天然腐殖酸对黄土吸附敌草隆的影响

为研究添加天然腐殖酸条件下黄土对有机农药的吸附过程及影响机制,以敌草隆为目标污染物,采用批量平衡试验法,分析黄土与黄土+HA（在黄土中添加腐殖酸）处理对敌草隆的吸附动力学、吸附热力学、解吸动力学过程及其主要影响因素（如pH、离子强度等）.结果表明:①与黄土相比,黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附时间较短,且二者均符合颗粒内部扩散模型.②Freundlich等温吸附模型能够较好地拟合黄土及黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附热力学过程.黄土和黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附自由能（ΔGθ）、熵变（ΔSθ）均小于0,表明反应是一个自发进行且混乱度逐渐减小的过程;添加HA使黄土对敌草隆的焓变（ΔHθ）由负值变为正值,即由放热过程转化为吸热过程,表明温度升高使HA表面的微孔数量增多,为敌草隆提供了更多的吸附位点.③随着pH的升高,黄土和黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附量均缓慢减小,当pH>7时吸附趋于平衡.④不同离子（Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+）及离子强度下,黄土和黄土+HA对敌草隆的吸附量随着c（Ca2+）的减小而增大,与同浓度的Mg2+和Ca2+相比,Mg2+存在下黄土对敌草隆的吸附量较大;与同浓度的Ca2+和Na+相比,Na+存在下黄土对敌草隆的吸附量较大.⑤由解吸动力学过程可以看出,添加天然HA可延长敌草隆在黄土中的滞留时间.研究显示,HA的存在提高了敌草隆在黄土中的迁移能力,并使其吸附机制发生了改变.      

Effects of bile salts and divalent cations on the adsorption of norfloxacin by agricultural soils

The effects of bile salts （sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate, 0-20 mmol/L）, divalent cations （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋, 0-20 mmol/L） or pH （3.0-10.0） on the adsorption of norfloxacin by three selected soils （Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J） were systematically studied. Soil adsorption of norfloxacin follows a pseudo second-order kinetics model, and the maximum adsorption capacity has been determined from the nonlinear fit of the Langmuir isotherm model to be 88.8, 88.1 and 63.0 μmol/g for the adsorption onto Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J, respectively. The results indicate that norfloxacin has a high adsorption affinity for the agricultural soils tested and that the organic content of these soils have at least a slight influence on this adsorption. The adsorption of norfloxacin to soils was strongly dependent on pH and exhibited a maximum at approximately pH 6. The presence of divalent cations prominently suppressed the adsorption of norfloxacin by paddy soils, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋, and by red soil, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋. The adsorption of norfloxacin （by the soils studied） sharply decreased as the amount of bile salts was increased. For uncharged norfloxacin at environmentally relevant pH values, such factors as soil type, exogenous divalent cations and macromolecules significantly altered the environmental fate and transport of norfloxacin between aquatic and soil interfaces.     

磁性高分子复合水凝胶的制备及其对水中铜离子的吸附性能

以海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇为骨架负载磁性纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒合成了两种磁性高分子复合水凝胶材料:一种是以Ca~(2+)交联制备的磁性海藻酸钙单网络水凝胶(SAPFe),另一种是以海藻酸钙和聚乙烯醇经循环冷冻解冻制成的磁性双网络水凝胶(DAPFe).利用SEM、FTIR、BET对合成的材料进行表征,并研究了SAPFe和DAPFe对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能.结果表明,DAPFe比表面积达89.01 m~2·g~(-1),平均孔径为2.2 nm,DAPFe比SAPFe具有更低的含水率、更高的交联程度、更发达的孔隙结构和更高的比表面积.DAPFe对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量可达207.01 mg·g~(-1),远大于SAPFe(173.01 mg·g~(-1)).SAPFe和DAPFe对Cu~(2+)的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型.通过分析SAPFe和DAPFe吸附Cu~(2+)前后官能团的变化,发现磁性高分子复合水凝胶具有丰富的羧基和羟基功能性官能团,并通过与Cu~(2+)产生螯合作用实现去除.     

