循环经济在我国农村固体废物污染治理中的实施

随着我国农村经济的快速发展．农村固体废物污染环境已经成为固体废物污染中一个新的问题。而我国现行有关固体废物污染立法及相关研究大都集中在工业固体废物和城市固体废物上，有关农村固体废物污染环境的立法及相关研究相当缺乏。本文认为．循环经济理念的运用是我国农村固体废物污染治理的根本途径，农业循环经济的实施应当是中国循环经济的特色之一．农村固体废物污染治理应当成为优先行动的领域。本文还对我国循环经济立法的配合提出了初步分析和建议。     

进入固体废物污染防治的新里程：介绍《固体废物污染环境防治法》

进入固体废物污染防治的新里程──介绍《固体废物污染环境防治法》胡守仁（国家环境保护局污染管理司，北京１０００３５）１９９５年１０月３０日八届全国人大第十六次常务委员会通过了《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》，该法于１９９６年４月１日起施行。这是...     

中美固体废物污染防治法律制度的比较

对中美两国的固体废物污染制度进行了全面系统地比较，分析了在固体废物污染防治中的管理制度、环境立法的完善程度和法律现任的同异性，提出在执行固体废物污染环境防治法中需要借鉴美国等固体废物立法比较早的国家在固体废物污染防治方面的立法经验，不断完善我国固体废物污染防治的法规体系。     

有关固体废物的浅议

以宁波市为例论述了工业固体废物、生活垃圾、船舶垃圾的污染严重状况以及防治对策，就可利用资源的轻易消耗提醒人们思索，介绍了涉及固体废物转移及防治固体废物对水域污染的国际公约及我国有关法规．     

山东省工业固体废物产生量预测模型

实施排污总量控制是实现我国“九五”环保目标和可持续发展战略的必然要求。“九五”期间我省将对12种污染物实行排污总量控制，而工业固体废物排放量就是其中的重要指标之一，欲将2000年该项指标控制在1995年的水平，就必须清楚，按现发展趋势我省到20OO年将产生多少工业固体废物，以便更好的按照忡华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》对其进行总量控制。我省在固体废物污染防治过程中实行了减量化、资源化、无害化。本文在建立预测模型时，考虑到非纯粹指数的发展过程，选用了Th阶灰色系统模型，即GM（2，l）模型，对其提出最速下降最…     

循环经济在我国农村固体废物污染治理中的实施

随着我国农村经济的快速发展,农村固体废物污染环境已经成为固体废物污染中一个新的问题.而我国现行有关固体废物污染立法及相关研究大都集中在工业固体废物和城市固体废物上,有关农村固体废物污染环境的立法及相关研究相当缺乏.本文认为,循环经济理念的运用是我国农村固体废物污染治理的根本途径,农业循环经济的实施应当是中国循环经济的特色之一,农村固体废物污染治理应当成为优先行动的领域.本文还对我国循环经济立法的配合提出了初步分析和建议.     

珠海市固体废物污染防治对策研究

当前固体废物污染防治已经成为各城市环境保护的重要问题.本文对珠海市固体废物产生和处理处置现状、存在的问题及发展趋势进行分析,提出规划期间(2006～2020年)固体废物污染防治的对策.     

福州市城市固体废物污染趋势及治理途径

分析了福州市城市固体废物对环境的影响及污染发展趋势，探讨福州市主要工业固体废物，化工废渣，冶炼废渣及城市生活垃圾的治理途径。     

徐州市区工业固体废物成份分析及污染现状

城市工业固体废物的产生及排放，给城市带来了严重的污染，在研究城市工业固体废物状况时，必须考虑到处置的方法及综合利用的途径。本文以城市工业固体废物为研究对象，模拟酸雨对工业固体废物成份的浸提分析，同时采取野外作业和室内试验相结合的方法，测定了徐州市区工业固体废物的有害成份，并对市区工业固体废物现状进行分析，提出了处置方案。     

全国环保科技情报网固体废物专业组第一次情报及学术交流会在湖南大庸召开

全国环保科技情报网固体废物专业组于1983年10月22日到28日在湖南大庸县召开了成立和第一次“固体废物”情报及学术交流会。全国60余个单位近70名代表参加了会议。代表们就城市生活固体废物、工业固体废物的污染现状、处理及处置技术、综合利用、管理政策等方面的国内外发展动向和趋势、经验及成果进行了交流和讨论。会议认为,固体废物特别是工业有害固体废物的治理与控制是“三废”污染治理的关键之     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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