生物滞留池用于城市雨水径流控制研究现状和展望

生物滞留池是一种采用分散方法,从源头削减雨水和控制污染物迁移的高效LID措施。从水文效应、水质处理及模型建立三方面回顾了国外生物滞留池的研究现状,对生物滞留池用于国内城市雨水径流控制展望如下:在满足水量负荷下对溶解性N和颗粒悬浮物去除的研究;生物滞留池长期运行稳定性研究,包括填料的二次污染和自然再生等;生物滞留池水力模型和水质模型的研究必须与理论研究相结合,以减少试验周期和优化试验参数。     

沸石改良雨水生物滞留系统去除污染物研究

作为重要的低影响开发技术之一,雨水生物滞留系统在控制径流污染和削减径流总量及峰值方面具有良好的效果。传统生物滞留系统对于TSS、重金属和COD有较好的去除效果,但对硝氮去除效果差,砂土填料空隙率小,对水量的调蓄效果差,水力停留时间长,容易堵塞。本研究尝试采用沸石作为滞留系统的基质填料,并在系统底部设置淹没区创造缺氧环境提高系统对硝氮的去除效果。对比了在有无淹没区条件下对模拟雨水中各种污染物的去除效果。在无淹没区条件下,系统对进水TSS负荷的变化有很好的抗冲击能力,当进水TSS浓度在100~400 mg/L范围内变化时,出水TSS始终在20 mg/L以下。当进水COD浓度为150~250 mg/L,TP浓度为2.5~7.0 mg/L,NH_4~+-N浓度为3.0~4.0 mg/L,NO_3~--N浓度为6.0~10.0 mg/L时,系统对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N的平均去除率分别为67%、73%、88%、5%。在有淹没区且进水浓度基本相同的条件下,系统对TSS、COD、TP、NH_4~+-N等污染物的去除均没有大的变化,但对NO_3~--N的平均去除率则上升为74%。同时,系统对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等重金属也有良好的去除效果。     

混凝泥渣生物滞留池脱氮除磷性能的实验研究

设置3个不同沙土配比的生物滞留池,在传统生物滞留池基础上增加厌氧区,填料中添加供反硝化的碳源以及自来水厂混凝泥渣(water treatment residue,WTR),从而分析不同进水浓度、降雨强度及沙土配比对去除效果的影响,验证混凝泥渣对磷的强化处理效果。结果表明:滞留池对NH3-N和TP处理效果较好且稳定,NH3-N进水浓度为2,9,34 mg/L时,出水浓度稳定在0.32~0.92 mg/L,TP进水浓度为8,0.14 mg/L时,出水浓度也稳定在0.04~0.28 mg/L,基本不随进水浓度、降雨强度以及填料沙土配比变化。TN去除率不稳定,在-376.6%~97%,其受降雨强度、落干时间影响显著,且NO3-N和淋洗的有机氮是TN处理效果差的主要原因。WTR对磷有较好的吸附作用,且综合来说砂80%、土壤10%、发酵针叶5%及混凝泥渣5%的填料配比性质较好。     

模拟生物滞留池强化径流雨水中的氮磷去除研究

为改善生物滞留池对径流雨水中氮和磷的去除效果,考察了不同组合填料和淹没区深度分别对总磷和硝酸氮的影响,找出最优工况,采用小试实验研究优化后的模拟生物滞留池对径流雨水中氮磷的去除效果。结果显示,最优工况是选择麦饭石组合填料,设置淹没区深度为35 cm。经优化后的模拟生物滞留装置在7场模拟降雨实验中,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP去除率分别为:68.65%~82.86%、73.47%~91.69%、29.35%~74.56%、58.66%~74.88%和78.37%~93.90%。该装置对模拟径流中的污染物去除稳定,适合应用于道路滞留带。     

改良生物滞留系统强化对雨水径流中氮磷的去除

传统生物滞留池对N、P去除效果较差且不稳定,甚至会出现N、P的负去除现象.文章采用改良复合填料,结合双层填料和滤池饱和区组合设置,构建了4组模拟生物滞留实验柱,分别加入传统填料(C1)和改良复合填料(C2、C3、C4),并设置滤池饱和区的组合式排水系统以强化脱氮除磷效果.利用半合成模拟雨水作为实验进水对出水中氮磷的去除效率进行了评价和比较.此外,还评价了介质深度、干旱期对生物滞留柱中磷的截留和反硝化酶活性的影响.填充C2的实验柱对总磷的去除效果最佳(93.70％);填充C1的实验柱对总磷的去除效果较差(57.36％);填充C3的实验柱去除硝酸盐和总氮的性能最佳(分别为83.54％和92.15％).结果 表明,通过改良填料羟基铝蛭石污泥、双层填料和滤池饱和区组合设置,可以有效地改善径流水质,并可为高效雨水处理提供新的生物滞留池配置方法.     

