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1.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has
its origins in the decade of UNFCCC negotiations. ‘Joint implementation’ and ‘activities implemented jointly pilot’ opened
the door for the project-based mechanisms between developed and developing countries. The US proposal of the Joint Implementation
in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations was almost identical with CDM approved in Kyoto; however, a detour around the Clean Development
Fund (CDF) concept raised by Brazil in the negotiations catalyzed the mutual understanding on the win-win nature of the concept
of joint implementation.CDM has been played an important role to bridge the developed and developing countries in its development
process initiated as the joint implementation in the UNFCCC, and can lead to the cooperative future in the implementation
stage starting from the year 2003, including the development of future commitments beyond 2013.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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The clean development mechanism (CDM) is a flexible mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, which makes it possible for developed countries to offset their emissions of greenhouse gases through investing in climate change mitigation projects in developing countries. When the mitigation benefit of a CDM project is quantified, measurable uncertainties arise that can be minimised using established statistical methods. In addition, some unmeasurable uncertainties arise, such as the rebound effect of demand-side energy efficiency projects. Many project types related to land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) have been excluded from the CDM in part because of the high degree of statistical uncertainty in measurements of the carbon sink and risk of non-permanence. However, recent discussions within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have opened up for the possibility of including more LULUCF activities in the future. In the light of this discussion, we highlight different aspects of uncertainties in LULUCF projects (e.g. the risk of non-permanence and the size of the carbon sink) in relation to other CDM project categories such as renewables and demand-side energy efficiency. We quantify the uncertainties, compare the magnitudes of the uncertainties in different project categories and conclude that uncertainties could be just as significant in CDM project categories such as renewables as in LULUCF projects. The CDM is a useful way of including and engaging developing countries in climate change mitigation and could be a good source of financial support for LULUCF mitigation activities. Given their enormous mitigation potential, we argue that additional LULUCF activities should be included in the CDM and other future climate policy instruments. Furthermore, we note that Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are currently being submitted to the UNFCCC by developing countries. Unfortunately, the under-representation of LULUCF in comparison to its potential is evident in the NAMAs submitted so far, just as it has been in the CDM. Capacity building under the CDM may influence NAMAs and there is a risk of transferring the view on uncertainties to NAMAs. 相似文献
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《京都议定书》的生效、CDM项目活动在全球的广泛开展为发展中国家寻求经济和环境的共赢发展带来了前所未有的机遇,中国的经济正处于高速发展中,在未来的国际CDM市场中必将扮演重要的角色。虽然我国在开发CDM项目、促进温室气体减排方面做出了突出的贡献,但仍然存在项目分布不合理、信息不对称、偏离方法学等明显问题。面对未来可以预见的国际环境压力,我们应当加强管制,充分利用好CDM的机遇。在借鉴印度、巴西等其他发展中国家的做法、总结自身经验和不足的基础上,提出CDM项目的管制建议,在政策引导、宣传培训、项目选择和方法学应用等方面调整CDM项目的发展策略,为我国的参与CDM带来更为巨大的商机和活力。 相似文献
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《Environmental Science & Policy》2007,10(3):204-218
Little attention has been given to the development of national policies relevant for the uptake, development and implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. In this paper we examine the compatibility between forestry and related policy provisions in Cameroon and the CDM provisions for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). For each CDM requirement such as eligibility, additionality, impact assessment and sustainable development, relevant national forestry policy questions are identified. These relevant policy questions are applied to community forestry policy instruments in Cameroon to analyse the likelihood that they can enhance or inhibit the uptake and implementation of biosphere carbon projects. We found that choosing a single crown cover value (from between 10 and 30%) presented a serious dilemma for Cameroon given its diverse vegetation cover. Adopting any single value within this range is unlikely to optimize national carbon management potential. The current forest institutional and regulatory policy framework in Cameroon is inadequate for promoting carbon forestry under current CDM rules. We conclude that national policy in Cameroon would need to recognise the need for and adopt a pro-active approach for biosphere carbon management, engaging in institutional development, integrated planning, project development support and providing adequate regulatory frameworks to enhance sustainable development through CDM projects. The need for CDM/Kyoto capacity building support for proactive national and local policy development is highlighted. 相似文献
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CO2是《京都议定书》要求减排的6种温室气体之一,《京都议定书》还确立了有助于发展中国家获得资金和先进技术的清洁发展机制(CDM)。本文结合实际工程案例,介绍了合成氨副产CO2气的回收和利用方法,为我国氮肥行业申请CDM项目资助,回收利用CO2,减少CO2排放提供技术参考。 相似文献
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清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism,简称CDM)是《京都议定书》规定的3种温室气体减排途径之一,也是发展中国家唯一的参与温室气体减排的机制。本文以我国现阶段CDM项目发展现状为背景,具体针对内蒙古CDM项目现状及存在的问题(截止2010年9月7日)展开分析,提出内蒙古发展CDM项目的解决对策。 相似文献
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清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism,简称CDM)是《京都议定书》规定的3种温室气体减排途径之一,也是发展中国家唯一的参与温室气体减排的机制。本文以我国现阶段CDM项目发展现状为背景,具体针对内蒙古CDM项目现状及存在的问题(截至2010年9月7日)展开分析,提出内蒙古发展CDM项目的解决对策。 相似文献
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Bloomfield Janine Pearson Holly L. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2000,5(1):9-24
