道路灰尘中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及人体暴露

利用气质联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析了苏州市25个道路灰尘样品中4种有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphate flame retardants,OPFRs)的含量水平和分布特征,并估算了成人、儿童和环卫工人灰尘摄入和呼吸暴露两种不同途径的日暴露量.结果表明,在灰尘样品中4种OPFRs均有不同程度检出,总OPFRs的含量范围为ND~8 901.66 ng·g~(-1),中位值为1 039.21 ng·g~(-1).三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯[Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TCPP]、磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯[Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate,TBEP]、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯[Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TDCPP]和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]含量范围分别为0~6 931.46、0~2 021.15、0~788.44和0~62.16 ng·g~(-1).在高暴露情景下,成人、儿童和环卫工人通过摄入灰尘暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别是125.68、915.78和6 314.16 pg·kg~(-1),儿童的暴露量比普通成人高6倍;而成人、儿童和环卫工人通过呼吸途径暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别为3.07E-02、1.89E-02和1.54E-01 pg·kg~(-1).因此灰尘中OPFRs对于儿童和环卫工人的潜在危害更大.     

成都市锦江表层水和沉积物中有机磷酸酯的污染特征

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测地表水及沉积物中7种典型有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的实验室分析检测方法:磷酸三丁酯(tri-n-butyl phosphate,Tn BP)、磷酸三异辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate,TEHP]、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(tributoxyethylphosphate,TBEP)、磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPh P)、磷酸三氯乙酯[tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate,TCEP]、磷酸三氯丙酯(trichloropropyl phosphate,TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(tridichloropropyl phosphate,TDCPP).方法回收率为76%～119%(表层水)和83%～126%(沉积物).采集并分析了成都市母亲河锦江的表层水及沉积物中7种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的浓度及分布,发现其表层水中Σ7OPEs的浓度范围为689. 09～10 623. 94 ng·L~(-1),平均值为3 747. 58 ng·L~(-1).各单体浓度水平顺序为TBEP TCEP TPh P TEHP TCPP Tn BP,其中浓度最高的单体TBEP占Σ7OPEs总浓度的36. 50%～95. 90%.沉积物中Σ7OPEs含量(以dw计)水平为25. 52～296. 00 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为TBEP.沉积物相和水相中OPEs浓度没有显著的相关性,但均以烷基类OPEs为主. OPEs的分布主要受人为排放源的影响.表层水中TCPP和Tn BP、TBEP和TEHP、TCEP和TPh P两两之间可能存在共同的来源.     

成都市锦江表层水和沉积物中有机磷酸酯的污染特征

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测地表水及沉积物中7种典型有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的实验室分析检测方法:磷酸三丁酯(tri-n-butyl phosphate,Tn BP)、磷酸三异辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate,TEHP]、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(tributoxyethyl phosphate,TBEP)、磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPh P)、磷酸三氯乙酯[tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate,TCEP]、磷酸三氯丙酯(trichloropropyl phosphate,TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(tridichloropropyl phosphate,TDCPP).方法回收率为76%~119%(表层水)和83%~126%(沉积物).采集并分析了成都市母亲河-锦江的表层水及沉积物中七种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的浓度及分布,发现其表层水中∑7OPEs的浓度范围为689.09~10623.94 ng·L-1,平均值为3747.58 ng·L-1.各单体浓度水平顺序为TBEPTCEPTPh PTEHPTCPPTn BP,其中浓度最高的单体TBEP占∑7OPEs总浓度的36.50%~95.90%.沉积物中Σ7OPEs含量(以dw计)水平为25.52~296.00 ng·g-1,主要污染物为TBEP.沉积物相和水相中OPEs浓度没有显著的相关性,但均以烷基类OPEs为主.OPEs的分布主要受人为排放源的影响.表层水中TCPP和Tn BP、TBEP和TEHP、TCEP和TPh P两两之间可能存在共同的来源.     

