十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)改性蒙脱石对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附研究

以阴离子表面活性剂(十二烷基磺酸钠,SDS)为改性剂制备了有机蒙脱石,研究其对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS对有机蒙脱石进行表征.实验结果表明,有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附基本上在20min内达到平衡,并随pH增大(1.0～7.0),吸附量增加,最佳pH约为6.0.有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,SDS改性蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的最大吸附量较纯蒙脱石分别增加15.7%、15.5%.XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS及碳含量分析结果显示,SDS主要分布在蒙脱石表面且相对稳定,少量嵌入层间,有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附机制为配位吸附和离子交换.     

pH和盐对活性炭纤维吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响

采用静态吸附的方法,研究了pH和盐对活性炭纤维ST-8和ST-13吸附水中2,4-二硝基酚的影响。结果表明,在pH0～14范围内,吸附量先随着pH的增大而增大,然后吸附量随着pH的增大而减小;在pH11时,吸附量最小但不为零;在pH11～14范围内,吸附量随着pH增大而增大;ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的最佳pH分别为2和3。pH对吸附的影响主要是改变2,4-二硝基酚的存在形态、活性炭纤维表面的电荷和溶液的物理化学性质。盐的存在对吸附2,4-二硝基酚有利;低pH时,氯化钠的作用是盐析效应;在pH较大时,氯化钠的作用是屏蔽效应。在pH为11的条件下,氯化钠浓度为5.0mol/L时,ST-13可以完全消除静电斥力,而ST-8只能克服大部分的静电斥力。     

pH和盐对活性炭纤维吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响

研究了pH和盐对活性炭纤维ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响。结果表明,在pH0～14范围内,吸附量先随着pH的增大而增大,然后吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,在pH11时吸附量最小但不为零;在pH11～14范围内,吸附量随着pH增大而增大;ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的最佳pH分别为2和3。盐的存在对吸附2,4-二硝基酚有利,低pH时,氯化钠的作用是盐析效应;在pH较大时,氯化钠的作用是屏蔽效应。     

氧化锰改性活性炭的优化制备及其对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了活性炭负载氧化锰的除镉(Cd(Ⅱ))吸附剂,通过L_9(3~4)正交试验确定最优制备条件如下:浸渍时间7 h,KMnO_4质量分数2.7%,焙烧温度470℃,焙烧时间2.5 h。通过BET、SEM、FTIR、XRD对改性活性炭(MOAC)进行表征,研究了pH值、吸附时间、初始浓度、吸附温度等对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附效果的影响。结果表明:MOAC表面烃基含氧官能团增多,氧化锰以MnO_2的形式负载到其表面;当MOAC的投加量为0.5 g/L,Cd(Ⅱ)的初始浓度为50 mg/L,溶液pH值为6.0,温度为298 K,吸附时间为12 h时,MOAC对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量高达84.15 mg/g,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附方程,热力学参数表明该吸附过程为放热、自发的过程。     

针铁矿-高岭石复合体的表面性质和吸附氟的特性

采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外(FT-IR)光谱、质子电位滴定、比表面及微孔分析等方法对针铁矿、高岭石及其复合体的基本性质进行了表征;研究了供试样品对氟的吸附容量及吸附模型.结果表明,在悬浮液体系中,针铁矿可包被在高岭石表面形成二元复合体.复合体的孔径主要分布在0.42 nm和0.61 nm左右,BET表面积为34.08 m2/g,表面分形度D=2.726,质子电荷零点(pHPZNPC)位于5.50～6.50间.初始pH=6.00时,针铁矿对氟的吸附容量(qmax)为4.506 mg/g,高岭石的吸附容量为0.608 mg/g,复合体的吸附容量为3.520 mg/g.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合了针铁矿、高岭石及复合体对氟的等温吸附数据,其中Langmuir方程拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.964、0.991和0.799,Freundlich方程拟合的相关系数分别为0.925、0.886和0.995.3种矿物吸附氟的主要机制有阴离子配体交换、表面配位和静电作用;此外,"F-键桥"对复合体吸附氟也有重要贡献.与2种单体的平均值比较,针铁矿-高岭石复合体的孔体积和孔径分布无明显变化,比表面积和表面分形度增加,表面羟基含量和质子电荷量减少,吸附氟的能力增强.针铁矿和高岭石单体对氟的吸附属于单层吸附模式,适合用Langmuir方程拟合;多层吸附模型Freundlich方程可很好地描述复合体对氟的吸附.     

