2003～2004年大亚湾澳头养殖区水域浮游植物群落结构及数量变动特征

2003年4月至2004年4月对大亚湾赤潮高发区澳头海域进行了浮游植物群落周年调查和分析.共鉴定浮游植物57属118种.其中硅藻为优势类群,共42属84种,占总种类数的71.2%;甲藻11属27种.浮游植物数量分别在春末夏初,秋末冬初出现两个高峰值,年均值为5.68×105 /L.角毛藻属为全年优势属,平均占浮游植物数量的35.4%.Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和均匀度的年平均值分别为2.0和0.44.该海域共发现赤潮生物58种,锥状斯氏藻是最常见的甲藻赤潮生物,2003年8月该藻与海洋卡盾藻在澳头海域首次引发甲藻和针胞藻双相型赤潮.     

剑潭水库浮游植物群落特征与水环境因子关系研究

2010年6—12月对剑潭水库浮游植物群落及11项水环境因子进行了采样调查,并对调查区域内的54种浮游植物和11个环境因子进行了典范对应分析(CCA).结果表明,调查期间共检出浮游植物7门78属103种,浮游植物群落组成以绿藻为主,硅藻其次;藻类细胞密度季节差异大,7月最高,为8.04×106cells·L-1,12月最低,为2.23×105cells·L-1,浮游植物群落变化规律为夏季的蓝藻和绿藻向秋季的隐藻、蓝藻、绿藻,以及冬季的绿藻、硅藻转变,剑潭水库富营养化程度较蓄水初期有加剧趋势,且富营养程度夏季比冬季严重.CCA分析结果表明,水温和TP是影响剑潭水库浮游植物群落分布最主要的环境因子.     

南麂列岛海域浮游植物的群落结构研究

于2006年4月～2007年3月采集浙江省南麂列岛海域水样,研究了浮游植物的种类组成、分布特征、季节动态以及赤潮生物的现状.共鉴定浮游植物93种,其中硅藻35属68种,甲藻11属21种,蓝藻1属2种以及金藻1属2种.浮游植物的优势种类在不同季节各有不同.南麂海域浮游植物细胞丰度较高,年平均细胞丰度达到319.03 cells/mL,高峰区集中分布在春季和夏季.对浮游植物群落的多项生态学指标进行了分析.     

广东南水水库富营养化与浮游植物群落动态

南水水库是广东省第三大水库,属饮用水源一级保护区。于2011年1~12月对该水库的水文、水质和浮游植物进行了每月一次、为期一年的调查,采用营养状态指数(TSI)进行了水质综合评价,分析了浮游植物群落的动态变化规律,选择冗余分析(RDA)研究了影响浮游植物群落结构的环境因素。结果表明:南水水库现为贫营养型,全年浮游植物的种类变化不大,共鉴定出浮游植物6门50属(种),优势种以适应贫营养的种类为主,且浮游植物的丰度、生物量及叶绿素a浓度都较低,其均值分别为8.72×104～2.51×105cells/L、0.031～0.423 mg/L和0.83～2.80 mg/L。浮游植物群落主要以硅藻、甲藻和绿藻种群为主,硅藻种群全年占优势,甲藻和绿藻在不同季节优势度有变化,体现出从硅藻型到硅藻-甲藻型,到硅藻-绿藻型,再到硅藻-甲藻型的变化过程。温度、氮磷比和水体稳定性的季节变化是影响上述浮游植物群落动态的主要因子。     

2004年河北沿岸春、夏季浮游植物调查研究

2004年对河北沿岸海域浮游植物群落结构进行了春、夏2个航次调查研究,描述了浮游植物的种类组成、细胞数量、生物多样性指数、均匀度指数等群落特征,分析了浮游植物群落的季节变化、历史变化及平面分布趋势。结果显示:2个航次共检测出浮游植物76种,以硅藻为主。不同季节优势种有演替现象,浮游植物细胞数量季节变化显著,浮游植物平面分布特征呈明显的斑块状分布,优势种明显。生物多样性指数(H′)及均匀度指数(J)偏低。两航次浮游植物细胞数量明显高于1984年同期同水域调查结果。     

