流动注射荧光分析法用于土壤及水系沉积物中铈（Ⅲ）含量的测定

研究表明Ｃｅ＾３＋在ｐＨ〈６．２ＫＣｌ介质中以２５４．０ｎｍ紫外光激发时，在３５２．０ｎｍ处发出具有恒定强度的荧光。因而可选择ｐＨ５－６作为测定酸度条件，利用Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３消除Ｆｅ＾３＋等离子的干扰，建立起Ｃｅ＾３＋的流动注射荧光分析法。方法的线性范围是２．０×１０＾－７—２．０×１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ｌ，一元回归方程△Ｆ＝６６３６００Ｃ－０．０４１（ｎ＝１０，ｒ＝０．９９９７），检测限６．０×１     

不同品种茶叶中锗含量的测定与研究

在苏木色精－偏钒酸胺体系中，锗可产生一灵敏的极谱催化波，峰电位为－０．５７Ｖ（ｕｓ ＳＣＥ），检测下限为６．８８８×１０＾－１１ｍｏｌ／ｌ，线性范围为１．３７８×１０＾－１０—１．１０２×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／ｌ。用催化极谱法测定茶叶中锗，兼具灵敏、准确、快速、简便、选择性好的优点，可用于茶叶样品中锗的定量测定。     

土壤中二价铁离子的伏安法测定

利用二价铁离子的联吡啶络合物,示差脉冲伏安法测定土壤中的二价铁离子．结果表明:二价铁离子的浓度与铁联吡啶络合物的峰电流在１．６×１０－６－９．８×１０－６ｍｏｌ·ｌ－１和９．８×１０－６－６．６× １０－５ｍｏｌ·ｌ－１浓度范围内成正比,检测下限为４．１× １０－７ｍｏｌ·ｌ－１,相对标准偏差为０．８４%(ｎ＝６)．在该方法中,联吡啶的浓度对二价铁离子联吡啶络合物的峰电位、峰电流及半峰宽度有影响,而测定体系的ｐＨ值和支持电解质的浓度对二价铁离子联吡啶络合物的峰电位、峰电流及半峰宽度影响较小．     

O（^1D）与CF2ClBr的反应研究

本文研究了ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ－Ｏ３体系在２５３．７ｎｍ紫外光照下所引发的Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应。Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ反应的最终产物为ＣＦ２Ｏ,Ｃｌ２,Ｂ２ｒ;实验中得到Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应速率常数为１．０１×１０＾－１０ｃｍ＾３·ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ＾－１·ｓ＾－１,并且对Ｏ（＾３Ｐ）与ＣＦ２ＬｌＢｒ的反应可能性以及Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应机理进行了讨论。     

单甲脒饱和蒸气压的测定和估算

用气体的法测单甲脒在１５，２５，３５和４５℃时的饱和蒸气分别为０．２０２，０．５５４６，１．９５，６．２９Ｐａ；亨利常数计算值分别为６．３０×１０＾－４，１．６７×１０＾－３，５．６８×１０＾０－３和１．７８×１０＆－２，根据Ｃｌａｕｓｉｕｓ Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程求出单甲脒在常温下气化热为８９．２ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ＾－１。     

升流式厌氧污泥床工艺处理酵母废液的研究

本文根据酵母废液的水质特点，采用了常温升流式厌氧污泥床处理工艺，即温度在２６．８－２８．０℃，进水ＣＯＤ为７１２９－９８２３ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１时，达到ＣＤＯ去除率６６．０－７１．０％，同时，沼气产率为２．４－３．０Ｌ·ｌ＾－１·ｄ＾－１，沼气中烷含量为６１．５－６９．１％。该法耗能小，沼气可回收，经济效果明显。     

Al^3＋对绿豆根生长和根尖细胞核仁的影响

研究了不同浓度铝离子（Ｃ（Ａｌ＾３＋）＝１０＾１，１０＾－２，１０＾－３，１０＾－４和１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对绿豆（ＰｈａｓｅｌｕｓｒａｄｉｏｔｕｓＬ．）根生长及根尖细胞核仁的影响，结果表明：Ｃ（Ａｌ＾３＋）在１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上时对根生长和根尖细胞核仁都有着抑制作用，核仁受毒害后，核仁物质外溢细胞质内，严重对核仁物质几乎占据整个细胞质，该现象在分生组织细胞和根冠组织中都可观察到。     

酚类化合物抑制斜生栅藻生长的毒性效应

本文运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法，得出苯酚，邻氯苯酚、２，４－二氯苯酚和五氯酚抑制斜生栅藻生长的９６ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为３４１．８５，２５和１．５ｍｇ·１＾－１，实验结果表明，在３００，３５０和４００ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１三种本酚初始浓度下，斜生栅藻都不具备降解苯酚的能力，即使在培养基中基本没有无机碳源的情况下，斜生栅藻仍不具备降解苯酚的能力。     

土壤中水溶性有机碳与铜的相互影响

通过向土壤溶液中加入Ｃｕ２＋和可溶性有机碳(ＤＯＣ),研究它们之间的相互作用．结果发现,加入铜可以显著改变土壤水溶性有机碳(ＷＳＯＣ)的吸着平衡,并降低了其水溶性．影响程度在０．８ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１Ｃｕ以下随铜浓度的增加而增加．加入０．５ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１铜的土壤中 ＷＳＯＳ含量从 ０．２７ｍｇ Ｃ·ｇ－１降至０．０４７ｍｇ Ｃ·ｇ－１,吸着系数从６．６×１０－３ｌ·ｇ－１降至３．３×１０－３ｌ·ｇ－１．另一方面,用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程描述铜离子在土壤中的吸附行为(液相浓度单位取ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１,固相浓度取ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ－１土),ｋ＝９．ｌ×１０－３;ｎ＝３．４０． 加入ＤＯＣ后,ｋ＝９．２×１０－３;ｎ＝３．６６,没有明显改变土壤对铜的吸附性能．加入小同浓度的ＤＯＣ,结果仍说明该浓度范围内ＤＯＣ(＜８ｍｇ Ｃ·ｌ－１)的加入没有明显改变土壤对铜的吸附性能．     

磷酸铁膜对黄铁矿氧化动力学行为的影响

用动态法研究了不同温度ＰＨ值和Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度下,对照和经ＫＨ２ＰＯ４处理的黄铁矿氧化反应的动力学。结果表明,用０．１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２＋０．０１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＫＨ２ＰＯ４混合液淋洗黄铁矿后,黄铁矿表面可形成磷酸铁膜。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.