷淋技术具有工艺流程短、运行成本低、自动化程度高、恶臭物质处理效果好等优点,能有效控制规模化养殖场恶臭气体的污染和排放。     

实测模拟法确定生活垃圾转运站恶臭排放源强

对北京某现有生活垃圾转运站布点监测恶臭污染物,采用ADMS-Urban反推恶臭无组织排放源强,进而获得该转运站技改工程生物除臭塔的有组织产生源强;通过对同类除臭工艺的监测,类比获得该转运站技改工程的除臭效率,进而确定其恶臭有组织排放源强,再以通量法类比监测同类除臭工艺垃圾进厂恶臭浓度,确定该转运站技改工程恶臭无组织排放源强。此套方法对同类生活垃圾转运站除臭技改工程确定恶臭排放源强具有一定借鉴和推广价值。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.