有机磷酸酯在重庆不同城市功能区土壤的分布特征及来源

本研究利用超高效液相色谱飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF~-MS)检测分析了重庆市4个不同功能区城市表层土壤中12种有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)含量水平,探讨了其组成特征,通过相关性分析讨论了土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)与ΣOPEs及各单体含量之间的关系,利用主成分分析阐述了OPEs可能的来源.结果表明,ΣOPEs含量(以干重计,下同)范围为10. 7～108 ng·g~(-1),平均值为46. 4 ng·g~(-1),处于国内外较低水平;不同功能区土壤中ΣOPEs平均含量大小依次为:工业区(55. 6 ng·g~(-1)),住宅区(55. 5 ng·g~(-1)),商业区(41. 8 ng·g~(-1)),城市公园(34. 1 ng·g~(-1)).磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)和2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(EHDPP)是主要OPEs污染物单体,TCPP在工业区土壤贡献率最高达到了31. 5%,而EHDPP在商业区和城市公园贡献率最高分别为23. 4%和24. 7%.相关性分析表明SOM含量和ΣOPEs含量呈显著相关(P 0. 05),和单体磷酸三甲苯酯(TCP)含量呈极显著相关(P 0. 01),表明SOM是影响OPEs分布的因素之一.主成分分析表明城市土壤OPEs来源并不单一,污水灌溉、路面径流、室内源污染及污泥再利用等都可能成为土壤OPEs潜在来源途径.     

海螺沟植物和积雪中有机磷酸酯的分布及来源

为研究大气传输以及干湿沉降对偏远地区环境中有机磷酸酯(OPEs)含量及分布的影响,本研究以海螺沟景区为例,采集了海螺沟的植物和积雪样品,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析了样品中7种典型有机磷酸酯[磷酸三丁酯(Tn BP)、磷酸三氯乙酯(TCEP)、磷酸三氯丙酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(TDCPP)、磷酸三苯酯(TPh P)、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(TBEP)和磷酸三异辛酯(TEHP)]的含量及分布特征.结果表明,海螺沟景区常见的9种植物中7种OPEs(Σ7OPEs)的含量(以DW计)水平在43. 1～1 050. 8 ng·g-1之间,其中TBEP和TPh P含量最高,分别占Σ7OPEs总含量的36%～70%和24%～80%.冰川积雪中主要污染物与植物中一致,TBEP含量最高,占Σ7OPEs总含量的47%,其次为TPh P,占24%.采用Grads、后向轨迹模型及历史风向数据分析得出海螺沟环境显著受到人类活动扰动,其OPEs主要受来自成都方向和云南昭通与宜宾、泸州、西昌交界处方向的大气传输的影响,需要进一步研究其环境行为并加强城市污染控制.     

长江南京段水源水中有机磷酸酯的污染特征与风险评估

为探究长江南京段水源水中有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)的污染特征、时空分布、生态风险和健康风险,利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了13种OPEs.结果表明,除磷酸三(2,3-二溴丙基)酯外,其余12种OPEs均有不同程度的检出,总浓度范围为85. 21～1 557. 96 ng·L~(-1),氯代烷基磷酸酯是主要化合物,其中检出浓度最高的是磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate,TCEP],高达447. 08 ng·L~(-1).长江南京段水源水中OPEs呈现明显的季节变化特征,夏季总检出浓度为220～1557. 96 ng·L~(-1),平均浓度是493. 78 ng·L~(-1),是春秋季的1. 7～2. 6倍.生态风险评估显示磷酸三甲苯酯和2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯对有机体(藻类,甲壳类动物和鱼类)具有中或高等风险.高暴露浓度下,OPEs的总非致癌风险为4. 41×10~(-3)～2. 91×10~(-2),均小于1,0～3个月的婴儿最高,总致癌风险值为5. 88×10~(-7)～3. 89×10~(-6),其中TCEP和磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯对儿童有潜在的致癌风险.长江南京段水源水中OPEs对儿童的长期暴露风险需引起高度重视.     

潍坊滨海经济技术开发区饮用水中有机磷酸酯的水平及人体暴露风险评估

采用固相萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用法(SPE-GC-MS/MS)分析了潍坊滨海经济技术开发区饮用水中的6种有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)的浓度水平及组成特征,并分析了潍坊滨海经济技术开发区饮用水和当地居民混合血清中OPEs的相关性.采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,评价了潍坊滨海经济技术开发区饮用水中OPEs的健康风险.结果表明,自来水样品中Σ_6 OPEs浓度水平为162~253 ng·L~(-1),而地下水中Σ_6 OPEs的浓度水平为3.52~13.9 ng·L~(-1),比自来水低两个数量级.自来水中磷酸三(2-氯)乙酯[tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]的浓度水平最高,占Σ_6 OPEs的94.81%,地下水中含量最高的OPEs为磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPh P),占Σ_6 OPEs的47.55%.2011年采集的潍坊滨海经济技术开发区居民混合血清中OPEs的分布与自来水中OPEs的分布间显著正相关(r=0.990,P0.01),2015年采集的居民混合血清中OPEs的分布与自来水中OPEs的分布间也显著正相关(r=0.997,P0.01),表明饮用水中的OPEs可能对人体血清中OPEs的污染水平有重要的贡献.不同人群通过饮用水摄入OPEs的日均暴露剂量(DI)为0.26~7.48 ng·(kg·d)-1,饮用水中各OPEs的非致癌性风险危害商(HQ)在10~(-5.81)~10~(-2.43)之间,通过饮用水摄入的OPEs非致癌性风险处于较低的水平.通过饮用水摄入的TCEP致癌性风险(Risk)在10~(-8.82)~10~(-6.79)之间,低于理论风险阈值(Risk=10~(-6.00)),但自来水中TCEP的致癌性风险相对高于地下水.     

