海水淡化水在既有管网输配的铁释放控制研究

由于具有强腐蚀性,海水淡化水在既有市政管网输配过程中往往会产生严重的"红水"现象,主要是由于管网中铁的释放.为了研究控制既有管网中铁释放的有效措施,对管龄为30～40 a的钢管和灰口铸铁管内壁的腐蚀瘤进行分析,主要组成物质为Fe3O4和FeOOH;选择腐蚀较严重的钢管进行静态浸泡试验,重点分析了自来水和淡化水的掺混比、pH值、碱度、氯离子和硫酸根离子对铁释放的影响,并以铁浓度为控制量,初步给出了海水淡化水在既有管网中安全输配所需满足的水质条件:自来水和淡化水的掺混比≥2∶1,pH值在7.6以上,碱度>200 mg.L-1.     

水源切换引起给水管网黄水问题原因分析

针对水源切换造成黄水问题的原因开展试验研究.对水源切换前后原水水质进行分析,连续3个月跟踪监测出现黄水问题用户出水水质变化,利用XRD、SEM和EDS对出现黄水问题管段的管垢进行分析.利用试验室模拟反应器,比较不同水质下管材腐蚀速率及管垢铁释放速率.结果表明,水源切换后新水源水化学组分的较大变化,特别是硫酸盐浓度的大幅度增加是引发黄水问题的主要原因.拉森指数从原来的0.4左右增加到1.7～1.9,水源切换后数天内部分管网用户出水出现黄水问题.发生黄水问题地区的管垢致密壳层较为脆弱,在高浓度硫酸盐水质条件下,容易发生溶解破坏.通过反应器模拟试验,对于旧铸铁管,高浓度硫酸盐对管垢铁释放的影响要大于对管材基质腐蚀的影响.拉森指数与铁释放速率具有相关关系,随着拉森指数的增加,铁释放速率升高;对于旧铸铁管,其相关关系为非线性.由于出现黄水问题的管段管垢稳定保护层被破坏,即使随后管网水拉森指数降低到0.6左右,黄水问题仍持续较长时间.     

D60钢在模拟海岛环境中腐蚀产物的红外光谱研究

目的以弹药金属元件的主要材料之一D60钢为样品,在模拟海岛环境的高湿、高盐雾条件下研究D60钢的腐蚀过程。方法利用红外光谱法(IR)对腐蚀产物进行表征。结果腐蚀层中含有吸附水,在腐蚀的初期,腐蚀产物主要有γ-Fe OOH和δ-Fe OOH,但是随着腐蚀的继续,产物中出现α-Fe OOH,同时δ-Fe OOH逐渐减少至完全消失,在腐蚀的后期出现了Fe3O4,有Cl-参与下的腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要有α-Fe OOH,γ-Fe OOH和部分少量的δ-Fe OOH。结论 Cl-的加入加速了基体金属的腐蚀。     

南方某城市供水管网红水原因调查与研究

针对南方某城市供水管网经常出现红水现象,对实际供水管网进行了调查.从某城市供水管网中连续取样检测溶解氧、余氯、铁浓度、锰浓度、铁细菌和亚硝酸菌等重要水质指标,目的是探讨管网出现红水的原因.结果表明,管网出现红水地区的沉淀物主要成分为铁、锰,出厂水存在锰超标现象（Mn最大值达到0.33 mg.L-1）,4个水厂出厂水拉森指数均〉1,4个水厂供水量及硫酸盐、电导率等供水水质指标存在较大的差别,管网中铁细菌及亚硝酸菌（100～103MPN.mL-1）存在水平较高.因此,出厂水本身腐蚀性是导致管网出现红水的潜在原因;其次,各水厂供水量和水质差异导致管网水在低溶解氧及低余氯条件下易发生红水现象;再者,管网中硝化作用严重,诱发微生物腐蚀供水管道.为此,针对上述原因提出控制管网红水现象的主要措施.     