钙预处理对磁性锆铁改性膨润土吸附水中磷酸盐的影响

本研究制备了2种不同Ca2+含量的磁性锆铁改性膨润土(ZrFeBTs),即磁性锆铁改性原始膨润土(ZrFeRBT)和磁性锆铁改性钙预处理膨润土(ZrFeCaBT),并通过吸附实验考察了ZrFeRBT和ZrFeCaBT对水中磷酸盐的吸附特征,以确定Ca2+预处理对ZrFeBTs吸附水中磷酸盐的影响。结果发现,本研究所制备的ZrFeBTs包含Fe3O4和Zr,并且ZrFeCaBT中可交换Ca2+的含量明显高于ZrFeRBT。ZrFeBTs对水中磷酸盐吸附平衡实验数据可以很好地采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述,动力学实验数据可以很好地采用准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散模型进行描述。根据Langmuir模型确定的ZrFeRBT和ZrFeCaBT对水中磷酸盐的最大单位吸附量(以磷计)分别为8.70mg·g-1和11.5mg·g-1。ZrFeBTs吸附水中磷酸盐的过程属于化学吸附。随着pH值的增加,ZrFeBTs对水中磷酸盐的吸附效果逐渐降低。当溶液共存Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-、NO3-、Na+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+等阴阳离子时,ZrFeBTs对水中磷酸盐的吸附具有很好的选择性,并且溶液共存的Ca2+会极大地促进了ZrFeBTs对水中磷酸盐的吸附。采用Ca2+对膨润土进行预处理,极大地提高了ZrFeBTs对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力。     

高分子改性黄原胶/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶的制备及其吸附金属离子性能

以黄原胶为接枝骨架,丙烯酸为单体,羟基磷灰石为无机组分,通过氧化还原聚合反应,制备了高分子改性黄原胶/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶(XG-g-PAA/HAP).红外光谱和扫描电镜表征发现,在低温条件下(50℃)成功制备了XG-g-PAA/HAP.将XG-g-PAA/HAP用作水体重金属离子吸附剂,结果表明:当pH1时,XG-g-PAA/HAP吸附容量较小,随着pH增大,吸附容量快速增大,当pH4时,吸附容量达到平衡;90%以上的金属离子在30 min内可被清除.当[Cu~(2+)]=300 mg·L~(-1)和[Pb~(2+)]=600 mg·L~(-1)时,XG-g-PAA/HAP吸附容量达到最大值.重复吸附-脱吸附5次后,吸附容量仍可保持初始的80%,所制备的XG-g-PAA/HAP有望成为一种有效的水体重金属离子吸附剂.     

3种吸附剂对污水磷污染去除性能与机制比较

为探索高效利用膨润土、红壤和炉渣去除农业污水磷污染的可行性,对比分析了3种吸附剂对人工合成含磷污水的吸附去除特性,结合SEM、XDS和BET等测试结果以及等温吸附、吸附动力学及Ca2+释放量探讨了3种材料对磷的吸附机制.结果表明,炉渣对磷的吸附能力高于膨润土和红壤,吸附过程均适合Langmuir等温吸附方程(R2 0. 96),对磷的理论饱和吸附量为:炉渣(16. 87 mg·g~(-1))红壤(1. 21 mg·g~(-1))膨润土(0. 92 mg·g~(-1)).炉渣对磷的吸附动力学特征符合Elovich方程(R2=0. 966),而膨润土和红壤对磷的吸附特征则更适合准二级动力学方程(R2为0. 982和0. 959).炉渣的Ca2+释放量(10. 46 mg·g~(-1))显著大于膨润土(0. 31 mg·g~(-1))和红壤(0. 03 mg·g~(-1))(P 0. 05).红壤对磷的吸附量随着p H的升高而降低;膨润土在初始p H为7. 0时,吸附量最低;但初始p H值对炉渣去除磷的影响不大.相比红壤和炉渣,膨润土解吸较快,易于进行重复利用.综上所述,吸附材料的磷吸附能力主要与其结构、化学组成、Ca2+释放能力及溶液初始p H值等有关,炉渣较膨润土和红壤对磷酸盐有着更强的去除能力,适合处理农村污水磷污染.     

3类金属离子对活性污泥吸附水体腐殖酸的影响

研究了3类金属离子对活性污泥吸附水体腐殖酸效果的影响.结果表明,盐类金属离子(Na )、硬度金属离子(Ca2 、Mg2 )和水解金属离子(Al3 、Fe3 )均能在一定程度上提高吸附效率.作为活性污泥助凝剂,以大于10-2mol/L硬度离子的促进效果为好.加入10-2mol/L Ca2 、Mg2 48 h后溶液中的腐殖酸浓度分别为(0.64±0.17)mg/L和(2.32±0.40)mg/L,其去除率分别为98.4%和94.2%;当加入10-1mol/L Ca2 、Mg2 48 h后,其去除率均接近100%,而且Ca2 离子促进作用要优于Mg2 .盐类金属离子、硬度金属离子、水解金属离子提高活性污泥吸附腐殖酸的主要作用机理可能分别是压缩双电层、架桥作用、吸附共沉淀.同时,投加金属离子也可能使活性污泥上的吸附位性质改变或失效,对腐殖酸的吸附有一定的负面影响.     

