农桐间作的养分循环

对农桐间作（以桐为主间作型）的养分循环规律进行了研究。结果表明，泡桐各器官营养元素的含量随季节而变化。对营养元素的年吸收量为４７１．９５９５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，其中氮１５５．１４２９ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，磷８０．０８２１ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，钾８７．０３９４ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，钙１１９．４６０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，镁３０．２３４８ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２。营养元素的年归还量为３３１．６１５５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，其中氮１０２．５７２１ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，磷４３．２９２２ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２．钾６３．６４９７ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，钙９７．３５８６ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，镁２４．７４２９ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２。营养元素的循环率为７０、２６％，其中氮６６．１１％，磷５４．０６％，钾７３．１３％，钙８１．５０％，镁８１．８４％。     

一株嗜热硫酸盐还原菌的分离和生物学特性研究

从四川化工总厂热交换器中分离到一株嗜热硫酸盐还原菌。菌体呈微弯杆状或直杆状，大小０．５─０．８μｍ×２．８─３．４μｍ，革兰氏阴性，周身鞭毛，运动，形成次端生椭圆形芽孢。细胞内膜皱折较多。该菌在不含Ｆｅ２＋盐培养基中生长，菌落呈灰白色，直径０．５ｍｍ．边缘不整齐；在含Ｆｅ２＋盐培养基中生长，菌落呈黑色，直径２─３ｍｍ，菌落中央有０．５ｍｍ直径的突起。最适生长温度为５０℃，最适ｐＨ６．５，不耐盐，于沸水中处理６ｈ不失活；能分别以Ｈ２＋ＣＯ２、乙醇、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、甲酸盐、乳酸盐或丙酮酸盐为唯一碳源；生长需要酵母膏。无脱硫弧菌素和细胞色素Ｃ３。该菌可能为新种。     

稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对有机质和全氮的影响

通过２５季种植的长期定位试验，研究了稻麦轮作条件下不同耕作方式和培肥制度对土壤有机质和全氮质量分数的影响。免耕土壤０～５ ｃｍ土层的有机质和全氮质量分数稍高于耕翻土壤； ５～１５ ｃｍ的则有低于耕翻的趋势； １５～３０ ｃｍ的无明显规律。长期休闲的土壤在整个耕层有明显的有机质和氨素累积，其中碳的累积快于氮的累积，免耕条件下比耕翻条件下累积量更大。 ０～５ ｃｍ和５～１５ ｃｍ土层有机肥与无机肥配施的处理，其有机质和全氮质量分数均显著高于单施化肥处理和不施肥处理，但均低于休闲处理； １５～３０ ｃｍ土层各培肥处理则无明显差异；单施化肥的土壤有机质和全氮质量分数高于不施肥处理，但这种差异只在表层（ ０～５ ｃｍ）较显著。     

间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属含量与分布的影响

以单作茶园和杉木—茶间作茶园为研究对象，测定间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属元素含量及分布的影响。结果表明：（1）间作杉木可降低茶园土壤Pb、Ni、Mn、Zn元素含量，尤其对Mn有较强吸收能力，其次为Ni、Pb、Zn；（2）间作茶园茶树叶片Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于单作茶园，说明间作杉木对减少茶叶中4种重金属含量，改善茶叶品质可起到明显作用。     

黄淮海平原桐粮间作生物量生长规律探讨

通过对河南省商丘县观堂乡境内桐麦间作群落的定位观测，分析了间作地内泡桐树高、胸径和树冠的生长规律，探讨了不同走向，不同行距桐麦间作地内小麦产量变化的某些规律，研究结果可为该地区在各种生境条件下统一规划乔，灌，作物多层结构的种群格局提供依据和借鉴。     

沈阳市农业生态系统空间分布梯度的分析

本文根据沈阳市107个乡镇的资料,采用主分量分析方法对沈阳市农业生态系统空间分布梯度进行了分析。结果表明,在地理生态环境条件和社会经济条件综合作用下,形成了以沈阳市区为中心的环状分布梯度格局,依次分成城市型、近郊型、远郊型和农村型农业生态系统;并结合空间分布梯度规律探讨了不同类型农业生态系统发展战略问题,旨在对城乡结合部农业研究提供参考,同时,为地方政府领导决策服务。     

海水养虾细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究

对５个海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究结果表明，以细菌数在没试验主同一池塘不同采样时间均呈现较大波动，细菌密度在底耒层明显高于表不层，且同一虾池细菌密度在水平分布上极具不均匀怀，底泥中细菌数在采样期稳定增加并与底泥中有机物含量呈现显著正相关，随着泥层中厚，细菌密度呈Ⅴ型分布，最大密度出现在表层１ｃｍ之内，２ｃｍ以下泥层，细菌密度明显减小，原位实验测定所得虾池细菌生产力ρＡ（Ｃ）．ｔ＾－１＝     

垃圾渗滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核效应的研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核测定技术对垃圾渗滤液的微核效应进行了监测．结果表明,填埋场垃圾的微核率为１２．７０×１０－３ ,渗滤液的微核率为（１６ ．７６ ～２９．５）×１０ －３ ．垃圾场底部０～１０ ｃｍ 处的土层已被污染,微核率为１５．３８ ×１０－３ ,与ＣＫ有显著性差异;而３０ ～４０ ｃｍ 处土层的微核率为７ ．６５ ×１０－３ ,与ＣＫ无显著性差异,提示该处土层对垃圾渗滤液中污染物向下迁移有拦截、净化作用．经过处理后的渗滤液的微核率明显降低．蚕豆根尖微核检测结果与化学分析结果相吻合,认为此法可用于对垃圾渗滤液污染状况进行生物监测．     

黄淮海平原桐粮间作生物量生长规律探讨

通过对河南省商丘县观堂乡境内桐麦间作群落的定位观测，分析了间作地内泡桐树高、胸径和树冠的生长规律，探讨了不同走向、不同行距桐麦间作地内小麦产量变化的某些规律。研究结果可为该地区在各种生境条件下统一规划乔、灌、作物多层结构的种群格局提供依据和借鉴。     

模型池塘生态系统设计与应用研究

报道了三种模型池塘生态系统即池塘微宇宙、池塘中宇宙和模型水陆生态系统的设计、组建与应用研究结果。三种模型生态系统分别由水族箱（６０×３０×４０）ｃｍ３、玻璃钢水槽（３×１×１）ｍ３和水泥池（２×２×０．６）ｍ３组成，铺垫一定量含有水生生物种子、孢子及卵子的干河泥，灌注自来水。起始氮、磷浓度按中富营养水平配置。培育约一个月，即可分别长成典型的沉水植物群落和沿岸植物群落，并可维持达数月。冬季水槽排干，第二年注水培养，生物群落可重新发展。该系统可连续使用数年。单甲脒农药影响实验结果表明，三种模型生态系统反应均灵敏，可以作为评价、预测化学污染物直接或经地表径流进入水体引起整体生态效应的良好工具。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.