W型无烟煤锅炉氮氧化物排放浓度高的原因分析及解决实例

针对燃煤电厂W型火焰无烟煤锅炉普遍存在的NOx排放浓度高的问题进行了原因分析,与一般燃煤锅炉所排NOx以燃料型为主不同,该锅炉所排NOx的主要类型为热力型,炉膛燃烧温度高是热力型NOx产生量高的主要原因.通过对案例电厂煤质及炉型的分析找到了降低NOx排放的可行方法,对锅炉进行简单改造,掺烧烟煤可显著降低锅炉NOx产生量,通过试验确定掺烧烟煤的合适比例,为类似炉型提供参考.     

煤粉炉掺烧固体替代燃料的现状及展望

煤电行业是我国最大的碳排放来源,随着“30·60”双碳目标的提出,煤电行业成为实现双碳目标的重要阵地。固体替代燃料作为优质环保的再生资源,将其与煤掺烧发电是煤电行业实现低碳发展的有效途径。在大型燃煤电厂中,煤粉炉占比约为80%,目前国外利用煤粉炉掺烧生物质、污泥等替代燃料已广泛应用,而国内缺少相关研究及应用。梳理了国内外燃煤电厂煤粉炉掺烧替代燃料现状,基于替代燃料团体标准研究用于煤粉炉的固体替代燃料制备技术和掺烧技术,分析煤粉炉掺烧固体替代燃料在政策、技术、市场方面存在的制约因素并提出建议,包括出台激励政策及相关排放标准、加强掺混技术研究、推动建立供需市场等。     

掺烧污泥型粉煤灰的物理化学性质及其重金属吸附性能

以掺烧污泥型粉煤灰（电力燃煤和市政污泥混合共燃产生）和纯煤粉型粉煤灰为对象,研究了其物理化学性质,分析了其重金属含量和浸出毒性,并进一步考察了其重金属吸附性能。结果表明：与纯煤粉型粉煤灰相比,掺烧污泥型粉煤灰的微观形貌更接近于规则球形颗粒;二者矿物组成差异明显,掺烧污泥型粉煤灰由多种矿物质均衡组成;两种粉煤灰浸出液中各重金属浓度远低于GB 8978—1996的排放浓度限值,可再利用为水中重金属吸附剂;掺烧污泥型粉煤灰对铜、铅、镉、镍、铬的饱和吸附量分别为107.53,119.99,73.39,53.14,42.19 mg/g,均远高于纯煤粉型粉煤灰,这归因于其矿物相反应活性高、化学吸附能力强。     

利用焚烧富余能力释放填埋库容的研究——以南方某市为例

对利用焚烧富余处理能力释放填埋场库容空间的问题进行讨论与研究,从富余焚烧处理能力、焚烧工艺适应性、填埋堆体开挖条件和填埋库容空间再利用等技术领域展开,认为利用焚烧富余处理能力释放填埋场库容空间在技术上可行。以南方某市为案例,根据生活垃圾量和焚烧处理能力相关数据进行测算,预测富余焚烧处理能力出现的时间和富余量,选择满足焚烧入炉要求的陈腐垃圾,开挖后不经筛分直接与原生活垃圾掺烧处理。     

活性污泥焚烧过程中镍的迁移分布特性

采用管式炉对污水厂活性污泥焚烧过程中Ni的迁移分布特性进行研究。实验结果表明：当污泥掺烧量（污泥质量与煤和污泥总质量的比）为25%时，Ni的挥发率（飞灰与气体中Ni质量的总和与污泥中Ni质量的比）几乎为零，且污泥与煤混合试样的综合燃烧效果最好；当污泥焚烧加入硫化物时，各种硫化物对Ni的残留率（炉渣中Ni的质量与污泥中Ni质量的比）提高能力大小顺序为Na₂S>S>Na₂SO₃>Na₂SO₄；当污泥焚烧加入氯化物时，促使Ni向烟气中迁移，且加入无机氯更易使Ni向烟气中迁移。     