生态沟渠-生物滞留池组合控制农村径流污染

生态沟渠和生物滞留池因其良好的径流污染控制能力和生态效益,日益受到广泛关注和应用,但单一的生态沟渠或生物滞留池在农村径流污染控制中常存在氮磷去除效果不稳定和基质易堵塞等问题.将两者串联构建组合系统,利用生态沟渠预处理去除部分污染物,可降低生物滞留池污染负荷和减轻基质堵塞;同时在生物滞留池中设置淹没区并添加天然载体碳源提升系统脱氮效果.研究了载体碳源、降雨强度和干湿交替等条件对生态沟渠-生物滞留池组合系统控制农村径流污染的影响.结果表明,投加稻草和木屑两种天然载体碳源分别将生物滞留池段的TN去除率提升19.9%和20.4%.模拟降雨强度从小雨增至大雨时,外加碳源组合系统COD、 NH⁺₄-N、 TN和TP去除率平均下降17.0%、 16.8%、 20.4%和17.2%,其中生态沟渠段对4种污染物的去除贡献平均降低16.3%、 13.0%、 24.2%和22.1%.干湿交替运行可提高系统的污染物去除效果,相较连续进水,干旱3周后木屑组TN平均去除率提升12.3%.微生物群落分析结果显示,木屑组和稻草组生物滞留池样品的α多样性高于对照组;投加载体碳...     

透水路面-生物滞留池组合道路的城市面源污染控制效果评估

不同低影响开发(LID)技术组合对于控制城市面源污染具有重要应用价值,但是其对城市面源污染形成过程(污染物累积-冲刷-输送)的影响及污染负荷削减效果的评估鲜见报道.本研究以深圳市国际低碳城为例,分析了6场降雨事件下透水路面-生物滞留池组合对城市面源晴天污染物累积量、降雨径流冲刷量、不同LID设施的削减量、溢流的负荷量的影响.结果表明,研究区地表颗粒物平均累积量为(15.80±3.79)g·m~(-2),粒径250μm的颗粒物质量占比约为65.14%;6场不同强度降雨对地表颗粒物的平均冲刷率为17.15%,粒径105μm的颗粒物冲刷率为62.71%~74.94%;降雨冲刷地表径流污染物SS、TN、TP的平均污染负荷分别为2.02、0.025、0.001 3 g·m~(-2);透水路面下渗、过滤作用对污染物SS、TN、TP的去除率分别为70.26%、46.29%、19.27%;生物滞留池对径流二次净化去除率分别为85.25%、20.22%、70.27%;入河径流污染物SS、TN、TP的平均污染负荷分别为0.08、0.011、0.000 3 g·m~(-2),是地表冲刷污染负荷的4.05%、43.47%、24.39%.透水路面-生物滞留池组合应用对道路径流中污染物的净化效果显著.通过定量化表征透水路面-生物滞留池组合应用道路的城市面源污染形成过程,以期为城市面源污染形成过程的污染负荷估算及LID工程绩效评估提供科学依据,为LID在国内的推广应用和海绵城市设计提供参考.     

南方红壤区生物滞留池的效果模拟和影响研究

南方红壤区降雨量大且相对集中,红壤保肥性差、渗透性低,对生物滞留池的建设造成较大压力。通过室外人工模拟中试实验,选取3类设计影响因素:植物种类、填料层砂土比(1∶3、1∶4和1∶5)和水力/污染负荷,研究其对雨水径流中污染物的去除效果及影响。实验结果表明:W1—W7的7套生物滞留池对NH_3-N、NO~-_3-N、TN、TP和COD的平均去除率分别为54.98%～83.61%、 64.18%～83.63%、59.99%～77.15%、76.85%～85.17%和45.11%～85.44%,红壤对P具有较好的吸附作用,使TP的去除效果显著;重金属Pt、Cu、Zn和Cd的平均去除率分别为88.31%～97.00%、84.56%～86.03%、96.88%～97.21%和96.39%～97.44%,去除效果高效、稳定。影响研究表明:杜鹃和狗牙根对雨水径流污染物的去除效果略优于月季;砂土比与N类污染物的去除率正相关,与COD的去除率负相关,对TP的去除率影响不显著;雨水径流污染物的去除率随水力负荷的增大逐渐减小,随污染负荷的增大逐渐增大。     

下凹式绿地对模拟道路径流中磷削减效果研究

该文根据下凹式绿地的原理设计构建了实验室小试装置,以人工配水模拟道路径流,研究下凹式绿地对径流雨水中总磷(TP)、溶解性磷(DP)和溶解性无机磷(DIP)的削减效果,探讨了设计暴雨重现期、雨水管超高、进水污染物负荷对下凹式绿地削减道路径流中各形态磷的影响规律。研究结果表明,下凹式绿地对磷具有明显的削减效果,总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)的总量削减率平均为86.28%、77.02%、78.17%。设计暴雨重现期和雨水管超高对下凹式绿地削减磷的效果有一定影响,重现期越小,雨水管超高越大,磷的削减效果越好。经下凹式绿地处理后的径流中TP的去除率在两种进水污染物负荷条件下基本相等,DP、DIP的去除率受进水污染物负荷的影响,高负荷进水的去除率大于低负荷进水。     

颗粒载体生物滴滤床处理低浓度污水对比试验研究

选用生物陶粒和Hat Creek煤两种颗粒载体,应用于滴滤床颗粒填料生物反应器模型中,进行去除有机污染物的性能对比试验研究。研究表明,生物陶粒可作为滴滤床填料去除低浓度污水中的有机污染物,但在贫营养条件时,处理效果不如Hat Creek煤;而在进水浓度或水量增加,营养不成为限定因素的运行条件下,其极限负荷与处理效果明显要优于Hat Creek煤。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.