电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的汞污染防治

结合我国电石法聚氯乙烯生产行业的发展现状,提出了采用低汞触媒替代高汞触媒以降低汞消耗、开发高效除汞器以提高脱汞效率、深度解吸废盐酸以解决汞转移问题、深度处理含汞废水以实现综合利用、优化工艺控制以降低汞触媒消耗、改善防护措施以减轻汞扩散等汞污染防治工作的要点。     

密闭电石炉气经废热锅炉燃烧后的尾气净化

浙江巨化电石有限公司45kt/a的电石炉是国内第一套引进挪威埃肯型密闭电石生产技术的国产化电石生产装置,1993年建成投产。在密闭电石炉内,焦炭与生石灰经高温熔炼生产电石,随之产生约2300-2400m3/h炉气。该炉气的主要成分为CO、N2、H2、CO2、CH4及氰化物,其中CO占85%左右。由于炉气中含有一定的焦油及大量的粉尘(质量浓度为50-100g/m3),处理难度较大。另外,因炉气中含有极少量的氰化物,直接排放会对大气环境造成严重污染。1998年,电石公司建起1台10t/a、工作压力为1.27MPa、蒸汽温度为250-280℃的废热锅炉,500-600℃的电石炉气可以直…     

乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物排放清单与时空分布

基于乌鲁木齐市各类非金属矿物制品业的活动水平数据及其排放因子,建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市3种大气污染物的排放清单。2015年乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5的排放总量分别为1.17×10⁴ t、1.63×10⁴ t和8.35×10³ t。混凝土配料行业是NO_x和SO₂的主要排放源,占比分别为56.77%和71.72%;PM2.5的排放源主要是水泥（干法）行业,占比为70.23%。米东区是对NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的最大贡献区域,头屯河区是NO_x和SO₂的第二大贡献区域,达坂城区是PM_2.5的第二大贡献区域。污染物在5~9月处于排放高峰期。蒙特卡罗法模拟结果表明,混凝土配料制品行业95%置信区间的不确定性最高,为-72%~157%。     

乳状液膜提取废汞触媒浸出液中的汞及 乳状液破乳

采用乳状液膜法分离提取废汞触媒浸出液中的Hg~(2+)。考察了影响乳状液膜体系分离富集汞的主要因素,并对分离提取后的乳液相进行了破乳研究。分离提取实验结果表明:乳状液膜体系的最佳配方为流动载体磷酸三丁酯体积分数10%、表面活性剂失水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯体积分数4%、膜溶剂磺化煤油体积分数86%、内水相HCl溶液浓度0.10mol/L、油相与内水相的体积比1∶1;在乳状液与外水相的体积比为1∶10的条件下Hg~(2+)提取率达78.50%。破乳实验结果表明:加热破乳、离心破乳、加热离心联合破乳3种方法的破乳率分别为29.0%,54.0%,85.7%;采用加热离心联合法破乳后,Hg~(2+)富集倍数达8.5。     

硫酸生产尾气的回收

我国中、小型硫酸生产中 ,仍有一些厂家采用一转一吸工艺流程 ,二氧化硫的转化率约为 90 %～95%。含 SO2 的炉气虽经转化吸收 ,排放尾气中 SO2的含量仍在 0 .4 %～ 0 .5% (质量分数 )。一家年产 4 .5万 t的硫酸厂 ,排放尾气中的 SO2 可达 540 0 t,既浪费资源 ,又污染环境。尾气的回收势在必行。目前 ,SO2 回收方法中应用较多的为氨酸法 ,但由于此法选用的设备结构及操作条件不尽合理 ,使尾气很难达到国家排放标准。我们采用氨酸法对某硫酸厂尾气的回收工艺条件及设备进行合理选择 ,不仅使尾气达到国家排放标准 ,同时生产出合格的液体 SO…     

回收萘法苯酐生产废水中的富马酸

采用催化异构化、碱溶、脱色、酸析、过滤等工艺处理萘法苯酐生产废水,回收其中的富马酸。考察了碱的品种、碱溶pH、活性炭加入量、酸析pH等对富马酸产品外观质量和收率的影响。实验得到最佳工艺条件:采用氢氧化钠作为碱溶用碱,碱溶pH为6,活性炭加入量为0.5%(w),酸析pH为2。在此最佳工艺条件下制备的富马酸产品外观为白色,纯度达到99.1%,产品收率为72.8%。按30 kt/a苯酐生产装置计,每年可回收富马酸660 t,年利润429万元。     

汞矿区汞污染土壤的淋洗修复

以贵州省铜仁市汞矿区汞污染土壤为研究对象,分别采用KI、Na_2S_2O_3、乙二胺四乙酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、十二烷基硫酸钠溶液对其进行淋洗修复,筛选出合适的淋洗剂,优化了淋洗条件,并探索了淋洗液的处理方法。实验结果表明:对该土壤淋洗效果最好的淋洗剂为Na_2S_2O_3,最佳淋洗条件为Na_2S_2O_3浓度0.01 mol/L、固液比(g/m L)1∶5、淋洗时间4 h、淋洗次数1次,在此条件下土壤中总汞的淋洗率为13.41%,有效态汞含量可降至原来的61.54%;Na2S对淋洗液中的汞具有较好的去除效果,每升淋洗液加入0.6 g Na_2S处理后,即可满足GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》。     