可溶性微生物产物的产生及影响因素分析

对可溶性微生物产物(SMP)的产生和性质进行了概述,指出SMP是影响生化出水水质的重要因素;建立了完全混合反应器中SMP浓度的计算公式。基质降解量(△S)、污泥龄(@)、污泥产率因数(y)和衰减速率系数(b)是影响SMP浓度的4个重要因素,SMP浓度同污泥浓度、水力停留时间无关。分析表明,对应某污泥龄,反应器中SMP浓度可达到最低,控制污泥龄可以达到降低出水中SMP浓度的目的。     

城市污泥制备水中重金属吸附剂及其吸附特性研究

本实验利用城市污水厂的脱水污泥,通过化学活化法制备活性炭.研究活化温度、活化时间、固液比和活化剂浓度等因素对制备污泥活性炭的影响,确定氯化锌法制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺为活化温度550 ℃、活化时间30 min、固液比1∶2、氯化剂浓度45％.将制备的污泥活性炭吸附Cu2＋,Cr6＋,Cd2＋3种重金属离子模拟废水,研究pH值、吸附时间、污泥投加量、温度等因素对吸附过程的影响.实验结果表明,剩余污泥对Cu2＋,Cr6＋,Cd2＋3种重金属离子都具有良好的吸附效果,在优化条件下,3种重金属离子去除率分别达到94％,76％,81％,吸附能力大小顺序为Cu2＋＞Cd2＋＞＋Cr6＋.     

NaCl和KCl对厌氧污泥抑制的动力学研究

在厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧絮状污泥系统中,进行盐质量浓度(NaCl或KCl质量浓度,下同)对厌氧污泥抑制动力学的研究,得到不同拟合的COD降解动力学方程及参数.实验结果表明:当盐质量浓度为10～30 g/L时,KCl对厌氧污泥的COD比降解速率的抑制程度大于NaCl;当盐质量浓度由0 g/L增至10 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐增加;当盐质量浓度由10 g/L增至30 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐减小;在厌氧污泥系统中,NaCl抑制作用下的盐抑制常数高于KCl,且颗粒污泥的盐抑制常数高于絮状污泥.     

硫铁矿烧渣酸解工艺研究

研究了硫铁矿烧渣酸解工艺及影响酸解的因素.通过正交试验,找到最适宜的工艺条件硫酸用量比1～1.1、水用量比75%、熟化温度250～300℃、熟化时间1～1.5 h,酸解率可达97%以上,制得硫酸铁盐溶液,可用作生产氧化铁系颜料的原料.     

以硫铁矿烧渣为原料制备铁黄

用硫铁矿烧渣精制的FeSO4和N aOH为原料制备铁黄晶种,在二次氧化过程中用滴加氨水的方法制备铁黄颜料,考察了影响晶种质量及铁黄质量的诸多因素。实验得出的铁黄晶种制备的工艺条件为:温度25℃,碱比0.3,Fe2 初始浓度1m o l/L,通氧速率3.0L/(L.m in);二次氧化的工艺条件为:溶液pH3~4,晶种比25%,通氧速率4.0L/(L.m in)。经检测,用该法制备得到的铁黄产品质量达到中华人民共和国化工行业标准HG/T2249—91《氧化铁黄颜料》一级品标准。     

Fundamental study of the behavior of chlorine during the combustion of single RDF

A fundamental study of the combustion characteristics and the de-HCl behavior of a single refuse-derived fuel (RDF) pellet was carried out to explain the de-HCl phenomena of RDF during fluidized bed combustion and to provide data for the development of high efficiency power generation technology using RDF. In this research, combustion and pyrolysis experiments were carried out in an electrical furnace using a series of model and actual RDF samples. The de-HCl capability of Ca(OH)2 in RDF was evaluated by measuring the emission fraction of HCl in the flue gas and the capture fraction of Cl in the residue. It was found that the capture fraction of Cl components in the residue increased from 0 to nearly 70% when the molar ratio of Ca/Cl was changed from 0 to around 13. Apparently, the capture fraction also decreased with increasing oxygen concentration in the feed gas. The devolatilization process of RDF was confirmed to be a very important part of de-HCl process. The effect of temperature profile of the RDF pellet on the de-HCl process, as it varies with the heating rate of RDF and the oxygen concentration in the vicinity of the sample, is discussed.     

