湖南省高职院校省级精品专业——园林技术专业

湖南环境生物职业技术学院从1987年创办了园林技术专业（原园林专业）以来,从事专科层次教育已有22年历史,学院以园林技术专业为依托,根据社会经济和市场需求,相继开设了园林工程技术、园艺技术等专业,组建了以园林技术专业为核心,其它专业为支撑的特色专业群。     

重庆大木山木本植物区系及植物资源特点

基于野外调查资料,对位于三峡库区腹心地带的大木山的木本植物区系及资源特点进行研究,以期为该地区生物多样性保护和可持续利用提供依据.野外调查共发现木本植物738种,隶属于86科、288属.其中裸子植物6科、10属、15种,双子叶植物77科、271属、699种,单子叶植物3科、7属、24种.乔木268种,灌木398种,木质藤本72种.科的组成优势现象十分明显,含10种以上的科有26个,包含164属、526种植物,分别占该区木本植物总属数和总种数的56.94%和71.27%,是该区木本植物区系构成的主导成分.木本植物区系成分复杂,属的分布类型有14个,种的分布类型有12个,区系具有明显的过渡性特征.有483个中国特有种分布于该地区,占总种数的65.71%,其中27.12%的物种为华中植物区特有种.13个地区的聚类分析表明大木山与华中植物区和华东植物区关系最为密切.木本植物资源以药用、材用、观赏、食用类为主,古老孑遗植物和珍稀濒危植物丰富.图l表5参35     

川西高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其随林窗的变化特征

作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,林下植被及其残体的分布受到林冠层的影响,但迄今有关林窗对林下植被和残体生物量的影响尚无研究报道.于2013 年8 月2 日至20 日,以海拔3 600 m 的川西岷江冷杉原始林林下植被为研究对象,根据区域内的坡向和林分组成等因素设置3 个100 m×100 m 的典型样地,调查其生物量及其随林窗的变化特征.在每个样地内选择3 个大林窗,在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个20 m×20 m 的样方,调查粗木质残体长度或高度、大小头直径、枯立木记录胸径、腐烂等级等;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个5 m×5 m 的样方,采用“收获法”收集样方内直径在2.5-10 cm之间的细木质残体和灌木生物量;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个1 m×1 m 的样方来调查凋落物储量和草本生物量;在1m×1 m 的样方内随机选择1 个20 cm×20 cm 的小样方来调查地被植物生物量.结果表明,（1）川西高山森林生态系统总生物量为72.75 t·hm^-2,其中林下生物量为67.92 t·hm^-2,占生态系统生物量的95.17%.活体植被以灌木为主,其生物量为9.81t·hm^-2;残体部分以粗木质残体为主,其储量为53.00 t·hm^-2;（2）林窗对灌木、草本、地被植物的影响各不相同,且不同物种的灌木生物量表现出不同的分布规律;草本生物量表现出明显的“边缘效应”,在林缘显著高于林下;林窗和林缘的地被植物生物量相对较低;（3）粗木质残体储量从林下到林窗呈现减小的趋势,但总体储量仍然较大,林窗和林缘的细木质残体储量高于林下.这些结果为认识高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其格局,以及林窗在森林生态系统的重要作用提供了基础理论依据.     

长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性影响的研究

为探讨长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性的影响,我们在安徽蒙城地区的一个长期肥料试验定位监测点开展了相关研究。采用镜检法对旱地土壤表层（0～15 cm）中土壤杂草种子的种类进行鉴定并计数,记录杂草种子22种,隶属15科。不同施肥处理区杂草种子丰富度以NP1/2K区最高（14.7种）,PK区最低（10.7种）;其中陌上菜（Lindernia procumbens）、栗米草（Mollugo pentaphylla）、醴肠（Eclipta prostrata）、泽星宿菜（Lysimachia candida lindl）四种杂草的种子密度较大,分别在不同的处理区占据优势;从整个试验区来看,烟台飘拂草（Fimbristylis stauntoni）在所有处理中的密度都比较大,处于优势地位。长期不同施肥方式下,农田土壤杂草种子库的物种多样性有显著差异：PK区Shanon-Wiener指数大于其他处理区,但是Simpson优势度指数最低;NPK区Simpson优势度指数最高;PK、CK区Pielou均匀度指数大于其他处理区。田间杂草种子库的群落结构及其物种组成也发生了一定的变化,Whittaker指数表明,与不施肥处理相比较,半量的P和缺N的影响最显著,缺P次之,缺K和平衡施肥则没有显著影响。Sorenson群落相似性指数和Bray Curtis指数聚类分析结果表明,与不施肥相比较,长期施用N、P、K肥能显著改变旱地土壤杂草种子库的组成。本研究表明长期平衡施肥处理更有利于维持和保护旱地土壤杂草种子库的生物多样性。     