Adsorption of herbicide triclopyr on homoionic clays

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Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对好氧污泥快速颗粒化的影响研究

为研究金属离子的投加对好氧污泥颗粒化进程的影响,在3个构造一致的序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中分别接种普通活性污泥、投加50 mg·L-1Ca2+的活性污泥和投加50 mg·L-1Mg2+的活性污泥来培养好氧颗粒污泥.结果表明:金属离子的投加能缩短好氧污泥颗粒化时间,改善颗粒污泥的性质,Ca2+更多地影响颗粒污泥的物理性质,Mg2+主要影响生化性质.Ca2+、Mg2+的投加可促进细胞分泌胞外聚合物(EPS),以及蛋白质(PN)和多糖(PS)的含量增加,且Mg2+较Ca2+对EPS中组分及组分比例影响更大.此外,Ca2+、Mg2+投加下培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有更强的除污性能.     

丁基黄药对选矿区土壤吸附铅镉的影响

选矿废水排放和尾矿库溢流等会将大量残留的选矿药剂带入选矿区周边土壤和水环境.采用批处理实验,研究了不同pH、初始丁基黄药（PBX）、Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺浓度下,PBX对某铅锌选矿区土壤吸附Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的影响;并通过BCR连续提取,研究了不同浓度PBX处理后土壤中铅镉形态变化.结果表明,PBX明显抑制了土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附.PBX浓度为40mg·L^-1时,土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附量分别由未经PBX处理时的3540 mg·kg^-1和387mg·kg^-1降至3085 mg·kg^-1和100mg·kg^-1.无论是否添加PBX,土壤对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学模型拟合,表明Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在土壤上的吸附是以化学吸附为主.PBX与Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺形成疏水性难溶络合物以及在土壤表面存在竞争吸附是降低土壤Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺吸附量的主要原因,表明PBX能增加Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在土壤中的迁移性.PBX对土壤Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺吸附的抑制作用随初始Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺浓度的增大而减弱,随初始PBX浓度及溶液pH值的增大而加强,Freundlich方程能较好描述其等温吸附特征.低含量PBX （100mg·kg^-1）下土壤中可交换态和可还原态镉含量有所增加,可导致土壤中镉的活化;但PBX可降低土壤中可交换态和可还原态铅含量,且随PBX含量升高,铅活性降低效果越显著,这与Pb （C₄H₉OCS₂）₂的络合能力比Cd （C₄H₉OCS₂）₂强有关.研究结果表明应加强选矿废水中残留药剂对土壤中铅镉等重金属潜在生态风险的防控.     

岩溶地下河水文地球化学对降雨的响应：以重庆雪玉洞地下河系统为例

通过对降雨条件下重庆雪玉洞地下河水文地球化学指标的监测,发现各种指标对降雨响应迅速,且存在相关性.采用主成分分析对各指标数据进行处理,提取能代表82.761%信息量的3个主成分,来分析降雨条件下岩溶地下河水文地球化学的特征及其成因.结果表明,以全Fe、全Mn、Al3+等浓度升高为代表的土壤淋失和以K+、Na+、Sr2+浓度降低、EC下降为代表的稀释效应,对水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率为41.718%,降雨加剧了岩溶区土壤的侵蚀,同时危及饮用水的安全,应引起相关部门的足够重视;岩溶水对白云岩的溶解和补给区农业活动、洞穴生物对水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率为29.958%;以Ca2+浓度升高为代表的岩溶水对灰岩的溶蚀作用对水文地球化学特征的贡献率为11.084%.     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

地浸井场外围含水层砂岩对铀的吸附行为

天然含水层介质对铀的吸附是地下水铀天然衰减的决定因素.然而,人们对天然含水层砂岩吸附铀行为的认识相当有限.因此,本文采用静态实验及数值模拟相结合的方法研究了地浸井场外围砂岩对铀的吸附行为,探究了天然砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,研究了铀初始浓度、pH、其他离子种类与浓度对铀吸附的影响.结果表明,准二级动力学方程与Freundlich等温吸附模型可以更好地表征砂岩对铀的吸附行为;随着溶液中铀初始浓度的增大,砂岩对水溶液中铀的吸附量增大,吸附率减小;在初始pH=3时,铀的吸附率达到最大,为77%;砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附率会随反应体系中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-等离子浓度的升高而下降,4种共存离子对该吸附过程抑制能力的顺序为：SO₄^2- < Mg²⁺ < Ca²⁺ < HCO₃^-.这些研究结果可为地浸铀矿山地下水的修复提供理论支持.     