基于空腔流动理论的市政消火栓盲端铁迁移扩散机理研究

市政消火栓滞水严重，存在积累扩散亚铁离子（Fe²⁺）的问题，可能引发"红水"现象，威胁供水卫生安全.以往的管网水质模拟缺少对消火栓盲端支管的研究，难以准确模拟消火栓铁释放现象，使得计算精确度不足.针对上述问题，本研究尝试运用空腔流动机理分析市政消火栓构成的盲端支管内Fe²⁺迁移扩散现象，结合扩散实验和数值模拟，构建盲端支管Fe²⁺扩散的流体力学模型，定量分析管长、管径、流速等因素的影响规律，为精确模拟消火栓水质提供参考.     

三维花状结构α-FeOOH协同H2O2可见光催化降解双氯芬酸钠

采用油浴回流法,在常压回流反应条件下批量制备出三维花状结构的α-Fe OOH纳米材料,并利用XRD、FT-IR和SEM等仪器对其进行分析表征;以双氯芬酸钠为目标污染物,考察三维花状结构α-Fe OOH纳米材料,在模拟太阳光照射下,催化H2O2降解有机污染物的性能.结果表明,三维花状结构α-Fe OOH由纳米棒自组装形成,纳米棒的长度约400~500 nm,直径约40~60 nm.以模拟可见光为光源,三维花状结构α-Fe OOH与H2O2构成光助异相类Fenton体系,对双氯芬酸钠有良好的光催化降解效果,在90 min内对初始浓度为30 mg·L-1的双氯芬酸钠降解去除率达到99%以上,催化降解反应以羟基自由基氧化反应为主.     

供水系统水质生物稳定性与细菌生长相关分析

以上海市某水厂实际供水系统为研究对象,从水源、水厂净水工艺到输配水管网对城市供水水质生物稳定性与微生物生长相关性进行了系统分析.结果表明,由于水源污染和常规净水工艺局限性,水厂出水水质不能保障生物稳定性,在输配管网中,BDOC、浊度、余氯、异养菌数量存在明显的相关性.控制出厂水有机物含量,保持管网免受二次污染和强化消毒可有效减少管网中微生物繁殖生长.     

高梯度磁场中磁性可吸入颗粒物脱除试验研究

在高梯度磁场中,分别对钡铁氧体、Fe3O4和γ-Fe2O3等3种磁性可吸入颗粒物进行了脱除实验研究.通过改变外加磁场磁通密度、格栅排数、气溶胶流量、磁性可吸入颗粒物的种类,研究其脱除效率的变化规律.确定影响磁性可吸入颗粒物脱除效率的因素.结果表明:外加磁场的磁通密度越大,颗粒物的脱除效率越高,但有一定限度;格栅排数增加后,颗粒物的脱除效率得到提高;随着流量的增加,颗粒物的脱除效率有所下降;磁性颗粒的磁化率越大.颗粒脱除效率越高.     

管网多相界面下抗生素抗性菌的分布特征研究

以CDC生物膜反应器模拟给水管网输配系统,探究管网水相、生物膜相和颗粒物相三相界面下6种典型抗生素抗性细菌的分布特征.反应器稳定运行30d后,出水余氯从0.66mg/L下降到0.26mg/L,出水浊度和颗粒物浓度分别从进水的0.08NTU和377counts/mL增高至0.86NTU和4151counts/mL,出水水质变差.进水中仅有红霉素和氨苄西林的抗性细菌的数量较高,分别为36和99CFU/100mL,出水中,链霉素和氨苄西林的抗性细菌数量最高,分别为432和155CFU/100mL,远远高于进水中抗性细菌数量.生物膜相中异养菌总数和细胞总数达到了4089CFU/cm~2和1.5×10~6cells/cm~2,链霉素和红霉素的抗性细菌数量较高,为3432和2508CFU/cm~2,其抗性细菌比例分别达到了83.9%和61.4%.颗粒物相中,氯霉素和氨苄西林的抗性细菌比例较高,都在45%左右.生物膜和颗粒物都会给细菌提供一个安全稳定的生长场所,使细菌能够抵抗残留消毒剂和部分抗生素的抑制作用,更易产生耐药性,对人体健康的威胁也更大.     

