饮用水系统中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类新兴的有机污染物备受研究者的关注,未被去除的PPCPs母体或转化/降解产物可能进入饮用水系统,威胁人体健康.本文分析了PPCPs在饮用水源、出厂水、供水管网和龙头水中的赋存状况,总结了饮用水厂各处理工艺对PPCPs的去除效果.PPCPs在饮用水系统中的浓度较低,一般在ng·L~(-1)到μg·L~(-1).饮用水厂处理工艺能有效去除特定PPCPs,其中氧化、活性炭及膜处理等深度处理工艺对PPCPs去除效果较好.加强对饮用水系统中PPCPs的来源控制、过程管理和末端监督等是将来的重要研究方向.     

生态毒理学教学专栏寄语

抗生素的长期滥用,使得环境细菌耐药性不断增强,加速了耐药基因(antibiotics resistance genes,ARGs)在环境中的传播扩散,并给饮用水带来健康风险。在介绍饮用水中抗生素和耐药基因污染现状的基础上,阐述了耐药基因在饮用水中的来源和归趋,对环境中抗生素和耐药基因的人体健康风险做了初步探讨,针对目前饮用水的污染现状,对今后有关饮用水中细菌耐药的研究进行了展望。     

饮用水中细菌耐药及其健康风险研究进展

抗生素的长期滥用,使得环境细菌耐药性不断增强,加速了耐药基因(antibiotics resistance genes,ARGs)在环境中的传播扩散,并给饮用水带来健康风险。在介绍饮用水中抗生素和耐药基因污染现状的基础上,阐述了耐药基因在饮用水中的来源和归趋,对环境中抗生素和耐药基因的人体健康风险做了初步探讨,针对目前饮用水的污染现状,对今后有关饮用水中细菌耐药的研究进行了展望。     

斑马鱼幼鱼运动行为测试评价饮用水安全

饮用水安全直接关乎人类的健康与安全,当前迫切需要全新的毒性测试方法对饮用水的潜在人类健康风险进行全面、准确和灵敏的评估和预警。本研究以反渗透技术(RO)取代常用的固相萃取,分别浓缩饮用水厂的进厂水、出厂水和管网水进行毒性试验水样的前处理。反渗透技术前处理方法可以避免传统固相萃取方法中使用的有机溶剂对行为学测试体系的干扰。RO浓缩后的饮用水对斑马鱼胚胎进行持续暴露,采用Viewpoint行为测试软件量化分析出生后第6天(6 dpf)斑马鱼幼鱼的运动行为,选择运动距离和转向行为作为测试终点,分析进厂水、出厂水及管网水的潜在毒性及可能变化。结果表明,暴露在进厂水的幼鱼出现了明显的行为变化,尤其在较高浓度(20倍浓缩)暴露时,运动距离相比对照组显著减少,同时伴有剧烈的转向等异常行为;管网水对斑马鱼幼鱼行为存在一定程度的影响,而出厂水对幼鱼的运动行为没有显著影响。研究结果反映出当前饮用水厂深度处理工艺可以有效降低进厂水的潜在毒性和健康风险,但是经供水管网输送后,其水质可能发生了改变,导致管网水可能存在潜在的毒性。本研究所采用的反渗透技术前处理技术及斑马鱼幼鱼的运动行为学测试方法,可用于未来建立评估饮用水水质安全的早期预警系统。     

“絮凝专辑”的卷首语

随着我国水资源短缺及水污染问题加剧,已明显地制约了我国经济的可持续发展。因此,水资源的再生利用是目前亟待解决的大问题。水资源再生利用是指对微污染的水源水以及城市、工业废水进行深度处理而使之能够达到重复利用的目的,即水质深度净化处理。它主要涉及当前亟待解决的饮用水水源微污染、城市、工业废水以及油田回注水中的各种纳微米级颗粒污染物去除难的问题。     

饮用水水源污染现状与除污染技术的进展

近年来,饮用水水源污染以及传统水处理工艺对污染水源处理能力的局限性问题,引起了人们的严重关注。本文较详细地介绍了饮用水水源污染的现状和特点;论述了当前水处理技术的进展情况,并对不同水处理工艺的处理特点和除污染能力进行了分析阐述。最后,根据作者的研究实践,提供了若干解决饮用水污染问题的方法。     

