油污土壤微生物处理技术

对油污土壤进行微生物处理时,油污土壤中微生物种群和数量、营养物种类和数量对处理效果均有影响。同时向油污土壤中投加高效原油降解菌和优良营养物是最为有效的处理方式。菌剂投加量≥6mL/kg,营养物投加量为使土壤中C∶N=40∶1时为宜。      

高效石油降解微生物堆制法处理油污土壤

采用高效石油降解菌复合堆制法来处理油污土壤(土样1和土样2),对过程中的基本参数如温度、pH和水分进行适时的调控;定期分析添加的高效石油降解菌菌数变化以及总油含量变化,结果表明这种堆制方式对油污土壤的修复作用十分明显,扣除其他因素的影响,生物修复的去除率分别为42.9%和44.3%。     

堆制技术对土壤中石油烃的降解研究

土壤的石油污染已成为黄河三角洲地区严重的环境问题。研究利用静态堆制技术比较了不同辅料添加量对原油污染土壤中石油烃降解效率的影响,分析了堆制过程中微生物数量和活性的差异,建立了最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。试验结果表明,污染土壤与辅料的体积比为1∶3时的处理效果最好。在堆制第3天至第18天,堆体温度维持在40～50℃、pH值7.5左右、C∶N约为15∶1,此时最适于石油烃降解菌的生长,土壤中石油烃的降解速率最快。60天后,土壤中总石油烃的降解率可达80%,远高于没有添加辅料及营养的对照堆体的降解率(约为40%)。     

退役井场老化油污土壤的生物强化修复技术

退役井场油污土壤含油量低、原油重质化严重,为恢复其土壤属性,探索原位生物强化修复技术。在分析油污土壤中原油性质和土著菌群结构的基础上,优选配伍好的外源嗜烃菌,并应用生物促进剂,以及将菌剂固定化以提升其抗环境冲击能力,提升现场生物修复效率。结果表明:井场油污土壤平均含油率为14.6 mg/g,重质组分含量达到57%,土著菌群结构中缺少降解重质组分的微生物。室内优选2株具有协同效应的重质组分降解菌,在生物促进剂用量为500 mg/L和以锯末固定外源菌条件下,降解达标时间由120 d缩减至80 d。现场开展了2700 m2场地原位修复试验,采用地耕法工艺,修复8个月后含油率由14.6 mg/g降至3.30 mg/g,达到GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》建设用地Ⅱ类用地要求。优选的重质油降解菌剂能提升原油污染物的降解速率,通过促进剂和菌剂投加方式的优化,可有效缩短修复周期。     

生物通风堆肥法修复原油污染土壤的实验研究

通过模拟实验考察了生物通风堆肥方法修复吉林油田原油污染土壤的效果,探讨了石油污染物去除的途径和作用机制.实验结果表明:向原油污染的土壤中添加生物有机肥接种、采用生物通风堆肥法进行修复,效果较好.当原油污染土壤的含油量为7.00×104mg·kg-1时.经过40d处理,原油的去除率达45%以上,最大生物降解速率常数达到了0.0333 d-1,半衰期仅为20.82d.生物降解是污染物去除的主要途径,挥发去除的油低于土壤初始含油量的0.1%.在油污土:生物有机肥(干重)以8:2、7:3和5:5三个不同比例混合的实验中,以7:3比例混合时污染物的去除最彻底,完全生物降解率占总去除率的比例约为17%.原油组分含量的变化证实了原油生物降解的发生.原油的生物降解去除率与生物降解产生的CO2存在线性关系.污染物生物降解的速率和程度与微生物的数量和活性关系密切.     