有机磷酸酯在三峡库区土壤中污染特征

本研究首次检测分析了三峡库区农田和消落带河段土壤样品中12种有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)单体的含量水平,探讨了其组成特征,通过相关性和主成分分析阐明了其可能的来源.结果表明,Σ12OPEs在三峡库区农田和消落带土壤中的含量(以干重计,下同)范围分别为52.1~680 ng·g~(-1)和156~1 428 ng·g~(-1),均值分别为272 ng·g~(-1)和498ng·g~(-1),处于国内外研究的中等水平;OPEs在农田和消落带土壤中表现出不同的空间分布模式;在各个采样点中,OPEs在消落带土壤中的含量显著高于农田土壤中的含量;TCP和EHDPP是最主要的OPEs单体,两者贡献率超过90%,这可能与工业产品中OPEs不同的单体组成有一定关系,此外TBEP在土壤微生物中降解也不能完全排除;相关性分析结果显示OPEs在农田和消落带土壤中存在显著相关性(P0.05),表明农田和消落带土壤中OPEs具有一部分相似的来源;主成分分析结果显示三峡库区农田土壤中OPEs主要来自建筑装潢材料以及室内源排放,而消落带土壤中OPEs可能是建筑材料以及交通源排放的复合来源.     

室内灰尘中有机磷酸酯的分布及其健康风险

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量分析了高校和居民住宅各室内环境灰尘中7种典型有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的浓度及分布,发现Tn BP、TCPP、TPh P检出率较高,空调灰尘的OPEs检出率为100%,而超市灰尘中OPEs均未检出;Σ7OPEs浓度范围为317.44~2566.97ng/g,低于发达国家.体育馆、寝室、教室、复印店人群活动频繁的区域灰尘中Σ7OPEs的浓度较高(1836.85~2566.97ng/g),停车场中的浓度相对较低(317.44ng/g).高校室内灰尘中以苯基磷酸酯(56%)为主,TPh P的平均浓度为937.26ng/g,而居民住宅内则以氯代磷酸酯为主(60%),平均浓度为448.12ng/g,以TCPP为主要单体.成人通过室内灰尘摄入OPEs的日均暴露剂量为0.60ng/(kg·d)(以体重计),儿童的日均暴露剂量为2.51ng/(kg·d)(以体重计),儿童的日暴露剂量明显高于成人,主要以手-口摄入为主要途径.     

青藏高原东缘冻土中有机磷酸酯的污染特征

于2019年12月在青藏高原东部边缘地带采集季节性冻土样品,分析其有机磷酸酯（OPEs）的含量及分布特征,并探讨其来源.结果表明,7种目标OPEs,磷酸三丁酯（TnBP）、磷酸三异辛酯（TEHP）、磷酸三丁氧乙酯（TBEP）、磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）、磷酸三氯乙酯（TCEP）、磷酸三氯丙酯（TCPP）和磷酸三（2,3-二氯丙基）酯（TDCPP）均检出.Σ₇OPEs在表层（0~10 cm）及次表层（10~20 cm）土壤样品中的含量（ng·g^-1）分别为146.7~348.7（平均值231.1）和206.5~333.2（260.2）.该含量与城市土壤可比,值得关注.TBEP和TDCPP是丰度较高的单体.OPEs的空间污染显著受到点源排放影响,大气沉降对所有点位的OPEs输入有一定贡献.不同单体在土壤中的迁移程度差别较大,芳基类的TPhP迁移趋势强于氯代OPEs.主成分分析表明,青藏高原东部地区土壤中OPEs的主要来源有大气干湿沉降、人为带入的消费材料和汽车内饰物中OPEs的释放等.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.