Gaseous emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O

This paper is focused on reducing the emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O. A rate model and an equilibrium model were used to predict gaseous emissions from the combustion of the mixture. The influences of temperature and methane were considered, and the experimental research was carried out in a tabular reactor and a pilot combustion furnace. The results showed that for the waste mixture, the combustion temperature should be in the range of 950-1100 degrees C and the gas residence time should be 2s or higher to reduce emissions.     

W火焰炉低氮燃烧改造可行性研究

对黔北电厂1～4号W火焰锅炉实际运行状态进行分析，得出NO。排放浓度偏高的主要原因，并提出1—4号机组W火焰炉低氮改造的方案，即在拱下燃烧室内组织大回流长火焰燃烧方式，并通过SOFA风形成炉内深度空气分级低氮燃烧。同时针对1、2号炉和3、4号炉各自特性提出具体的改造方案，保证在锅炉效率不降低的条件下，1～4号W火焰锅炉的NOx排放浓度不高于850mg／m3，从而为W火焰锅炉低氮燃烧改造提供可行性方案，保证W火焰锅炉下一步烟气脱硝的顺利进行。     

Numerical simulation of municipal solid waste combustion in a novel two-stage reciprocating incinerator

A mathematical model was presented in this paper for the combustion of municipal solid waste in a novel two-stage reciprocating grate furnace. Numerical simulations were performed to predict the temperature, the flow and the species distributions in the furnace, with practical operational conditions taken into account. The calculated results agree well with the test data, and the burning behavior of municipal solid waste in the novel two-stage reciprocating incinerator can be demonstrated well. The thickness of waste bed, the initial moisture content, the excessive air coefficient and the secondary air are the major factors that influence the combustion process. If the initial moisture content of waste is high, both the heat value of waste and the temperature inside incinerator are low, and less oxygen is necessary for combustion. The air supply rate and the primary air distribution along the grate should be adjusted according to the initial moisture content of the waste. A reasonable bed thickness and an adequate excessive air coefficient can keep a higher temperature, promote the burnout of combustibles, and consequently reduce the emission of dioxin pollutants. When the total air supply is constant, reducing primary air and introducing secondary air properly can enhance turbulence and mixing, prolong the residence time of flue gas, and promote the complete combustion of combustibles. This study provides an important reference for optimizing the design and operation of municipal solid wastes furnace.     

Mathematical modelling of particle mixing effect on the combustion of municipal solid wastes in a packed-bed furnace

Packed bed combustion is still the most common way to burn municipal solid wastes. In this paper, a dispersion model for particle mixing, mainly caused by the movement of the grate in a moving-burning bed, has been proposed and transport equations for the continuity, momentum, species, and energy conservation are described. Particle-mixing coefficients obtained from model tests range from 2.0x10(-6) to 3.0x10(-5)m2/s. A numerical solution is sought to simulate the combustion behaviour of a full-scale 12-tonne-per-h waste incineration furnace at different levels of bed mixing. It is found that an increase in mixing causes a slight delay in the bed ignition but greatly enhances the combustion processes during the main combustion period in the bed. A medium-level mixing produces a combustion profile that is positioned more at the central part of the combustion chamber, and any leftover combustible gases (mainly CO) enter directly into the most intensive turbulence area created by the opposing secondary-air jets and thus are consumed quickly. Generally, the specific arrangement of the impinging secondary-air jets dumps most of the non-uniformity in temperature and CO into the gas flow coming from the bed-top, while medium-level mixing results in the lowest CO emission at the furnace exit and the highest combustion efficiency in the bed.     

Absorption behavior of chlorine and sulfur by Ca(OH)<Subscript>2</Subscript> under simulated conditions with a fluidized bed combustor

This study was carried out to investigate the absorption reaction of chlorine and sulfur with Ca(OH)₂ under simulated conditions related to the co-combustion of refuse-derived fuel and sewage sludge in the fluidized bed combustor, such as high temperature, moisture and a mixing of samples. The combustion experiments were carried out in an electrical furnace with PVC and sulfur powders as the waste samples. High-purity slaked lime powder was used to capture the chlorine and sulfur. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies of both chlorine and sulfur were over 90% when the mole ratios of Ca on Cl and S were over 2.5. Furthermore, simultaneous absorption was helpful in improving the removal efficiency of chlorine and sulfur. The presence of chlorine markedly increased the removal efficiency of sulfur. The removal efficiency of chlorine was the highest at 700°C in both independent and simultaneous absorption. The removal efficiency of sulfur increased as the temperature increased, but the removal efficiency of chlorine sharply decreased from 95 to 83% when the moisture content in gases increased from 0 to 20 vol%. These results were confirmed by the combustion test of granular CaCl₂.     