超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水

采用超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水,优化了工艺条件,并进行了尾水处理与盐分回收。实验结果表明:在超声声能密度0.08 W/mL、吹脱气量2 000 L/h、次氯酸钠溶液(有效氯10%)投加量15mL/L、反应时间20 min的最优条件下,COD、氨氮和肼类物质去除率分别达到96.97%、99.02%和96.60%,处理成本约为30元/t(以废水计);尾水经蒸馏处理后可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级B标准,回收NaCl纯度为98.92%,达到GB/T 5462—2015《工业盐》的精制工业盐一级标准。     

高Ca~(2+)浓度CO_2沉淀法由电石渣制备纳米CaCO_3

以NH4Cl溶液为浸取剂、CO2为碳化剂、多聚磷酸钠(STP)为添加剂,由电石渣制备纳米Ca CO3。实验结果表明:电石渣浸取液Ca2+浓度为1.0 mol/L、STP加入量为3.00%时,可制备出粒径为30~60 nm的纳米Ca CO3;STP可有效控制纳米Ca CO3的粒度和形貌;在最佳工艺条件下,由电石渣制备纳米Ca CO3的产率为80%,处理1 t电石渣产生的经济效益约为2 670元。     

重金属螯合剂TMT-15处理高含汞气田废水

选用重金属螯合剂TMT-15处理高含汞气田废水(COD=1 560 mg/L,SS=210 mg/L,pH=2.5~3.0,汞质量浓度为340 mg/L),考察了TMT-15投加量,废水pH,与氢氧化物、硫化物联用等因素对汞去除效果的影响,分析了TMT-15与汞的螯合产物的稳定性。实验结果表明:TMT-15能与汞强力螯合并沉淀,投加量低,pH适用范围广;絮凝剂聚合硫酸铝与TMT-15的联用可提高除汞效果,但作用有限;TMT-15与氢氧化物联用时的汞的去除效果提升显著,在氢氧化钠、三聚硫氰酸、汞元素的摩尔比为0.5:0.5:1和废水pH为3.0的条件下,汞去除率可达99.99%,剩余汞浓度低于GB 8978—1996中规定的汞排放浓度;螫合产物具有很高的热稳定性,且在较高浓度的酸碱环境中溶解率低,对环境造成二次污染的风险小。     

锰氧化物的零价汞吸附性能初探

以不同锰盐为锰源制备了三种锰氧化物,并将其作为吸附剂用于模拟烟气中零价汞的脱除。采用PXRD、TEM、N2吸附、H2－TPR、XPS等技术手段对制备的吸附剂进行了表征,利用固定床装置考察了其在不同温度下对模拟烟气中零价汞的吸附能力,并对穿透后吸附剂的脱附性能进行试验探讨。结果表明不同锰源制备的锰氧化物在低温条件下对零价汞的吸附性能不同,其中以硝酸锰为锰源制备的锰氧化物具有较高的吸附性能,并且吸附在锰氧化物表面的汞能够在加热条件下释放出来。另外,试验还发现当烟气中无SO2时,制备的吸附剂具有较好的循环使用性能。     

Urban Metabolism of Mercury Turnover,Emissions and Stock in Stockholm 1795–1995

This article accounts for the use of mercury (Hg) in differentactivities in Stockholm during the time period 1795–1995.Turnover of Hg is estimated to 122–440 tons, amounts recycled: 27–50 tons and total emissions of Hg are estimated to 90–390 tons. The stock was approximately 4.4–8.1 tons in 1995. 19th century handicraft occupations and medical treatment emitted alarge part of the Hg, emission sources that hitherto have beenunknown in Sweden. Emissions peaked around 1960, thereafter theemissions plummeted, being the result of decreased use of Hg fordental fillings and in products such as batteries, while recycling efforts had a limited effect on reducing total emissions. Based on this finding, the current focus on collectionof Hg containing products for long term storage in bedrock is questioned. If the aim is to reduce the potential for environmental hazards because of Hg it might be better to focusmore attention on the already emitted amounts since these are nearly 30 times greater than the amount of Hg in stock.     