Activities involving land use, land-use change,forestry, and agriculture (LUCF) can help reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphereby increasing biotic carbon storage, by decreasing GHGemissions, and by producing biomass as a substitutefor fossil fuels. Potential activities includereducing rates of deforestation, increasing landdevoted to forest plantations, regenerating secondaryforest, agroforestry, improving the management offorests and agricultural areas; and producing energycrops.Policymakers debating the inclusion of a variety ofLUCF activities in the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol need to consider themagnitude of the carbon contribution these activitiescould make. Existing estimates of the cumulative GHGoffset potential of LUCF activities often take aglobal or regional approach. In contrast, land-usedecisions are usually made at the local level anddepend on many factors including productive capacityof the land, financial considerations of thelandowner, and environmental concerns. Estimates ofGHG offset potential made at a local, or at mostcountry, level that incorporate these factors may belower, as well as more useful for policy analyses,than global or large regional estimates. Whilecountry-level estimates exist for forestry activities,similar estimates utilizing local information need tobe generated for agricultural activities and biofuels,as well as for the cumulative potential of all LUCFactivities in a particular location. 相似文献
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Smallholder Agroforestry Systems For Carbon Storage 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
James M. Roshetko Rodel D. Lasco Marian S. Delos Angeles 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(2):219-242
Most smallholder agroforestry systems in Southeast Asia are tree- and species-rich systems producing non-wood and wood products
for both home use and market sale. Due to their high biomass, these systems contain large carbon (C) stocks. While the systems
of individual farmers are of limited size, on a per area basis smallholder systems accumulate significant amounts of C, equaling
the amount of C stored in some secondary forests of similar age. Their ability to simultaneously address smallholders’ livelihood
needs and store large amounts of C makes smallholder systems viable project types under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
of the Kyoto Protocol, with its dual objective of emissions reduction and sustainable development. Smallholder systems have
not developed in areas where enabling conditions do not exist. A CDM project that facilitates a minimum threshold of enabling
conditions that make smallholder agroforestation possible should qualify for C credits. To secure smallholder confidence,
the agroforestry systems promoted through a CDM project must be socially and economically viable independent of C payments.
To assure system productivity and profitability, projects should provide farmers with technical and marketing assistance.
Additionally, project sites should meet the following preconditions: areas of underutilized low-biomass landuse systems available
for rehabilitation; smallholders interested in tree farming; accessible markets for tree products; supportive local governments;
sufficient infrastructure; and transparent and equitable relationships between project partners. Questions of leakage and
additionality should not be problematic and can be addressed through the project design, establishment of quantifiable baseline
data and facilitating enabling conditions. However, smallholder-focused CDM projects would have high transaction costs. The
subsequent challenge is thus to develop mechanisms that reduce the costs of: (a) making information (e.g., technology, markets)
more accessible to multiple clients; (b) facilitating and enforcing smallholder agreements and (c) designing feasible monitoring
systems. 相似文献
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) data submitted in April 2014 on land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), energy, industrial processes, solvents and other product use, agriculture, and waste for 37 developed countries was analyzed to estimate the relative contributions of different sectors to GHG emission reductions. This GHG data from the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol included 35 parties to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, the United States and Canada. Results show that the contribution of each sector was, in order: energy (36.9%), industrial processes (12.4%), agriculture (9.9%), LULUCF (7.7%), waste (3.4%), and solvents and other product use (0.1%). The average proportion of base year emissions reduced in each sector by countries in Annex B was, in order: energy (7.4%), agriculture (2.7%), LULUCF (1.9%), industrial processes (1.2%), waste (0.5%), and solvents and other product use (0.1%). Overall, the energy sector contributed the highest GHG emission reductions, while the agriculture and LULUCF sectors also made contributions. Most countries achieved limited absolute GHG reductions from their chosen LULUCF activities, but the relative contribution of GHG emission reductions from LULUCF was significant but small. This suggests that, unless there are substantial changes to accounting rules, future emission reductions will mainly result from mitigation actions targeting fossil fuel consumption, while the agriculture and LULUCF sectors will continue to play auxiliary roles. 相似文献
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Consistency and comparability of estimation and accounting of removal by sinks in afforestation/reforestation activities 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Viorel Blujdea David Neil Bird Carmenza Robledo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(1):1-18
The Kyoto Protocol accounting system and its market mechanisms, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation
(JI), are built on the key principle that emission and emission reduction units generated by afforestation/reforestation activities
under national systems and projects are fully comparable, no matter their origin. Lack of consistency in the quality of emission
and emission reduction units can undermine the environmental integrity of the climate stabilization actions. Therefore, it
is the ambition that units generated in the land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector are of similar quality
with those from non-LULUCF sectors. In this paper, the authors pose the question of whether there is full estimation and accounting
consistency between Annex I Party’s national GHG systems and CDM projects methodologies in the LULUCF sector, in terms accuracy,
completeness, levels of uncertainty and permanence risk. We focus on methodological aspects related to the applicability and
practicability of using approved afforestation/reforestation CDM methodologies; estimation, reporting and accounting rules;
the small pools and sources issue, uncertainty of removal estimate; leakage and handling of non-permanence risk. We conclude
that there is significant scope for improving the consistency of greenhouse gas emission accounting from land use activities
in the post-2012 climate change agreement, between Annex I domestic and project activities. As well, we conclude that the
preparation and implementation of project activities has to be made simpler by a project framework guideline, which is then
adapted to any project circumstances. 相似文献
18.