Comparison study of phosphorus adsorption on different waste solids: Fly ash, red mud and ferric–alum water treatment residues

The adsorption of phosphorus(P) onto three industrial solid wastes(fly ash, red mud and ferric–alum water treatment residual(FAR)) and their modified materials was studied systematically via batch experiments. Compared with two natural adsorbents(zeolite and diatomite), three solid wastes possessed a higher adsorption capacity for P because of the higher Fe, Al and Ca contents. After modification(i.e., the fly ash and red mud modified by FeCl_3 and FARs modified by HCl), the adsorption capacity increased, especially for the modified red mud, where more Fe bonded P was observed. The P adsorption kinetics can be satisfactorily fitted using the pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir model can describe well the P adsorption on all of the samples in our study. p H and dissolved organic matter(DOM) are two important factors for P adsorption. Under neutral conditions, the maximum adsorption amount on the modified materials was observed. With the deviation from pH 7, the adsorption amount decreased, which resulted from the change of P species in water and surface charges of the adsorbents. The DOM in water can promote P adsorption, which may be due to the promotion effects of humic-Fe(Al) complexes and the pH buffer function exceeds the depression of competitive adsorption.     

Adsorption of mercury on laterite from Guizhou Province, China

The adsorption behaviors of Hg(Ⅱ) on laterite from Guizhou Province,China,were studied and the adsorption mechanism was discussed.The results showed that different mineral compositons in the laterite will cause differences in the adsorption capacity of laterite to Hg(Ⅱ).Illite and non-crystalloids are the main contributors to enhancing the adsorption capacity of laterite to Hg(Ⅱ).The pH of the solution is an important factor affecting the adsorption of Hg(Ⅱ) on laterite.The alkalescent environment (pH 7-9) ...     

富里酸对针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响机理

为研究复杂三元体系中FA(fulvic acid,富里酸)对针铁矿吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,探究FA对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)在环境中迁移转化的作用机理,通过改变FA的添加顺序及添加量,系统研究了FA存在时Cr(Ⅵ)在针铁矿上的吸附行为.结果表明:不添加FA时,离子强度增大促进了针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附;ρ(FA)为50 mg/L时,离子强度增加会抑制针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.pH为6.98、离子强度为1.0 mol/L时,针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量比不添加FA时高11.0%.pH为2.98时,添加FA后针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大,比不添加FA时高31.9%.无论是否添加FA,升温均有利于针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附,其吸附机理可能是氢键、偶极间力等作用.FA的添加顺序对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量的影响表现为后添加FA>先添加FA>同时添加FA>对照.研究显示,FA的存在能显著改变针铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为.      

凹凸棒黏土对水体和底泥中Cr (Ⅵ)的吸附

为考察凹凸棒黏土对水体和底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）污染治理与修复效果,通过实验室模拟试验,运用Langmuir和Frundlich等温吸附模型及准一级和准二级动力学模型,研究了天然凹凸棒黏土对水体中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性,并研究了pH对吸附过程的影响及凹凸棒黏土对底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）金属形态的影响,通过XRF（X-射线荧光光谱仪）和SEM（扫描电镜）确定凹凸棒黏土的化学组成和微观形貌结构.结果表明:天然凹凸棒黏土内部呈纤维状且多孔隙,成分中含有铁、铝、钙等元素,吸附后的材料中发现了Cr元素;Langmuir-Frundlich吸附等温模型（R2=0.996）和准一级动力学模型（R2=0.993）较好地拟合了凹凸棒黏土对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附热力学与动力学过程,动力学模拟的Cr（Ⅳ）平衡吸附量及实测值分别为1.38和1.37 mg/g.溶液pH对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附具有影响,其最佳pH为3,此时吸附率最高,为85.80%.研究显示,向底泥中添加凹凸棒黏土能促使Cr形态由不稳定态（酸溶态和铁铝还原态之和）向稳定态（可氧化态和残渣态之和）转化,从而达到修复底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）污染的目的.      