南水北调中线工程对丹江口水库浮游植物群落结构影响

丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程的水源地,大坝加高蓄水后,水体流动性变差,水体营养盐容易累积,造成局部区域水华暴发风险加剧。该文基于2018年12月-2019年11月实测数据和文献调研,分析了南水北调中线工程运行对丹江口水库浮游植物群落结构特征的影响,主要结论:(1)丹江口水库采样点浮游植物细胞密度在0.06×10~6～11.9×10~6cells/L之间,汉库和丹库浮游植物细胞密度差异不大,但浮游植物细胞密度和浮游植物种类季节性差别较大,夏季浮游植物细胞密度最大,平均值是5.57×10~6cells/L,浮游植物种类变化由春季的蓝藻、隐藻和金藻,向夏、秋季的蓝藻和绿藻,以及冬季的蓝藻、隐藻和硅藻转变;(2)建库至今,丹江口水库浮游植物细胞密度增加了一个数量级,浮游植物种类组成由适应河流的固着型硅藻,经过硅藻-绿藻-蓝藻型逐渐发展为硅藻-隐藻-蓝藻-绿藻型,水库富营养化程度有增加的趋势;(3)南水北调中线工程正常运行后(2018-2019年),与2014-2015年运行初期相比,浮游植物细胞密度增加幅度升高,但浮游植物种类有降低的趋势。从消落带营养盐释放、污染物累积、水动力条件改变3个方面初步分析南水北调中线工程对丹江口水库浮游植物群落结构特征的影响,对丹江口水库水华防控提出了相应的对策建议。     

舟山典型海区浮游植物的动态变化

2009年8月～2011年5月对舟山典型海区的浮游植物群落进行调查和分析,结果表明:在该海域共鉴定到浮游植物4门45属102种。其中蓝藻门2属4种,占3.92%;绿藻门1属2种,占1.96%;硅藻门38属89种,占87.26%;甲藻门4属7种,占6.86%。浮游植物细胞丰度的年波动在2.65×104/L～3.73×104/L之间,平均值为3.04×104/L,并且在春季(5月)最高,夏季(8月)次之。主要优势种有星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、中华盒形藻(Biddulphia sinensis)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、并基角毛藻(Chaetoceros decipiens)和佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)。其中夜光藻的丰度达4.9×103/L,佛氏海线藻达2.7×103/L。在整个调查过程中硅藻一直占据优势,朱家尖、桃花岛、东极和嵊泗的硅藻种类分别占95.2%,82.1%,81.3%和86.9%。通过对浮游植物群落的多样性指数分析,可认为该调查海区浮游植物种类组成和季节变化明显,群落结构稳定。研究还表明,水质优良程度为嵊泗>东极>朱家尖>桃花岛。     

一小型藻华池塘浮游植物群落动态及其影响因子研究

对小型藻华水体进行密集采样调查有利于揭示藻华过程中浮游植物演替规律及其影响因子.于3~10月对一小型藻华池塘进行为期30周的逐周跟踪调查,监测其水体理化指标和浮游生物种类和数量的变化,并应用PRIMER软件多元统计分析方法探求采样池塘浮游植物群落结构的动态变化及其与水体理化因子、浮游动物之间的关系.调查期间共发现浮游植物54种(属),细胞丰度在0.28×108~6.11×108cells·L-1之间;浮游动物55种(属),个体数量在26~2.5×105ind·L-1之间.浮游植物优势类群主要为蓝藻和绿藻,且随季节的变化浮游植物群落结构呈现出明显的演替过程,该过程可分为绿藻和隐藻共存期、绿藻和蓝藻共存期、蓝藻优势期这3个阶段.生物-环境相关性分析发现p H、水温、光照、总磷及轮虫、桡足类的数量是影响该池塘浮游植物群落结构动态变化的主要因素,且相比于浮游动物,水体理化因子的影响力或更强.     

滦河口近岸海域浮游植物群落结构

1999-2000年对滦河口近岸海域浮游植物群落结构进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个航次调查,描述了浮游植物的种类组成、细胞数量、生物多样性指数、均匀度指数等群落特征,分析了浮游植物群落的季节变化及平面分布趋势。结果显示：4个航次共检测出浮游植物70种,以硅藻为主;不同季节优势种有交叉演替现象;浮游植物细胞数量季节变化显著;浮游植物平面分布特征表现为春、夏、秋呈明显的斑块状分布,冬季浮游植物分布呈近岸水域高、远岸水域低的特征;优势种明显,生物多样性指数(H’)及均匀度指数(J)偏低。     

大亚湾浮游植物DNA指纹及其与群落结构的关系

于2012年5月、6月采集了大亚湾9个站点的表层水样,利用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对浮游植物DNA指纹进行了分析,同时通过显微镜观察对浮游植物进行了定性定量分析.研究结果显示,大亚湾浮游植物种类丰富,共分析鉴定出浮游植物72种;浮游植物DNA指纹也较为丰富,2个月份指纹条带数分别为26条和28条.DGGE指纹条带数一般远远低于浮游植物种类数,在剔除了相对含量小于0.1%的非优势种后,DNA条带数与种类数变化趋势相近,说明DNA指纹图谱能较大程度地反映浮游植物优势种群的组成,而对于相对含量较少的物种,可能会由于优势种的屏蔽作用而被掩盖.DNA指纹图谱与浮游植物群落结构的聚类分析结果相近,富营养化的近岸站点聚在一起,而远岸站点聚为一类.虽然目前大亚湾浮游植物群落结构中以硅藻占据优势,但在某些站点大量出现的甲藻和蓝细菌值得进一步关注.本研究结果表明PCR-DGGE技术可在一定程度上运用于浮游植物群落结构分析.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.