《Environmental Science & Policy》2000,3(2-3):123-134
In the Kyoto Protocol, industrialised countries have agreed to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. To achieve that target, direct human induced activities initiated in the Land-use Change and Forestry sector since 1990, shall be included. However, the wording in the Protocol has caused confusion. The IPCC has been requested to deliver a Special Report on Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry issues arising from this Protocol. In the present study a limited initial assessment of the implications of alternative interpretations of Afforestation, Reforestation and Deforestation (ARD), addition of the soils compartment, the selection of additional activities, and feasibility of monitoring was done for a limited number of countries.The results show that it is possible to keep the biosphere articles in the Protocol even though we had to make several assumptions concerning for example, areas of application and effectiveness of additional activities. The consequences of alternative interpretations for ARD have a large impact on the countries’ assigned amount; varying from a compensation of 26% of total national emissions (Forestry interpretation for Sweden) to an addition of an extra 13% of the emissions (Global interpretation for Australia). Through selection of a large set of additional activities, most of the studied industrialised countries achieve more sequestration than the reduction of emissions they have committed themselves to. Methods for monitoring are available, but there is no one ideal method. Depending on scale and site: a combination of forest inventory with flux measurements and remote sensing is proposed. 相似文献
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A data support infrastructure for Clean Development Mechanism forestry implementation: an inventory perspective from Cameroon 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Peter A. Minang Michael K. McCall Margaret M. Skutsch Jeroen J. Verplanke 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(2):157-178
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry project development requires highly multi-disciplinary and multiple-source information
that can be complex, cumbersome and costly to acquire. Yet developing countries in which CDM projects are created and implemented
are often data poor environments and unable to meet such complex information requirements. Using Cameroon as an example, the
present paper explores the structure of an enabling host country data support infrastructure for CDM forestry implementation,
and also assesses the supply potential of current forestry information. Results include a conceptual data model of CDM project
data needs; the list of meso- and macro-level data and information requirements (Demand analysis); and an inventory of relevant
data available in Cameroon (Supply analysis). From a comparison of demand and supply, we confirm that data availability and
the relevant infrastructure for data or information generation is inadequate for supporting carbon forestry at the micro,
meso and macro-levels in Cameroon. The results suggest that current CDM afforestation and reforestation information demands
are almost impenetrable for local communities in host countries and pose a number of cross-scale barriers to project adoption.
More importantly, we identify proactive regulatory, institutional and capacity building policy strategies for forest data
management improvements that could enhance biosphere carbon management uptake in poor countries. CDM forestry information
research needs are also highlighted. 相似文献
20.
Michaelowa Axel Fages Emmanuel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1999,4(2):167-185
The Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to allow industrial countries to reach part of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction through projects in developing countries. To calculate the achieved emission reduction a reference scenario has to be developed – the baseline. Despite efforts to develop realistic baselines, a certain degree of uncertainty regarding actual reductions will be inevitable. It is therefore necessary to compare the costs (including transaction costs) of developing a baseline against the informational benefit it can be expected to produce. While project-related baselines are already being applied, the proponents of country-related baselines have still to show the applicability of their approach for the CDM. The possibility of quantifying indirect effects and considering market distortions and subsidies through aggregation in the country-related baselines is weighed up by the manipulability and uncertainty of the assumptions required in such a baseline. Thus project-specific baselines are recommended. In cases of severely distorted markets undergoing liberalization or subsidy phase-out, a country-related baseline can be helpful. Sectoral or programme baselines would be suited to large-scale energy and sequestration projects. Moreover it has to be considered whether emission reductions are generally achieved in the context of relocation or done in the context of global emitting capacity expansion. 相似文献