中国高等植物干质量热值特点

植物干质量热值是植物干物质完全燃烧所释放的能量值,反映了植物光合作用中固定太阳辐射能的能力。文章收集国内已有的129科、460属、1110种维管植物的干质量热值数据,并加上作者自测的8种苔藓植物干质量热值进行统计分析和差异性检验,分析国内高等植物干质量热值特点。结果显示,植物不同器官的平均GCV为繁殖体(19677.23J·g-1)>叶(19518.22J·g-1)>枝(19455.91J·g-1)>皮(19183.12J·g-1)>干(19122.49J·g-1)>根(18701.44J·g-1);群落中不同组分平均GCV的排序是乔木层(19672.48J·g-1)>灌木层(19218.62J·g-1)>凋落物层(18689.86J·g-1)>草本层(17682.47J·g-1)>苔藓层(15645.44J·g-1);在不同生活型的植物中,挺水植物(18492.67J·g-1)>浮水植物(16381.25J·g-1)>沉水植物(14589.09J·g-1);平均GCV多年生草本GCV(17903.28J·g-1)>一年生草本(17652.74J·g-1);常绿型木本植物各器官均大于落叶型木本植物,针叶树种各器官均大于阔叶树种;从不同气候型来看,高纬度地区的温带大陆性季风气候以及高寒大陆性气候的植物平均GCV较高,低纬度的热带季风气候区的植物比亚热带季风气候区的高,温带大陆性半干旱气候区内最低。     

江苏太湖农业区田园杂草区系的调查研究

调查了太湖农业区13县,101乡,151村的1400多块农田及菜圃、桑果园等,采集、鉴定了杂草88科,301属,555种(包括15变种等),并分别查明各作物类型和生境中的杂草种类。根据每杂草种的发生频度和优势指数。明确了恶性杂草和主要杂草种类,为农田杂草防治提供了依据。 研究表明,太湖农业区杂草区系种类极其丰富,广布种甚多;科、属具有多样性;长江中下游地理成分显著;以一年生生活型为主;水、湿生种类较多;杂草与作物伴生性现象明显。杂草分布和发生量除受土壤湿度、土壤pH和光、温等农田生态因子影响外,还受耕作制度、栽培措施和除草剂施用等人为因素的调节。     

《园林规划设计》教学方法的探新

《园林规划设计》是园林专业从理论到空间的一门非常重要的应用型学科,它以美术、制图、测绘、园林花卉、观赏树木等知识为基础,与园林工程、园林建筑、文学艺术等高度综合,指导城市园林绿地规划、设计及施工。基于这门课程的特殊性,因此,不仅要讲授理论,而且必须与实践紧密结合,加强学生动手能力的培养,让他们综合有关的专业课和专业基础课知识,充分发挥他们的设计构思能力,把理论知识转化为设计与施工图纸,再     

生态环境对农田杂草发生、分布的影响及其杂草防治策略的探讨

作者在对江苏省太湖农业区田园杂草区系作过系统、全面调查的基础上,对影响农田杂草发生、分布的环境因素作了进一步的研究,认为杂草的发生量和分布除受土壤水分、土壤pH、光、温等农田自然生态因子影响外,还受耕作制度、栽培措施、除草剂施用、引种调种等人为生态因子的制约。并根据杂草在各生态环境下的生物学特性、提出以杂草检疫,杂草测报、化学防治、耕作制度防治、生物防治及杂草生物量利用相结合的杂草综合防治策略。     

半干旱区典型木本植物春季物候与气候要素的关系

利用半干旱区1994—2017年典型木本植物春季物候和同期气候资料,采用相关分析等方法分析牡丹(Paeonia suffruticoss)、旱柳(Salix matsudana)、杏树(Prunus armeniaca)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)4种典型木本植物芽膨大期、芽开放期、花序或花蕾出现期3个春季物候期的变化特征,以揭示半干旱区典型木本植物春季物候期与气候要素的关系。结果表明,(1)研究期内,4种木本植物相同物候期最晚和最早出现日期相差达22～40d,榆树典型春季物候期的出现时间最早;旱柳、杏树出现时间相当,为4种典型木本植物最晚。(2)研究期内,牡丹、杏树芽膨大期的线性变化趋势不显著,其余木本植物春季物候期均表现为提前趋势,榆树芽膨大期提前趋势最为明显(线性倾向率为-8.56 d·10a~(-1),P0.01)。(3)典型木本植物春季物候期与气温总体表现为负相关,杏树花序或花蕾出现期对气温变化的响应较其他3种木本植物更为迟钝。(4)降水对春季物候期的影响不显著,春季物候期与日照及地面温度主要表现为负相关。研究结果对丰富黄土高原半干旱区物候与气候要素变化关系研究及物候期预报具有一定意义。     