Behavior of the herbicide dimepiperate with homoionic clays in aqueous solution

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Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

人工湿地生物沸石快速吸附-再生性能与再生机理研究

在填充生物沸石和石灰石的强化硝化模拟人工湿地中,考察了生物沸石快速吸附-再生动态平衡性能和生物沸石再生的机理.研究结果表明,生物沸石模拟人工湿地中硝化作用明显,产生的氧化态氮主要为硝氮,平均浓度为106.31 mg·L~(-1)(大于吸附去除的氨氮浓度).模拟人工湿地出水中的金属阳离子主要为Na+和Ca~(2+),30 d后Ca~(2+)浓度大于Na+浓度.生物沸石的再生是离子交换释放氨氮和微生物协同作用的结果.石灰石缓慢释放的Ca~(2+)可促进生物沸石再生,生物沸石与石灰石投加量的最佳质量比为5∶1.生物沸石再生过程中,微生物起主导作用.     

巯基硅烷改性多壁碳纳米管的合成及其对Cd2+的吸附性能研究

利用3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTMS)作硅烷偶联剂对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行改性,制备巯基硅烷改性多壁碳纳米管(SHMWCNTs),并进行了SH-MWCNTs对Cd~(2+)的批量吸附实验.同时,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光子能量仪(EDS)、红外光谱(FT-IR)对SHMWCNTs进行表征,探究了溶液初始pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、溶液初始Cd~(2+)浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了吸附动力学特征及吸附等温线特征,初步探讨了吸附机理.SEM、EDS与FT-IR图谱显示,MPTMS已成功接枝到MWCNTs表面,表明SH-MWCNTs制备成功.吸附时间为90 min,pH为4时的吸附效果最佳,吸附量随SH-MWCNTs投加量、Cd~(2+)浓度的增加而增大.吸附动力学和吸附等温线研究表明,SHMWCNTs对Cd~(2+)的吸附动力学符合准二级线性方程,吸附等温线符合Freundlich、Langmuir 2种模型,吸附以单分子层吸附为主,也存在层间扩散的多层吸附.     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu on paddy soil aggregates pretreated with different levels of phosphate

Interactions between anions and cations are important for understanding the behaviors of chemical pollutants and their potential risks in the environment. Here we prepared soil aggregates of a yellow paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, and investigated the effects of phosphate (P) pretreatment on adsorption-desorption of Cu²⁺ of soil aggregates, free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates, goethite, and kaolinite with batch adsorption method. The results showed that Cu²⁺ adsorption was reduced on the aggregates pretreated with low concentrations of P, and promoted with high concentrations of P, showing a V-shaped change. Compared with the untreated aggregates, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was reduced when P application rates were lower than 260, 220, 130 and 110 mg/kg for coarse, clay, silt and fine sand fractions, respectively. On the contrary, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was higher on P-pretreated soil aggregates than on the control ones when P application rates were greater than those values. However, the desorption of Cu²⁺ was enhanced at low levels of P, but suppressed at high levels of P, displaying an inverted V-shaped change over P adsorption. The Cu²⁺ adsorption by the aggregate particles with and without P pretreatments was well described by the Freundlich equation. Similar results were obtained on P-pretreated goethite. However, such P effects on Cu²⁺ adsorption-desorption were not observed on kaolinite and free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates. The present results indicate that goethite is one of the main soil substances responsible for the P-induced promotion and inhibition of Cu²⁺ adsorption.     

两性膨润土增强不同层次紫色土吸附Cu2+的研究

为了证实两性粘土对不同层次紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)的促进作用,以不同比例(25%、50%和100%)十四烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-14)修饰膨润土作为两性基质,将其分别以5%的比例(质量比)添加至表层和粘化层紫色土中,采用批处理法研究不同两性基质添加比例对表层紫色土(ZS)和粘化层紫色土(ZA)吸附Cu~(2+)的等温吸附特征,并对比温度、p H值和离子强度对Cu~(2+)吸附效果的影响。结果表明:(1)表层紫色土添加BS膨润土(ZS-BS)和粘化层紫色土添加BS膨润土(ZA-BS)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随着BS膨润土中BS-14修饰比例的增大而增加,且相同BS-14修饰比例下ZA-BS对Cu~(2+)的吸附量高于ZS-BS。(2)p H值在3~5范围内,表层和粘化层紫色土对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随p H值的升高而增大。温度从20℃增加到40℃时,两层次土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而增加。土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量在离子强度I=0.1 mol/L时最大,在I=0.01 mol/L时最小。(3)热力学参数结果表明添加BS膨润土后,不同层次紫色土吸附Cu~(2+)是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。