Oxidation of Cr(III) on birnessite surfaces: The effect of goethite and kaolinite

Oxidation of Cr(III) by manganese oxides may pose a potential threat to environments due to the formation of toxic Cr(VI) species. At present, it was still unclear whether the extent of Cr(III) oxidation and fate of Cr(VI) would be changed when manganese oxides co-exist with other minerals, the case commonly occurring in soils. This study investigated the influence of goethite and kaolinite on Cr(III) oxidation by birnessite under acidic pH condition (pH 3.5) and background electrolyte of 0.01 mol/L NaCl. Goethite was found not to affect Cr(III) oxidation, which was interpreted as the result of overwhelming adsorption of cationic Cr(III) onto the negatively-charged birnessite (point of zero charge (PZC) < 3.0) rather than the positively-charged goethite (PZC = 8.8). However, more Cr(VI) would be retained by the surface with the increase in addition of goethite because of its strong ability on adsorption of Cr(VI) at low pH. Moreover, either Cr(III) oxidation or distribution of the generated Cr(VI) between the solid and solution phases was not affected by kaolinite (PZC < 3.0), indicating its low affinity for Cr species. Reactions occurring in the present mixed systems were suggested, which could be partly representative of those in the soils and further indicates that the mobility and risk of Cr(VI) would be decreased if goethite was present.     

富里酸在聚苯乙烯微塑料上的吸附行为

主要探究富里酸(FA)在聚苯乙烯(PS)和HBCD-PS复合物(HBCD-PS)微塑料上的吸附特性与作用机制.结果表明,PS对FA几乎没有吸附效果,然而HBCD的存在显著地促进了FA在HBCD-PS上的吸附行为.W-M颗粒内扩散和Boyd扩散模型证实了HBCD-PS对FA的吸附过程主要受颗粒内扩散控制.HBCD-PS对...     

两种类型的活性炭对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附作用研究

分别用木炭和煤炭作为吸附剂,对Zn(Ⅱ)进行了吸附试验。虽然木炭的比表面积小于煤炭,但其对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附作用明显优于煤炭。同时,溶液的pH对活性炭的吸附作用也有很大影响。在pH<7时,活性炭对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附作用随着pH的增加而增加。     

Kinetics and equilibrium of adsorption of dissolved organic matter fractions from secondary effluent by fly ash

Fly ash was used as a low-cost adsorbent for removing dissolved organic matter (DOM) in secondary effluent. Batch experiments were conducted under various adsorbent dosages, pH, contact time, temperatures and DOM fractional characteristics. Under the optimum conditions of fly ash dosage of 15 g/L, temperature of 303 K and contact time of 180 min, a removal of 22.5% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 23.7% of UV-254, 25.9% of the trihalomethanes precursors in secondary effluent was obtained. The adsorption of DOM fractions onto fly ash all followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model, and the hydrophilic fraction adsorption by fly ash also fitted the intraparticle diffusion model quite well. Freundlich and Langmuir models were applicable to the fly ash adsorption and their constants were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorptions revealed that fly ash was more effective in adsorbing hydrophilic fraction than the acidic fractions. Structure changes of the DOM fractions after fly ash adsorption were also characterized via spectrum analyzing. Those mechanisms presented critical step toward improved efficiencies of fly ash adsorption via further surface-modification.     

天然有机物在氧化铝表面的吸附机理研究

考察了天然有机物(NOM)的2种分离组份(憎水部分HyO,亲水部分HyI)和一种商用腐殖酸(CHA)在氧化铝表面的吸附-解吸行为规律,从芳香性、分子量、极性的角度探讨了NOM自身特性对吸附性能的影响,并通过改变溶液性质(pH值、离子强度、二价阳离子Ca2 ),进一步论证了NOM在金属氧化物表面的吸附机理.结果表明,芳香性高、弱极性的有机物吸附性能较强;降低溶液的pH值,有助于增加吸附剂的吸附容量;离子强度和Ca2 对吸附行为的影响,与NOM自身和内部组分的性质有关.NOM吸附于金属氧化物表面的机理,可以归结为配位体交换、静电作用、憎水作用、阳离子架桥等多个因素共同作用的结果.采用原子力显微成像技术,进一步从微观角度证实了憎水作用和阳离子架桥作用的存在.     

引滦水中天然有机化合物的形态及紫外吸收特征

用改进的Leenheer法将引滦水中的天然有机化合物分离为悬浮态和溶解态两大类,后者又分离成憎水有机物、腐殖酸类、强阴离子化合物和其它亲水化合物4种。溶解态有机物含量在4—5mgC/L之间,其中半数左右为腐殖酸类,其紫外吸收强度远在其它形态之上。非极性憎水有机物在5％以下。     