黄河源区植被生长季NDVI时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用黄河源区MODIS/NDVI数据、1∶100万植被类型图和气象资料,分析了该区不同植被类型生长季NDVI时空特征以及与气候因子的关系。结果表明,1）2000—2011年,黄河源区植被生长呈改善趋势,生长季NDVI年际变化率每10 a为＋2.75%,高寒草原、高寒草甸、高寒灌丛生长季NDVI年际变化率分别为每10 a＋2.84%、＋2.65%、＋2.77%。2）黄河源区植被改善面积占全区总面积的29.39%,主要分布在卡日曲和玛曲上游、扎曲流域、布青山南麓、扎陵湖北部和鄂陵湖周边地区。植被退化面积仅占全区总面积的0.98%,主要分布在约古宗列曲东南部山地和卡日曲北部山地。受水热条件控制,植被改善表现为：①植被改善面积南坡大于北坡;②植被改善面积随海拔升高先增加后减小;③植被改善面积随坡度增加迅速减小。3）黄河源区植被生长季NDVI与同期气温和降水分别存在显著正相关性,其中高寒草原和高寒草甸生长受降水影响更为明显,而高寒灌丛生长受气温影响更为明显。气候的暖湿化趋势可能是促使黄河源区植被生长改善的主要原因。     

Inferring Metapopulation Dynamics from Patch-Level Incidence of Florida Scrub Plants

Spatial structure and dynamics of multiple populations may explain species distribution patterns in patchy communities with heterogeneous disturbance regimes, especially when species have poor dispersal. The endemic-rich Florida (U.S.A.) rosemary scrub occupies about 4% of the west portion of Archbold Biological Station and occurs scattered within a matrix of less xeric vegetation. Longer fire-return times and higher frequency of open patches in rosemary scrub provide favorable habitat for many plant species. Occupancy of 123 species of vascular plants and ground lichens in 89 patches was determined by repeated site surveys. About two-thirds of the species occurring at more than 14 patches had a significant logistic regression of presence on time-since-fire, patch size, patch isolation, or their interactions. Species with presence related to the interaction between patch isolation and patch size were primarily herbs and small shrubs specializing in rosemary scrub. These results suggest the importance of spatial characteristics of the landscape for population turnover of these species. An incidence-based metapopulation model was used to predict extinction and colonization probabilities of those species with presence in rosemary scrub patches related to the studied spatial variables. This is the first attempt to apply incidence-based metapopulation models to plants. The results showed stronger effects of patch size and patch isolation on extinction probabilities of herbs than on those of woody species. Because of their effect on spatial heterogeneity and habitat availability, fire suppression and habitat destruction may decrease persistence probabilities for these rosemary scrub specialists, many of which are endangered species.     

Aquatic ecological health assessment of Shaying River Basin based on indices of physico-chemistry and aquatic organisms北大核心CSCD

With a variety of ecosystem services, river ecosystem plays an important role in the process of human society development. On the other hand, health condition of most aquatic ecosystems is seriously threatened by human activities. Restoring and maintaining a healthy ecosystem has already become a vital goal of river management. As a basis of river management, river health assessment is therefore particularly important. Based on indices of physics, chemistry and aquatic organisms, this research tried to establish a comprehensive evaluation system of aquatic ecological health suitable for the situation of Shaying River Basin. The system included 6 factors including riparian zone, river morphology, nutrients, oxygen balance, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which were defined into 19 indices reflecting the aquatic ecological health from different aspects. The assessment results indicated that the health condition of overall basin was normal, varying among different parts of the region, with Shahe River, Lihe River and Beiru River in the upper part sub-healthy, and Jialu River in the same part sub-sick. The middle region was generally in normal or sub-sick level; the health condition of the lower part was comparatively better due to a good condition. Within the indices, the nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates were the major constraining factors to the health condition of Shaying River Basin for their poor health condition. The health conditions showed significant differences among the rivers (P < 0.01), with Jialu River being the worst. The result indicated that the aquatic ecological health of Shaying River Basin is affected by many factors, with urban and industrial sewage being the main ones, And that different protective measures should be employed for rivers of different conditions. The result can provide theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Shaying River Basin and reasonable exploitation and conservation of the water resource of the whole Huaihe River Basin.     