P265GH低合金钢在模拟污染大气环境中的腐蚀行为

目的研究P265GH钢在模拟污染大气环境中的腐蚀行为,探讨Na HSO3和Na Cl的协同作用对P265GH钢大气腐蚀影响。方法利用SEM,XRD和FTIR技术以及腐蚀质量损失分析。结果在Na HSO3存在的环境中,α-Fe OOH易于形成,而在Na Cl存在的环境中,γ-Fe2O3和Fe3O4易于形成,两者同时存在的环境中,P265GH钢腐蚀质量损失比单一腐蚀介质存在时的质量损失大。结论Na HSO3和Na Cl之间存在协同效应,腐蚀介质对P265GH钢腐蚀影响顺序为Na HSO3+Na Cl>Na HSO3>Na Cl。     

Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch

Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of “red water” and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCI_TI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (R_Fe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCI_TI,24 and R_Fe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The R_Fe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid “red water”.     

硫酸根离子强化零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的试验研究

普通零价铁去除Cr（VI）的反应活性较低且Cr（VI）会导致零价铁较快钝化.通过连续流实验,研究了硫酸根离子提高零价铁去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）的可行性与反应机理.实验结果表明,在未加入硫酸根离子时,运行5.5h后柱子出水总铬及Cr（VI）已开始超出饮用水标准.而在加入1~3mmol/L SO₄^2-后,出水总铬及Cr（VI）持续降低,并最终降至饮用水水质标准以下且稳定运行长达240h以上.XPS分析结果表明,还原作用是零价铁除Cr（Ⅵ）的主要机理,硫酸根离子加速了零价铁的腐蚀进而促进了Cr（VI）的去除.     

Fe0去除黄土地区土壤水中的硝酸盐

在欧美发达国家,以Fe0为填料的PRB(permeable reactive barriers)技术已成功用于去除土壤和地下水中的硝酸盐污染,而在我国的实际应用还未见报道,但我国许多地区的土壤水中硝酸盐污染日趋严重,必须采取相应措施.为此,在实验室条件下,通过批实验采用200～300目的还原铁粉研究了在有黄土存在时溶液pH、铁粉表面预处理及铁粉与硝态氮质量比、土壤水中主要阴离子及加活性炭等对硝酸盐去除效果的影响.结果表明,在黄土的碱性条件下,Fe0仍然可以还原硝酸盐,起始pH值影响不大,因为土壤的缓冲作用能抵消进水pH值的影响;铁粉经过酸预处理后能提高反应速率和硝酸盐的去除率;增大铁粉与硝态氮的质量比能提高硝酸盐的去除率,但当这个比值超过100∶1以后,用酸预处理和不作预处理的效果相当,且再增大比值对硝酸盐的去除率影响不大.黄土地区土壤水中的主要阴离子Cl-、SO42--和HCO3-可促进铁粉腐蚀进而加快硝酸盐的还原,同浓度下促进作用顺序为SO42-＞HCO3-＞Cl-;加入活性炭可形成原电池从而加快硝酸盐的去除.硝酸盐还原产物主要是氨,亚硝酸盐只是在反应初期出现但很快就减少,可溶性铁含量都小于0.2mg·L-1.     

生物滤池净化含铁锰高氨氮地下水试验研究

以中试有机玻璃滤柱反应器进行伴生高浓度氨氮含铁锰地下水生物同步净化试验研究,结果表明,进水氨氮浓度高于2.0mg/L时,溶解氧浓度是限制锰与氨氮去除的主要原因.下向流底部曝气过滤运行(气水逆向)可解决溶解氧不足的问题,但滤柱滤水能力有限;上向流底部曝气过滤(气水同向)同样可以满足铁锰氨氮氧化需氧量,然而曝气扰动作用削弱了滤池过滤截留能力造成铁锰氧化物穿透滤层,致使滤层出水铁锰浓度无法满足标准要求,曝气量越大,其滤池截留能力越弱.     