基于umu遗传毒性效应的饮用水致癌风险评价的尝试

化学物质暴露是导致癌症发生的重要诱因,通过饮用水暴露导致的人类致癌风险在饮用水处理技术中日益引起重视.由于水中化学物质种类繁多、组成复杂,准确地检测每个致癌物质的浓度和毒性非常困难.为了控制饮用水的安全,根据DNA损伤诱导SOS反应而表达umuC基因这一基本原理建立的SOS/umu测试法,已经广泛应用于饮用水遗传毒性的检测.论文建立了基于umu遗传毒性效应的饮用水致癌风险评价方法,并对北方某水厂饮用水的遗传毒性进行了umu测试,计算了该地区饮用水的致癌风险,提出了可能的饮用水遗传毒性基准值.结果表明,该水厂常规工艺出水的致癌风险均值为1.55×10-6,存在一定的安全隐患;而深度处理工艺能有效地削减出水致癌风险均值至5.3×10-7,达到目前先进国家水质管理的要求,保障了饮用水的安全.样品中4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物(4-NQO)的等当量浓度(TEQ4-NQO)0.0948μg·L-1可作为饮用水遗传毒性基准值。     

测定13种抗生素的固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法优化与应用

大量用于预防和治疗细菌和真菌性等疾病的抗生素药物未经完全代谢后最终进入自然水体,对饮用水源水质安全构成潜在威胁.为快速测定饮用水源水体中的抗生素残留,保障饮水安全,本论文建立一种固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定13种抗生素的分析方法.采用OASIS^? HLB小柱对水样进行固相萃取富集和净化,以甲醇和0.5%的甲酸(含5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵)水溶液为流动相,经Kinetex^?C18色谱柱分离后采用三重四极杆串联质谱多反应监测模式分析.该方法检出限为0.05—1.66 ng·L^-1,定量限为0.17—5.52 ng·L^-1,回收率为70.2%—121.5%,相对标准偏差为1.1%—13.5%.该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,适用于饮用水源源水中痕量抗生素残留的测定.方法成功应用于厦门市饮用水源源水中抗生素残留分析,共检出7种抗生素,浓度范围为ND—32.6 ng·L^-1.     

北方某市城区水环境中轮状病毒的初步检测

轮状病毒(Rotavirus,RV)是引起全世界婴幼儿肠胃炎的最主要病原体.在我国,儿童秋季腹泻发病达到高峰,也主要由轮状病毒引起.论文改进了RT-nested-PCR检测水中轮状病毒的方法,于2006年10月对北方某市城区水环境(包括污水、地表水和饮用水)中的轮状病毒进行了初步检测.结果表明,该市某污水厂进水和不同工艺段出水、主要公园的景观水体、主要自来水厂进水和出水以及城区管网水,均检出轮状病毒.综合分析从水源到管网的过程,认为管网水中的轮状病毒可能与水源水污染有关.管网水中有轮状病毒检出,说明秋季该市饮用水中存在潜在的轮状病毒传染源.同期对管网水进行的细菌学指标检测,没有发现总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、粪链球菌,可见目前城市供水水质标准中的细菌学指标并不能准确反映病毒污染状况.     

应用模式生物检测饮用水源颗粒物的毒性效应

悬浮颗粒物在自然水体中广泛存在,大量小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)可吸附、聚集水中多种污染物,从而形成新的复合污染,影响水生生态系统。已有研究表明,颗粒物粒径越小,传统饮用水处理工艺越难以去除,因此,其表面吸附的污染物也会随之残留在水体中,对饮用水安全产生影响。本研究对南京某自来水厂进水和出水中的颗粒物进行了测定和对比,并选用3种不同种类的模式生物包括发光菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.),对饮用水源水中不同粒径颗粒物的毒性效应进行了测试。结果表明,传统水处理工艺对小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)的去除效果并不理想;经传统水处理工艺处理后,出水仍显著抑制发光菌发光强度以及纤细裸藻生长,对蚕豆的污染指数较高,可能存在一定健康隐患;进水中颗粒物粒径<1μm组对发光菌发光强度和纤细裸藻生长的抑制效应显著大于粒径≥1μm颗粒物组,蚕豆根尖的污染指数也更高,毒性更强。本研究结果可为饮用水的生物毒性检测和水处理工艺改良提供参考。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.