正脉冲电晕和氨水对SO2、NO脱除的实验研究

采用ＳＯ２,ＮＯ和空气混合而成的模拟烟气和纳秒级脉冲电源进一步研究正脉冲电晕和氨水对ＳＯ２、ＮＯ的脱除情况,以了解脱除效率与氨水添加量、电晕和温度之间的关系。实验获得了９５％的脱硫效率,即使烟气温度较,也可以适当增加氨投入量而获得９５％的脱硫效率。脉冲电晕促进了氨对硫氧化物的吸收,并使产物的热稳定性提高。氨水体身对ＮＯ没有脱除作用。电晕对ＮＯ的氧化效率达到３１％。     

脉冲电晕等离子体脱硫反应条件的优化

采用自行研制的超窄脉冲高压电源和等离子体反应器，研究脉冲电晕放电对模拟烟气中ＳＯ２的脱除规律，肯定了正脉冲电晕对ＳＯ２氧化脱除具有明显效果，并着重对脉冲电晕脱硫效果影响较大的脉冲电压峰值、间隙击穿频率、烟气温度、ＳＯ２初始浓度、烟气处理时间和脉冲重复频率等因素进行分析，指出优化反应条件的途径，为该技术的工业实用化研究提供理论和实验依据。     

脉冲电晕烟气脱硫脱硝的化学动力学分析

对脉冲电晕等离子体条件下烟气ＳＯ２、ＮＯ气相氧化进行化学动力学模拟研究，结果表明，在气相反应中，ＳＯ２主要由ＯＨ基氧化脱除，大部分氧化物转化为Ｈ２ＳＯ４；ＮＯ的氧化则涉及与多种自由基（Ｏ，ＯＨ，ＨＯ２）及中性物种的反应，给出了ＳＯ２、ＮＯ气相氧化对主要自由基（ＯＨ基）浓度的依赖关系，以及典型实验上ＳＯ２气相净化所需的最优ＯＨ基产额，讨论了Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｏ２的行为和作用，及其含量对气象净化过程的影响；化学     

脉冲电晕放电脱硫产物研究

模拟烟气的脉冲放电等离子体活化脱除ＳＯ２产物分析结果表明：在温度６０℃￣７０℃,氨硫化学计量比为１：１条件下,（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４含量占脉冲放电脱硫产物含量的８０％以上;５０％左右的产物吸附于反应器内,其余部分随着尾气排出;提高电压有利于正盐的生成;尾气与反应器中（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４比值也随之增大。测定了不同温度下（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ的化学平衡常数,得出在氨硫化学计量比１：１,温度６０℃￣７０℃的脉冲烟气     

脉冲放电烟气脱除尘与除SO_2和NO_X的研究

对脉冲放电烟气除尘与脱除ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ进行实验研究与分析的结果表明，烟气中的飞灰对ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ吸附脱除２％～５％，吸附脱除量随着飞灰浓度和烟气含量的增加而增大。在单位体积烟气注入能量为４Ｗｈ／Ｎｍ３和烟气在反应器中停留时间小于３秒，飞灰与水蒸气的协同作用使ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ脱除率分别达到２３％和３３％。同时，脉冲放电使反应器对飞灰具有良好的协同作用，收集效率为９７％。     

脉冲供能集烟气除尘和脱硫脱硝为一体的机理

本文研究脉冲电晕对ＳＯ２、ＮＯ和粉尘脱除规律以及烟气成份在脱除过程中的相互影响，在此基础上对脉冲供能脱硫脱硝和除尘的机理进行分析，肯定了在传统静电除尘器中集烟气除尘和脱硫脱硝为一体的可能性，并提出了实现方式．     

干法加氨脱除SO2中的温度效应

研究了在ＮＨ３参与下，干法脱除ＳＯ２中的温度效应，实验结果表明，在ＳＯ２与ＮＨ３的热化学反应中，反应程度随温度上升呈线性下降，然而，在脉冲电晕条件下，ＳＯ２脱率却随温度上升呈现非线性变化，通过测定不同温度下的产物组成，揭示了在脉８冲电晕放电条件，干法脱除ＳＯ２存在两条平反应途径；（１）先成盐后氧化；（２）先氧化后成盐，在较高温度下反应主要按第（２）条途径进行。     

用脉冲活化法治理CO2及SO2,NOx有害气体

本文着重介绍了超高压脉冲电晕放电分解ＣＯ２，ＳＯ４和ＮＯｘ技术－－脉冲活化一次全部分解ＣＯ２、ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ有害气体。应用超高压脉冲在ｎｓ内使气体全部成为活化分子。在定向作用下，分解成无害单一原子气体分子Ｏ２和Ｎ２气，单质固体微粒Ｓ和Ｃ。在以Ｎｉ为母体的Ｂ种催化剂下，大幅度降低了活化能。在１８０℃的常压条件下分解率均在７５％～９０％。     

脉冲电晕等离子法烟气脱硫的扩大实验研究

采用实际锅炉烟气进行脉冲电晕等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到了与模拟烟气进行的小实验相近的结果。结果表明，脉冲电晕等离子法能有效去除锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２，脱硫率可达９５％以上。烟气的停留时间、脉冲电源放电功率及添加ＮＨ３等对脱硫率有较大影响，前两者越大，脱硫率越高，但应与处理量、能耗综合考虑，有函数关系η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）０．１１１１。加ＮＨ３量选取与烟气含ＳＯ２量１：１的当量比最有利，产物可用做肥料。试验结果为实用性放大提供了基础资料。     

等离子体分解SO2实验

介绍了在低温常压条件下,应用等离子体分解有害气体ＳＯ２的实验结果,通过实验总结出ＳＯ２浓度,气体流量以及烟气温度ＳＯ２分解率的影响规律,比较了脉冲叠加正、负直流电压产生的等离子体分解ＳＯ２的能耗和分解量。实验结果表明,该项技术耗能低,ＳＯ２分解率高。每消耗１ｋＷ·ｈ电能可分解１．６１－１．９７ｋｇＳＯ２气体,分解率达８０％以上。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.