基于esp基因和JCV标记的MST方法在五大流域典型水源地中的应用

非点源污染目前已经成为影响水体环境的重要污染。微生物源示踪技术(microbial source tracking,MST)是解决非点源污染的一项新技术,它可以确定污染的宿主来源。肠球菌esp基因和多瘤病毒JCV可以作为检测水体中人源粪便污染的分子标记,其灵敏度和特异性都很高。为分析五大流域水源地是否受到人源粪便的污染,对辽河、海河、淮河、长江和黄河五大流域典型水源地水样进行采集和检测,选取人源粪便特异病原微生物肠球菌的esp基因和多瘤病毒JCV建立了相应的MST分子检测方法。结果表明,五大流域的典型水源地采样点均有可能受到了人源粪便的污染,可为当地相关部门提供技术支持和数据参考。     

不同植被对工业污染区盐渍土的改良效果

以包头市西郊工业污染区盐渍化弃耕地为对象，研究了不同植被对土壤水盐动态和体积质量的影响。研究表明，造林后使林地内草本植物得到较快恢复，且归还土壤的枯落物比木本植物多，改良盐渍土壤和促进脱盐的作用较好；随植被盖度增加，盐渍土土壤含盐量和体积质量降低，盐渍土性状逐步改善。因此，在实施以耐盐树种造林为先导的工业污染区盐渍土恢复植被工程时，应适当降低造林密度，以利于林地内草本植物的恢复和建立林草复合植被，提高工业污染区盐渍土的生物治理效果。     

江苏省流域水生态功能分区

水生态功能区划是科学开展水生态环境保护工作的重要手段,是指导产业布局、水资源开发的重要依据。江苏省流域水生态功能分区在近中远期结合时间尺度原则、集中式生活饮用水水源地优先保护原则等分区原则的指导下对全省水资源进行了一级分区和二级分区的划分,一级分区包括长江流域、淮河流域、太湖流域和近岸海域4个分区,二级分区包括宁镇扬丘陵平原水生态亚区、长江三角洲平原水生态亚区、徐宿淮丘陵平原水生态亚区等10个分区。同时,本文对江苏省流域水生态功能分区的分区体系如等级体系、分区方法体系进行了讨论。     

Postfire stand structure in a semiarid savanna: cross-scale challenges estimating biomass.

Algorithms relating remotely sensed woody cover to biomass are often the basis for large-scale inventories of aboveground carbon stocks. However, these algorithms are commonly applied in a generic fashion without consideration of disturbances that might alter vegetation structure. We compared field and remote sensing estimates of woody biomass on savannas with contrasting disturbance (fire) histories and assessed potential errors in estimating woody biomass from cover without considering fire history. Field surveys quantified multilayer cover (MLC) of woody and succulent plants on sites experiencing wildfire in 1989 or 1994 and on nearby unburned (control) sites. Remote sensing estimates of the woody cover fraction (WCF) on burned and control sites were derived from contemporary (2005) dry-season Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery (during a period when herbaceous cover was senescent) using a probabilistic spectral mixture analysis model. Satellite WCF estimates were compared to field MLC assessments and related to aboveground biomass using allometry. Field-based MLC and remotely sensed WCFs both indicated that woody cover was comparable on control areas and areas burned 11-16 years ago. However, biomass was approximately twofold higher on control sites. Canopy cover was a strong predictor of woody biomass on burned and control areas, but fire history significantly altered the linear cover-biomass relationship on control plots to a curvilinear relationship on burned plots. Results suggest predictions of woody biomass from "generic" two-dimensional (2-D) cover algorithms may underestimate biomass in undisturbed stands and overestimate biomass in stands recovering from disturbance. Improving the accuracy of woody-biomass estimates from field and/or remotely sensed cover may therefore require disturbance-specific models or detection of vegetation height and transforming 2-D vegetation cover to 3-D vegetation volume.     

