伊犁河谷景观格局变化分析

景观生态学是宏观生态研究的一个新的领域.景观动态变化研究,是目前景观生态学中的一个研究热点.基于伊犁河谷2000年、2005年夏季有效时相Landsat TM/ETM 遥感影像资料,综合运用遥感与GIS技术,通过采用分维数,多样性指数,破碎度指数和边界密度等指数,分析了伊犁河谷景观动态变化.研究结果表明:①草地、水域和林地面积大幅度减少,耕地和城乡居民工矿交通用地猛增,城市化进程加快;②伊犁河谷斑块数目增多,景观边缘密度增加,景观破碎度增大,伊犁河谷景观异质性和景观形状的复杂性程度略微提升;③景观基质依然为草地,草地破碎度稍增,草地的多样性和异质性下降;④耕地的斑块数减少而斑块面积增大,破碎化程度降低,耕地的稳定性加强.     

大渡河流域泸定段土地利用景观格局动态研究

对泸定县1994年TM影像和2002年ETM＋影像进行了数字图像处理和解译，得到两个时期的土地利用景观类型图，通过计算相关景观格局指数，定量研究了土地利用景观格局的纵向变化情况。结果表明：1994-2002年间，研究区以林地的变动为主要特征，8年间林地面积增加7590．395hm^2，而草地、耕地和其它土地面积减少，主要是转化为林地，其主要推动力是退耕还林政策的实施，景观破碎化程度增加，多样性和异质性提高，说明整个景观中斑块的分布趋于均匀化。     

乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区生态系统服务功能变化研究

在3S技术的支持下,以1990年和2005年的TM图像解译数据为基础,采用谢高地的评价方法分析了乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区景观类型与生态系统服务功能的变化特征,为研究该地区水土开发与生态环境演变提供了依据。结果表明,1990-2005年,乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区农田、灌木林地、城镇及工业用地、盐碱地、水域和未利用地面积增加,其他乔木林地、草地、冰川和沼泽面积均减少;区域生态系统服务功能从1990年的9 182.84×106元减少到2005年的8 627.96×106元,减少量为554.87×106元,减少率为6.04%。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。     

基于RS和GIS的赛里木湖流域景观格局动态研究

基于RS和GIS的技术方法,运用景观格局指数对赛里木湖流域近25a来的景观格局变化综合分析。结果表明:1986-2010年,赛里木湖流域疏林地、灌木林地和中覆盖度草地面积增加,有林地、高覆盖度草地面积减小。整体上,景观斑块总数增加,景观破碎化指数、景观类型形状指数和景观多样性指数升高,均匀度指数有所减少。由此可以看出,该区域内由于自然或人为因素干扰所导致的景观斑块类型逐渐变得复杂,景观遭到破坏,土地利用向着多样化和非均匀化的方向发展,景观斑块分布变得很不均匀。     

硫磺沟矿区景观生态风险评价研究

以新疆硫磺沟矿区1986年和2015年遥感影像数据解译结果为基础,基于GIS空间分析技术,在对其景观变化分析的基础上,评价了煤矿资源开发过程中的生态风险。结果表明:1986-2015年硫磺沟矿区草地面积逐步下降,由98.56%下降到90.99%;工矿地面积逐渐增加,由0 hm~2增加到689 hm~2。1986-2015年矿产资源开发导致硫磺沟矿区景观生态风险升高,草地的生态风险指数最大,工矿用地、未利用地、农田、林地的生态风险均有增加。生态脆弱区矿产资源开发所带来的生态影响应引起足够的重视。     

四川丘陵地区土地整理项目景观格局变化分析——以仪陇马鞍镇南海村土地整理项目为例

以仪陇马鞍镇南海村土地整理项目区为例,以土地整理前后1:2000实地调绘结果数据为基本数据源,采用景观格局指数分析其景观格局变化,探讨土地整理对景观变化的影响.结果表明,坡(地)改梯(田)后耕地中田块斑块数量和斑块密度增加,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数减小,景观破碎度增加;耕地类中的旱地、农村宅基地及林地斑块数量和斑块密度降低,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数增大,景观破碎度降低,景观形状较整理前变得规则;景观多样性指数和景观丰度指数降低,景观类型有所减少.     