Molecular analysis of long-term biofilm formation on PVC and cast iron surfaces in drinking water distribution system

To understand the impacts of different plumbing materials on long-term biofilm formation in water supply system, we analyzed microbial community compositions in the bulk water and biofilms on faucets with two different materials-polyvinyl chloride （PVC） and cast iron, which have been frequently used for more thanlO years. Pyrosequencing was employed to describe both bacterial and eukaryotic microbial compositions. Bacterial communities in the bulk water and biofilm samples were significantly different from each other. Specific bacterial populations colonized on the surface of different materials. Hyphomicrobia and corrosion associated bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus spp., Aquabacterium spp., Limnobacter thiooxidans, and Thiocapsa spp., were the most dominant bacteria identified in the PVC and cast iron biofilms, respectively, suggesting that bacterial colonization on the material surfaces was selective. Mycobacteria and Legionella spp. were common potential pathogenic bacteria occurred in the biofilm samples, but their abundance was different in the two biofilm bacterial communities. In contrast, the biofilm samples showed more similar eukaryotic communities than the bulk water. Notably, potential pathogenic fungi, i.e., Aspergillus spp. and Candida parapsilosis, occurred in similar abundance in both biofilms. These results indicated that microbial community, especially bacterial composition was remarkably affected by the different pipe materials （PVC and cast iron）.     

环氧树脂封面层对球墨铸铁管生物膜的影响

以实际全比例非循环管道中试平台中水泥砂浆内衬球墨铸铁管为研究对象,通过分析生物膜的理化指标及微生物的群落结构来研究环氧树脂封面层对管道生物膜的影响.研究发现,相比于普通水泥砂浆内衬的球墨铸铁管,增加环氧树脂封面层后的管道不易吸附、沉积各种物质,对生物膜细菌丰度及群落结构均有影响,其管壁生物膜细菌总数为4.01×10⁴copies/cm²,可培养菌数量为1.40×10CFU/cm²,另外其物种丰度较高而多样性较低.因此增加环氧树脂封面层的水泥内衬球墨铸铁管是一种更为优良的管材.     

利用硫铁矿烧渣和硫酸铵废液制备铵铁蓝

将氨法制铁黄所产生的硫酸铵废液净化后,加入硫铁矿烧渣制备得到的硫酸亚铁得到硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵混合溶液,其硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵Ё浓度分别为0.346和0.173 mol·L-1.按照硫酸亚铁与亚铁氰化钠物质的量比为1.15:1,将硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵混合溶液加入浓度为0.200 mol·L-1的亚铁氰化钠溶液中,80℃下反应10 min得到白浆.将所得白浆在100℃下热煮1 h,加入质量分数为50%的硫酸溶液酸煮2 h,降温至70℃后加入质量分数为10%的氯酸钠溶液氧化3 h得到铁蓝.将铁蓝过滤、洗涤、干燥、研磨得到铵铁蓝粉末.实验所得铵铁蓝质量优于国家标准GB 1860-88及HG/T 3001-1999行业标准.SEM实验表明,铵铁蓝颗粒大小均匀、粒径约为20 nm;XRD实验表明,铵铁蓝具有与Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3相同的立方晶体结构.     

供水管壁的磷释放对管网水质生物稳定性的影响

为了研究供水系统金属管壁磷释放及其对管网水质生物稳定性的影响,采用新旧有水泥涂衬球墨铸铁管,考察了管壁和水泥涂衬中磷的含量,管网水中可同化有机碳(AOC)、异养菌平板计数(HPC)及生物可利用磷(MAP)的变化规律.结果表明,在铸铁管金属管壁和水泥涂衬中均有磷元素及其他微生物生长所需微量元素存在.旧管和新管均可向悬浮水中释放磷元素并可被微生物吸收利用,旧管释放水平高于新管;同时旧管释放产生的AOC和旧管水中的HPC也明显高于新管;新管对水中pH值有明显影响,但随时间推移逐渐减弱.     

Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems

The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.