高岭石、针铁矿及其二元体对胡敏酸的吸附特性

研究了高岭石、针铁矿及其混合物(KGM)和复合物(KGC)的表面性质及吸附胡敏酸的特性.结果表明,4种物质的比表面积(SSA)表现为针铁矿KGCKGM高岭石,KGM的SSA接近两种纯物质的平均值,而KGC的SSA明显升高.高岭石、针铁矿、KGM和KGC的等电点(IEP)分别为3.2、7.9、6.1和6.7;初始p H=5.0时,其表面Zeta电位分别为-13.9、38.2、14.3和19.7 m V.4种样品对胡敏酸的动力学吸附过程适合用准二级动力学模型描述,表明化学吸附是主要作用机制.一、二位Langmuir模型可较好地拟合等温吸附数据(R~2为0.962~0.993),其中二位Langmuir模型对KGM和KGC吸附数据的拟合度R~2分别为0.989和0.993;Freundlich模型对等温吸附数据的拟合度较低,但两种二元体的拟合度高于两种纯物质.初始p H=5.0时,高岭石、针铁矿、KGM和KGC对胡敏酸的吸附容量(q_(max))分别为6.02、61.83、35.13和42.10 mg·g~(-1);两种二元体的q_(max)都高于两种纯物质q_(max)的平均值,其中KGC的q_(max)明显升高.热力学参数表明,4种样品对胡敏酸的吸附均属于吸热反应,其中高岭石的吸附为非自发过程,其余样品的吸附为自发过程.     

甲萘威在蒙脱石和高岭石表面的吸附行为研究

研究了甲萘威在蒙脱石和高岭石两种粘土矿物表面的吸附行为,考察了时间、pH值和农药浓度对吸附的影响,并用FTIR探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明,蒙脱石和高岭石对甲萘威的吸附是一个先快后慢的过程,10h吸附可基本达到平衡。用动力学方程对甲萘威的吸附过程进行拟合,发现Elovich方程为最佳模型(R20.93,p0.05,n=12),其次是一级动力学方程和双常数方程;甲萘威在蒙脱石和高岭石表面的等温吸附均很好地符合Langmuir方程(R20.99,p0.05,n=6),其最大吸附量分别为3.651mg/g和1.688mg/g;蒙脱石对甲萘威的吸附强度大于高岭石;在实验pH范围内,甲萘威在两种矿物表面的吸附量均随体系初始pH的升高而减小;红外光谱分析结果表明,甲萘威分子可能通过氢键与蒙脱石和高岭石发生结合。     

某冶炼厂周边土壤碳组分与铜形态的相关性

研究了浙江某冶炼污染区农田土壤有机碳组分与铜(Cu)形态的相关关系.结果表明,研究区土壤Cu形态含量为铁锰氧化物结合态残渣态碳酸盐结合态有机质结合态可交换态,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和残渣态Cu含量分别占全量的39.55%和39.19%.土壤p H值和碳组分对不同形态Cu含量存在一定程度的影响,其中p H值与碳酸盐结合态Cu和铁锰氧化物结合态Cu均呈显著正相关;溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量与可交换态Cu呈极显著正相关;富里酸(FA)含量与可交换态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机结合态Cu呈显著正相关;胡敏酸(HA)含量分别与可交换态Cu和有机结合态Cu呈极显著正相关.土壤DOC、FA、HA的动态变化对这些在移动性上存在差异的Cu形态间的相互转化会带来一定程度的影响,从而改变土壤Cu的迁移能力和生物有效性.     

城市污水处理厂污泥对水中硫化物的吸附特性

为研究城市污水厂污泥对水中硫化物的吸附特性,从3座城市污水处理厂采集回流污泥,考察了硫化物浓度、温度、pH值和其他离子对污泥吸附硫化物的影响.结果表明,污水厂回流污泥对硫化物的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir方程很好地描述,其最大硫化物吸附量为15~27mg/g-干污泥.在温度为5~35℃条件下,吸附量随温度上升而增加,表明该吸附为吸热过程.pH值在2~7范围内,pH值对污泥吸附硫化物的影响不大,当pH值低于2时,污泥对硫化物的吸附量随pH降低显著减小.硫化物可能以离子形式被污泥吸附,该过程为化学吸附过程.水中存在0~25mg/L Cl-或0~12mg/L SO2- 4不影响污泥对硫化物的吸附量.     

汞在腐殖酸上的吸附与解吸特征

采用间歇法研究了汞在腐殖酸两组分（富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA）上的吸附－解吸量和动力学特征以及介质pH的影响，结果表明,腐殖酸对汞的吸附容量以FA＞HA，吸附强度以HA＞FA，从而使得解吸量以FA－Hg＞HA－Hg，腐殖酸与汞的吸附和解吸动力学，用Evolich方程描述最佳，且FA对汞的吸附速率和解吸速率都高于HA，在pH15．5以下，介质pH的升高利于腐殖酸更快地吸附更大量的汞，咀更难以解吸。