Durability of recycled aggregate concrete using pozzolanic materials

In this study, pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were used to compensate for the loss of strength and durability of concrete containing recycled aggregate. As a result, 30% PFA and 65% GGBS concretes increased the compressive strength to the level of control specimens cast with natural granite gravel, but the tensile strength was still lowered at 28 days. Replacement with PFA and GGBS was effective in raising the resistance to chloride ion penetrability into the concrete body, measured by a rapid chloride ion penetration test based on ASTM C 1202-91. It was found that the corrosion rate of 30% PFA and 65% GGBS concretes was kept at a lower level after corrosion initiation, compared to the control specimens, presumably due to the restriction of oxygen and water access. However, it was less effective in increasing the chloride threshold level for steel corrosion. Hence, it is expected that the corrosion time for 30% PFA and 65% GGBS concrete containing recycled aggregate mostly equates to the corrosion-free life of control specimens.     

Converting moving-grate incineration from combustion to gasification - numerical simulation of the burning characteristics

Waste incineration is a politically sensitive issue in the UK. The major current technology is based on direct combustion of wastes in a moving-grate furnace. However, general public opinion prefers non-direct burning technologies. Waste gasification is one of those nearest technologies available. By reducing the primary air-flow rate through the grate of a packed-bed system, operation of the existing solid-waste incineration equipment can be easily converted from combustion mode to gasification mode without major modification of the hardware. The potential advantages of this are lower dust carry-over in the flue gases, lower bed temperature (and therefore lower NO(x) formation in the bed), simplified gas-treatment procedures and lower running cost, among other benefits. The major disadvantages are, however, reduced throughput of the wastes and possibly higher carbon in the ash at exit. In this study, numerical simulation of both combustion and gasification of municipal solid wastes in a full-scale moving grate furnace is carried out employing advanced mathematical models. Burning characteristics, including burning rate, gas composition, temperature and burning efficiency as a function of operating parameters are investigated. Detailed comparisons between the combustion mode and gasification mode are made. The study helps to explore new incineration technology and optimise furnace operating conditions.     

Tensile and Combustion Properties of PP/IFR/POE/nano-CaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Composites

The tensile and combustion properties of polypropylene/polyolyaltha olefin composites filled with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and nanometer calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO₃) were measured. It was found that the values of the Young’s modulus of the composites increased almost linearly, while the values of the tensile yield strength and tensile fracture strength of the composites decreased with increasing the IFR weight fraction; the values of the elongation at break of the composites decreased quickly when the IFR weight fraction was lower than 10 wt%, and then varied slightly when the IFR weight fraction was higher than 10 wt%. Moreover, the morphology of the specimens after combustion was observed and the frame retardant mechanisms of the composites were discussed.     

Assessment of wood pellet combustion in a domestic stove

Wood pellet is a densified fuel with homogeneous physical properties suitable for use at various scales in domestic and industrial furnaces. A wood pellet stove is a small-scale furnace for domestic heat production that can replace conventional oil or gas boilers. Since the fuel properties of wood pellet are very different from those of oil or gas, the design of a wood pellet stove requires profound understanding of solid fuel combustion as well as of gas flow mixing and reactions. Due to limitations on the height of an installed furnace (~1 m), poor design of the furnace, air supply, fume extraction, or the heat exchanger may lead to excessive CO emissions or low energy efficiency. This study evaluated the design of an existing wood pellet stove with 30,000 kcal/h capacity, using experimental and computational techniques in order to optimize the furnace design. The results show that it is critical to minimize unused furnace volume and to enhance gaseous mixing for reduced CO emissions while maintaining sufficiently high temperatures for fast oxidation.