基于CA-Markov模型的大连开发区土地利用动态变化

以大连经济技术开发区为例,通过土地利用转移矩阵定量化分析了2000—2014年研究区的土地利用变化情况,结合CA-Markov模型对研究区2021年的土地利用格局进行了模拟。结果表明:①14年间大连市建设用地面积急剧增加,由西向东不断扩张,其面积由2000年的9031. 50hm~2增加到2014年的17484. 39hm~2,最终占比为43. 83%,耕地和水域面积持续减少,主要转为建设用地,草地面积先减少后增加,林地面积先增加后减少。②模拟期内,大连市建设用地面积仍将持续增长,2021年将占到研究区总面积的47. 37%,而水域面积将减少为0. 94%,草地、耕地、林地也呈现减少趋势,有关部门应注意合理利用土地,促进区域生态环境质量友好发展。     

豫西黄河流域土地利用景观空间格局分析

运用景观生态学原理,借助GIS技术,选取景观指数对豫西黄河流域土地利用景观格局进行分析。结果表明,林地和以旱地为主的农业景观是豫西黄河流域的主体景观类型;各景观类型间斑块密度值差距较大,斑块形状指数差异较明显,总体上较简单;研究区域景观异质性和多样性较高,各景观类型所占比例差异较大,农田和林地占有较大优势。该区域景观破碎化程度较小,特别是西部地区地形起伏较大,人类干扰活动相对较小。     

太湖缓冲带土地利用现状及变化

在太湖缓冲带范围确定的基础上,为从宏观尺度上了解近些年来太湖缓冲带内的土地利用与生态变化情况,购置了20世纪80年代、1995年、2000年和2007年4个时期的遥感影像,并进行了解译分析。通过对4个时期的遥感解译分析,将缓冲带内的土地利用类型主要分为农田、林地、草地等9种类型,最终解译结果得出太湖缓冲带内农田是最主要的土地利用方式,现面积占32.01%;其次为林地、城镇农村及工交建设用地、水库坑塘等,面积分别占27.56%、18.7%和14.28%;此外还有小部分的滩地、草地、湖泊、河渠及其他用地等。这说明农田面源污染是缓冲带内主要污染源之一。     

新疆艾比湖流域平原区景观土壤属性特征研究

以新疆艾比湖流域平原区为对象,在对研究区进行景观生态分类及野外调查验证的基础上,利用＂3S＂技术将1∶100×104的新疆土壤类型图与研究区景观类型图叠加,从土壤属性层次上对研究区各类景观的生态土壤类型进行确认,并分析其在研究区内分布的特征。结果表明：研究区主要土壤类型为26类,以石膏灰棕漠土所占比例最大,占研究区总面积的19.03%,棕钙土、荒漠风沙土、草甸盐土、盐化草甸土、和灌耕灰漠土等面积也较大。     

Assessing Impacts of Typhoons and the Chi-Chi Earthquake on Chenyulan Watershed Landscape Pattern in Central Taiwan Using Landscape Metrics

The Chi-Chi earthquake (M_L = 7.3) occurred in the central part of Taiwan on September 21, 1999. After the earthquake, typhoons Xangsane and Toraji produced heavy rainfall that fell across the eastern and central parts of Taiwan on November 2000 and July 2001. This study uses remote sensing data, landscape metrics, multivariate statistical analysis, and spatial autocorrelation to assess how earthquake and typhoons affect landscape patterns. It addresses variations of the Chenyulan watershed in Nantou County, near the earthquake’s epicenter and crossed by Typhoon Toraji. The subsequent disturbances have gradually changed landscape of the Chenyulan watershed. Disturbances of various types, sizes, and intensities, following various tracks, have various effects on the landscape patterns and variations of the Chenyulan watershed. The landscape metrics that are obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the disturbances produced variously fragmented patches, interspersed with other patches and isolated from patches of the same type across the entire Chenyulan watershed. The disturbances also affected the isolation, size, and shape-complexity of patches at the landscape and class levels. The disturbances at the class level more strongly affected spatial variations in the landscape as well as patterns of grasslands and bare land, than variations in the watershed farmland and forest. Moreover, the earthquake with high magnitude was a starter to create these landscape variations in space in the Chenyulan watershed. The cumulative impacts of the disturbances on the watershed landscape pattern had existed, especially landslides and grassland in the study area, but were not always evident in space and time in landscape and other class levels.     

The Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Pattern of Rural Residential Land in China in the 1990s Using Landsat TM Images and GIS

Through interpreting Landsat TM images, this study analyzes the spatial distribution of rural settlements in China in 2000. It calculates rural residential land percentage for every 1-km² cell. The entire country is divided into 33 regions to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of rural residential land during the 1990s. According to the remote sensing survey, the rural residential land increased by 7.88 × 10⁵ ha in the 1990s. The increment of rural residential land was 0.55 million ha in 1990–1995 and 0.23 million ha in 1995–2000. In 1990–1995, rural residential land increased dramatically in the eastern regions such as the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and North China Plain, accounting for 80.80% of the national growth; the expansion in the western regions was much more moderate. In 1995–2000, the expansion of rural residential land in eastern regions slowed, accounting for only 58.54% of the increase at the national level, whereas the expansion in the western regions accelerated. Rapid rural residential development resulted from increasing home construction and the limited control on rural land. The great regional disparity reflected the regional economic development and land-use policy change. Our finding shows that nearly 60% of the rural residential area came from cropland.     

梁子湖自然保护区土地利用/土地覆盖动态变化研究

基于梁子湖自然保护区1987年和2004年Landsat-TM影像遥感数据，在Erdas Imagine 8．5图像处理软件的支持下，结合野外实地考察，获得了土地利用现状图，通过对数据的统计分析，研究了保护区近20年来土地利用／土地覆盖的动态变化。研究表明：耕地和水域是保护区内的主要土地利用类型；近20年来，耕地、园地、林地、草地的面积都有减少，其中耕地面积减少了2320．816hm^2，减少比例达到11．78％，是面积减少最多的土地利用类型；居民点、交通、水域用地有所增加，其中池塘面积变化最大，增幅达到213．4％，是面积增加最多的土地利用类型，居民点用地增加了551．18hm^2，增幅达到59．07％，是增长幅度较大的土地利用类型。变化的原因主要是经济的发展、人口数量的增长和旅游业的发展。     

基于Markov模型的南京土地利用时空变化研究

利用江苏2000年、2008年遥感数据,采用ArcGIS和Excel测算出南京市辖区8年土地利用的Matkov转移矩阵,从数量、空间和结构角度分析2000-2008年的土地利用变化状况,预测2016年的各类用地面积.结果表明,2000-2008年研究区的城镇和工矿交通用地扩张较快,农村居民点用地略有减少,呈集中态势;耕地、草地、林地、水域减少,未利用地减幅最大.在空间上,研究区的建设用地扩张由"同心圆状"变为"纺锤状",土地利用集中度和强度都增大.2016年预测显示,城镇用地比重达44.76%,耕地减少23.47%,其余用地基本保持前8年的变化趋势,但动态度有所减小,仅农村居民点用地减幅增大.     

Land Use/Cover Changes, the Environment and Water Resources in Northeast China

Land use/cover in Northeast China went through extensive changes during the 1990s. This report explores the interaction between these changes and the environment, and the implication of these changes for rational allocation of water resources. Two maps of land use/cover produced from 1990 and 2000 Landsat TM satellite images were overlaid in ArcInfo to reveal changes in land cover. Results indicate that farmland and grassland decreased by 386,195 and 140,075 ha, respectively, while water, built-up areas, and woodland increased by 238,596, 194,231, and 192,682 ha, respectively. These changes bore a mutual relationship with the environmental change. On the one hand, climate warming made some of these changes (e.g., conversion of woodland and grassland to farmland) possible. On the other hand, the changed surface cover modified the local climate. These changes, in turn, caused severe environmental degradation and increased flooding. The change between dry field and rice paddy, in particular, raised severe implications for the proper allocation of limited water resources in the Northeast. Efforts are needed to coordinate their rational allocation to reap maximum and sustainable return over the entire area, not just in some localities. Results obtained in this study should be of interest to the international audience of Environmental Management in that they highlight the interactive nature of human activities and the environment and the off-site impact of these activities on the environment.     