多环芳烃类污染土壤强化生物修复技术研究及应用

针对多环芳烃类(PAHs)污染土壤,采用富集培养的方法分离筛选得到高效PAHs降解菌,并作为外源添加至高效复合微生物降解菌剂中运行过程中控制土壤含水率、微生物菌剂、营养物质的投加比例以及人工翻抛频率,开展强化生物修复试验。土壤中PAHs的降解主要出现在前3个月,之后进入生物降解拖尾阶段,土壤中各PAHs的浓度下降缓慢。其中,堆体土壤中低环PAHs、中环PAHs和高环PAHs的最高去除率分别为66.50%、71.78%和56.99%,16种PAHs的平均去除率为64.06%。分别从生物可利用性、微生物激活营养剂、提高供氧效率和微生物菌剂4个因素进行强化生物修复研究。运行结果显示:高密度投加PAHs高效降解菌,并提供适量的营养物质,同时添加生物表面活性剂进行强化,最终污染土壤中总PAHs降解率可以达到85.07%,且16种PAHs均得到显著降解。     

BIOX长效促生物氧化剂修复石油烃污染土壤的中试研究

在污染土壤处置基地生物大棚中,利用BIOX长效促生物氧化剂对石油烃污染的土样进行了原址异位的修复中试,考察药剂投加量对土壤中石油烃降解率的影响。试验结果显示,土壤中总石油烃含量约为5 000 mg/kg时,投加3%和5%的BIOX长效促生物氧化剂,处理60 d后,石油烃的降解率分别为76.7%和79.7%,比对照组的降解率分别高出48%和51%,处理后土壤中总石油烃含量降至约1 000 mg/kg,处理效果明显。本试验中石油烃降解率并未随BIOX投加量的增加而大幅提高,影响石油烃降解菌生长的主要限制因素可能为环境温度和石油烃含量较低。     

生物活性炭投加量对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响

试验对比了不同生物活性炭(biological activated carbon,BAC)投加量对垃圾渗滤液去除COD效果的影响.每升活性污泥中活性炭投加量为0、100、300 g的反应器处理垃圾渗滤液100个周期平均COD去除率分别为12.9%、19.6%、27.7%,表明BAC可以去除部分难降解有机物,并且COD去除率与投加量呈正相关关系.曝气8 h反应器中二氧化碳(CO2)产生量依次为109、193、306 mg,表明生物分解量也与投加量呈正相关关系.分析认为COD去除率与投加量的正相关关系是由于吸附与生物再生的共同作用导致,生物再生是BAC能够生物分解难降解有机物的根本原因.     

好氧共基质代谢条件下处理制药废水的实验研究

采用循环移动载体生物反应器 ,以葡萄糖为共代谢基质 ,研究了共基质代谢条件下好氧生物工艺处理难降解制药废水的效果。实验结果表明 ,共代谢措施可大幅度提高制药废水COD的去除率 ,在进水葡萄糖和制药废水的浓度比为 1∶10 ,HRT为 8h ,进水COD5 0 0mg/L时 ,COD去除率达 6 5 2 %。     

功能菌生物强化处理地表水中红霉素药物的研究

从城市污水处理系统活性污泥中驯化筛选出红霉素高效降解菌,经鉴定为假单胞菌属,在温度为30℃,pH为7.0~7.5,红霉素初始投加浓度为30 mg/L时,该降解菌对红霉素的5日降解率可达76.6%。在曝气生物滤池(BAF)中,以生物陶粒和火山岩作为滤料,考察功能降解菌生物强化处理地表水中红霉素药物的去除效果。结果表明,红霉素降解菌的投加对BAF的挂膜启动时间影响不大。曝气量和水力停留时间对BAF去除红霉素均具有一定的影响,随着曝气量的增大,红霉素的去除率呈现先增大后下降的趋势;随着水力停留时间的降低,红霉素去除率逐渐降低。通过稳定运行效果分析可知,投加降解菌的生物陶粒BAF和火山岩滤料BAF对红霉素的去除率比未投加降解菌的BAF分别提高33.9%和40.1%,表明采用生物强化技术提高BAF对红霉素的生物去除效果是可行的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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