燃煤电厂烟气汞排放控制研究现状及进展

燃煤电站汞污染已经成为继SO2污染之后的又一重大污染问题。燃煤烟气中汞污染的控制研究是目前重要的环保课题之一,开发高效、低成本、无二次污染的烟气脱汞技术已成为研究重点。综述了国内外相关方面的研究进展,并做了简要的分析与总结,对未来燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的发展进行了展望。     

煤中汞在燃煤电站中的形态转化

论述了汞在煤中的存在形态以及在电站燃煤过程中汞的形态转化过程和汞在大气中的传播。     

Mercury Loading and Methylmercury Production and Cycling in High-Altitude Lakes from the Western United States

Studies worldwide have shown that mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitouscontaminant, reaching even the most remote environments such ashigh-altitude lakes via atmospheric pathways. However, very fewstudies have been conducted to assess Hg contamination levels ofthese systems. We sampled 90 mid-latitude, high-altitude lakes from seven national parks in the western United States during afour-week period in September 1999. In addition to the synoptic survey, routine monitoring and experimental studies were conducted at one of the lakes (Mills Lake) to quantify MeHg fluxrates and important process rates such as photo-demethylation. Results show that overall, high-altitude lakes have low total mercury (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) levels (1.07 and 0.05 ng L^-1, respectively), but a very good correlation of Hg to MeHg (r²= 0.82) suggests inorganic Hg(II) loading is a primary controlling factor of MeHg levels in dilute mountain lakes. Positive correlations were also observed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and both Hg and MeHg, although to a much lesser degree. Levels of MeHg were similar among the seven national parks, with the exception of Glacier National Park where lowerconcentrations were observed (0.02 ng L^-1), and appear to berelated to naturally elevated pH values there. Measured rates ofMeHg photo-degradation at Mills Lake were quite fast, and thisprocess was of equal importance to sedimentation and stream flowfor removing MeHg. Enhanced rates of photo-demethylation are likely an important reason why high-altitude lakes, with typically high water clarity and sunlight exposure, are low in MeHg.     

压汞法测定火电厂SCR板式催化剂孔参数的研究

以压汞法测定多孔物质的孔结构及比表面积已广泛用于化学工业、催化剂、石油、陶瓷及水泥等各个领域,但国内外关于压汞法在火电厂烟气脱硝催化剂表征中的应用鲜有报道。借鉴孔结构测试的标准方法,对样品处理方法及一些试验条件进行了优化,确定了一种用压汞法表征脱硝催化剂孔参数（主要包括孔容、孔径及孔径分布）的方法。并将该方法用于某电厂运行不同时间的催化剂参数的表征,结果表明,压汞法测得的孔隙数据与催化剂活性存在相关性。此方法的应用将对电厂脱硝催化剂的表征和管理提供指导。     

燃煤电厂汞排放控制技术研究

近年来,燃煤电厂烟气中的汞成为继SO2、NOx和烟尘之后又一公认的大气环境污染物,我国已正式立法控制燃煤电厂汞排放,这使得燃煤电厂汞排放技术的研究迫在眉睫。不同形态汞的理化性质不同,元素态汞（ Hg0）较之氧化态汞（Hg2＋）和颗粒态汞（Hgp）更难去除,因此,脱汞的前提是提高Hg0的氧化率。介绍并简单分析了目前国内外已有的汞排放控制技术：燃烧前控制（清洁燃煤发电技术）、燃烧中控制（煤基添加剂技术和炉膛喷射技术）,和燃烧后控制（利用现有的烟气控制设备协同控制）,并对我国脱汞技术发展方向提出了展望。     

Formation of Reactive Gaseous Mercury in the Arctic: Evidence of Oxidation of Hg° to Gas-Phase Hg-II Compounds after Arctic Sunrise

We have measured total gaseous mercury concentrations(Hg°) at Point Barrow, Alaska since September 1998 in aneffort to determine the geographic extent and reaction mechanismof the so-called mercury depletion events (MDE) previouslyreported in the high Arctic at Alert, Canada. Hg° has beensampled now for nearly 2 years at Barrow. In September, 1999, webegan making the first automated measurements of reactive gaseousmercury (RGM) attempted in the Arctic, along with measurements ofHg accumulation in snowpack to determine the fate of the depleted Hg°. During the fall and early winter, Hg°and RGM exhibit only minor variation, Hg° remaining within10% of global background, near 1.6–1.8 ng m^-3. The MDEperiods are quite different, however; within days of Arcticsunrise in January, Hg° exhibits major variations from themean, rapidly dropping as low as 0.05 ng m^-3 and then cyclingback to typical levels, sometimes exceeding global background. These events continue throughout Arctic spring, then end abruptlyfollowing snowmelt, in early June. Prior to Arctic sunrise, RGMremains near detection (<2 pg m^-3), but after sunriseincreases dramatically (to levels as high as 900 pg/m³) insynchrony with the depletion of Hg°. Both phenomenaexhibit a strong diel cycle, in parallel with UV-B. We concludethat MDE's involve rapid in-air oxidation of Hg° to aspecies of RGM by photochemically-driven reactions, probablyinvolving the same reactive bromine and chlorine compoundsinvolved in ozone destruction. Sharp increases in Hg in thesurface snowpack after sunrise coincident with periods of peakRGM suggest surface accumulation of the RGM by dry deposition.