Assessing the spatial distribution of grassland age in a marginal European landscape

Grassland age is increasingly recognised to be an indicator for present-day biodiversity, e.g. plant species richness, and is also important for other landscape functions. We developed a methodological approach to systematically assess the spatial distribution of grassland age in marginal European landscapes. This approach - applied to the Lahn-Dill Highlands (1270 km(2)), a marginal landscape in Hesse, Germany - comprises three steps: (1) in a two-stage stratification process, we pre-stratified the study area according to recent land-cover patterns and their changes between 1955 and 1995 (stratification I) and classified grassland types by combining data on soil moisture, base-richness, and elevation (stratification II). From 50 grassland types, we randomly selected 1000 representative grassland patches. (2) We determined the age of these patches by means of aerial photograph interpretation of a chronosequence dating back to 1953 and classified each patch with respect to the age classes young (<18 years), mid-aged (18-47 years), and old (>47 years). (3) Based on this information, we calculated grassland type-specific probabilities for grassland patches to belong to the respective age classes. These probabilities were projected to districts by direct extrapolation. An exemplary validation of extrapolation results for two test areas was performed. The results revealed that 49% of the investigated patches were old grassland. The remaining patches were mid-aged (36%) or young grassland (15%). The extrapolation results indicated accordingly a predominance of old grassland at the district scale. Occurrences of mid-aged grassland were concentrated in districts with a pronounced land-cover change, whereas young grassland is apparently evenly distributed across the study area. Validation results suggest that our approach is suitable for a realistic estimation of grassland age in marginal European landscapes. The method may be applied in landscape models of various disciplines that rely on large-scale information on grassland age.     

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Scientists have aimed at exploring land use and land cover change (LUCC) and modeling future landscape pattern in order to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of these phenomena. This study addresses LUCC in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China, from 1974 to 2000. Based on remotely sensed images, LUCC and landscape pattern change were assessed using cross-tabulation and landscape metrics. Then, using the CLUE-S model, changes in area of four types of land cover were predicted for two scenarios considering forest polices over the next 20 years. Results showed that forestland decreased from 1974 to 2000 due to continuous deforestation, while grassland and shrubland increased correspondingly. At the same time, the farmland and settlement land increased dramatically. Landscape fragmentation in the study area accompanied these changes. Forestland, grassland, and farmland take opposite trajectories in the two scenarios, as does landscape fragmentation. LUCC has led to ecological consequences, such as biodiversity loss and lowering of ecological carrying capacity.     

基于TM影像的石羊河流域土地利用变化研究

根据1999年和2010年两期影像数据,在遥感软件EDARS IMAGINE9.1的支持下对图像进行技术处理,通过计算机自动分类方法提取土地利用信息,将石羊河流域土地利用类型分为耕地、草地、林地、建筑用地、水域及未利用地,同时利用数学模型和景观生态学理论,分析了石羊河流域土地利用变化的时空特征和格局变化。研究结果表明,1999-2010年间耕地和未利用地的面积变化最大,变化量占到总流域面积的比例分别为3.94%和2.42%;水域、林地、耕地的土地利用动态度明显,依次为3.06%,1.82%和1.12%;11年间草地、耕地和水域的流转较为剧烈,变化速率较快;11年间石羊河流域的土地利用偏离度为持续缓慢下降的趋势,下降幅度达到0.04,土地利用活动对自然景观的干预趋于缓和;景观优势度增大,景观多样性和景观均匀度有所减少,人类活动对景观格局影响明显;人口、经济因素和政策因素在短时间尺度上对土地利用变化的影响较为显著。     

基于RS与GIS的福建省土地利用动态变化研究

利用1996年和2001年2期1：10万TM假彩色影像资料，采用人机交互目视解译方法，分析了福建省5年的土地利用动态特征。结果表明，土地利用的变化主要表现在林地、耕地的减少和草地、城镇建设用地的增加；5年间，城镇建设用地的年变化率最大，因此。加强林地保护，提高耕地质量，合理控制建设用地规模是切实可行的土地利用对策。