Bottom-up control of consumers leads to top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs in semiarid Chile

The abundance of exotic plants is thought to be limited by competition with resident species (including plants and generalist herbivores). In contrast, observations in semiarid Chile suggest that a native generalist rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), may be facilitating the expansion of exotic annual plants. We tested this hypothesis with a 20-year data set from a World Biosphere Reserve in mediterranean Chile. In this semiarid environment, rainfall varies annually and dramatically influences cover by both native and exotic annual plants; degu population density affects the composition and cover of exotic and native annual plants. In low-rainfall years, cover of both native and exotic herbs is extremely low. Higher levels of precipitation result in proportional increases in cover of all annual plants (exotic and native species), leading in turn to increases in degu population densities, at which point they impact native herbs in proportion to their greater cover, indirectly favoring the expansion of exotic plants. We propose that bottom-up control of consumers at our site results in top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs, and that this pattern may be general to other semiarid ecosystems.     

四种抗污染木本植物对锑的生理响应及积累特征研究

以臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）、大叶黄杨（Buxus megistophylla）和紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）4种抗污染木本植物苗木为材料,在盆栽条件下设置0、250、500、1000和2000 mg·kg^-1 5个锑的质量分数梯度,分析胁迫过程中苗木苗高、地径、生物量、耐性指数、相对叶绿素含量、POD活性和SOD活性等指标的变化,探讨这4种苗木对锑胁迫的生理响应,并通过测定苗木地上、地下部分锑的质量分数,明确这几种植物对锑的积累特征,以期为锑污染植物修复材料筛选提供理论基础。结果表明：在不同质量分数锑胁迫下,4种木本植物的苗高、地茎、生物量及耐性指数出现不同程度的下降,其中大叶黄杨在不同质量分数锑处理下的耐性指数均大于90%,表现出对锑较强的抗性。除大叶黄杨外,在中、中高质量分数（500、1000 mg·kg^-1）锑处理后,其他3种木本植物叶片叶绿素含量较对照均显著下降。而在高质量分数锑胁迫下,4种木本植物的叶绿素含量与对照相比均显著下降,表明锑能通过影响植物的光合作用来降低这4种木本植物的生物量合成。在中高质量分数锑胁迫下,4种植物根系的POD和SOD活性均呈现不同程度的增加;在高质量分数锑胁迫下,臭椿、构树和紫穗槐的POD及SOD活性增加幅度减少或受到抑制,表明抗氧化酶系统在植物抵抗锑胁迫过程中发挥重要作用,同时高质量分数的锑胁迫又能降低抗氧化酶系统清除活性氧的能力。在不同质量分数的锑胁迫下,4种木本植物地上、地下部分锑的质量分数存在差异,分别为构树＞紫穗槐＞臭椿＞大叶黄杨,紫穗槐＞构树＞臭椿＞大叶黄杨,表明大叶黄杨可能通过对锑较强的排斥能力,减少锑对叶绿素合成、POD和SOD活性的抑制作用,近而增强了其对锑胁迫的抗性。固氮植物紫穗槐根系最大锑?     

三峡水库支流小江鱼类早期资源现状

分别于2017年和2018年的5—7月在三峡库区支流小江渠口断面开展鱼类早期资源监测,以了解小江变动回水区鱼类早期资源现状。监测结果表明:共采集到7种产漂流性卵鱼类的鱼卵以及7种仔鱼;采集的鱼卵以似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、银(Squalidus argentatus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)和蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus)为主,而仔鱼则以子陵吻虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)为主;不同年份主要产卵活动发生的时间存在差异;小江渠口镇铺溪村至汉丰湖调节坝之间江段共分布集中产卵场3处。小江变动回水区江段是产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的分布区域,建议加强该江段生境和鱼类资源保护管理。     

Development of ground vegetation under exotic tree plantations on restored coal mine spoil land in a dry tropical region of India

Restoration of mine spoil is a prime need for coal industry. The study of ground cover vegetation provides essential information about the species diversity and their successional trends during the restoration. The present study was conducted to analyze the structure and biomass accumulation of ground vegetation developing in different plantation stands of an opencast coal mine spoil in a dry tropical region. Different plantation stands showed variations in species diversities. Exotic herbs were more dominant in comparison to native herbs. Pennisetum pedicillatum, an exotic herb showed maximum Importance Value Index in most of the plantation stands. Total number of species varied between 12-18 in different plantation stands. Speces richness and evenness increased with increasing age of the plantations. Variations in total biomass accumulation of ground vegetation were also significant among different plantations. These results suggest that reforestation programme with exotic species on coal mine spoil has been successful in colonization of ground vegetation under different plantations. Gravellia pteridifolia plantations showed most successful ground cover among different plantation stands.