静电纺丝纤维膜固定化漆酶对水中双酚A的降解性能

采用乳液静电纺丝技术原位固定漆酶,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LCSM)对载漆酶电纺纤维膜的形貌结构进行表征.载酶电纺纤维呈壳-核结构,平均直径为(650±30)nm,表面有许多纳米级孔道;漆酶被成功包埋固定于纤维内部,且保留了79.8%的酶催化活性.以双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)为目标污染物,对比电纺纤维膜固定化漆酶和游离漆酶对BPA的降解性能,考察p H值和温度等因素对BPA降解效率的影响.研究结果表明:在优化条件下,电纺纤维膜固定化漆酶对BPA的降解率达80%左右;与游离漆酶相比,固定化漆酶对p H值和温度均表现出更好的耐受性.这主要是因为漆酶被包埋在纤维内部,纤维的聚合物外壳结构可以保护漆酶,减少外界环境对漆酶的影响,而纤维表面的多孔结构可以为漆酶与BPA的接触反应提供通道.     

大孔树脂共价固定化漆酶及其对孔雀石绿的脱色研究

以大孔树脂为固定化载体,戊二醛为表面活化剂,采用共价结合法固定漆酶。以ABTS为漆酶底物,通过对固定化漆酶活性的测定,确定大孔树脂固定漆酶的最佳固定条件为：戊二醛浓度=2%、pH=6、活化时间=2 h、固定时间=10 h。在此条件下制备的固定化漆酶能够保持79%的初始活性,获得的固定化漆酶活力能够达到1．94 U·g-1。在酸性条件(pH=3)下,游离漆酶的活性在3 h内丧失71%,而固定化漆酶仅丧失37%,显示出固定化漆酶良好的环境稳定性。固定化漆酶对孔雀石绿染料的脱色率在5h内可达到96%。     

表面活性剂对热带假丝酵母降解十六烷的影响

研究了Triton X-100、鼠李糖脂二糖脂(di-RL)和CTAB等3种表面活性剂对1株热带假丝酵母菌株Candida tropicalis降解十六烷的影响.结果表明,低浓度的Triton X-100对菌的生长及其十六烷的降解无明显影响,而高浓度的Triton X-100则抑制菌的生长及其对十六烷的降解,96h后Triton X-100浓度分别为0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0和3.0CMC时,对应的十六烷的平均残留率分别为20.5%, 20.2%, 22.0%, 54.4%, 71.2%和68.8%.di-RL促进菌的生长及十六烷的降解,且促进作用随着di-RL浓度的增加而增大,96h后浓度为0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0和3.0CMC的di-RL分别促使十六烷的平均残留率降低到17.4%, 16.6%, 9.9%, 8.8%和7.8%;di-RL在发酵过程中被降解,且添加的di-RL的浓度越大,其被降解的比例越大.CTAB完全抑制菌体的生长和十六烷的降解,表明其具有毒性作用.     

表面活性剂对热带假丝酵母降解苯酚的影响

通过液态发酵培养法探讨了添加2种化学表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、曲拉通X-100(Triton X-100)以及生物表面活性剂二鼠李糖脂(dirhamnolipid,diRL)对1株热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)降解苯酚的影响.结果表明,发酵液中苯酚的分解和菌体生长的不同步,反映了苯酚对该菌的毒性作用以及苯酚降解过程中中间产物的形成.CTAB对热带假丝酵母具有毒性作用,抑制菌体对苯酚的降解.低浓度(0.1、0.3CMC)的Triton X-100对C.tropicalis的生长及对苯酚的降解有一定的促进作用,分别将苯酚降解完全的时间由空白的48h提前至24h和36h;随着Triton X-100浓度增大(1.0、3.0CMC),降解初期菌体的衰亡减缓,但使菌体生长滞后,苯酚分解完全的时间延长.生物表面活性剂diRL促进菌体对苯酚降解的同时显著地促进了C.tropicalis的生长,且促进作用随着加入diRL浓度的增大而增强,1.0、3.0CMC的diRL将苯酚降解完全的时间都提前到24h;而diRL在发酵过程中浓度也逐渐降低,这表明diRL很大程度上减弱了苯酚对菌体的毒性,并且可以共同作为碳源促进菌体的生长.     

电化学-表面铜螯合磁性二氧化硅固定化漆酶联合催化降解水中五氯酚

利用电化学-固定化漆酶联合工艺催化降解水中五氯酚。结果表明:反应0.5 h时,五氯酚的降解效率达82%,虽然与单独固定化漆酶催化降解五氯酚效能没有明显区别,但联合工艺中酶活损失较小,反应5 h,联合工艺的相对剩余酶活为32.6%,比单独使用固定化漆酶提高12%,且联合工艺脱氯能力明显提高。催化反应重复进行5次后,联合工艺的五氯酚去除率和相对剩余酶活分别为52.3%和33.6%,分别比单独使用固定化漆酶催化降解提高38.5%和13.7%。     

环境生物学

X17200602576壳聚糖固定化云芝漆酶的制备及特性/陈辉(北京大学环境学院环境科学系)…∥北京大学学报(自然科学版)/北京大学.-2006,42(2).-254~258环图N-4以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂制备固定化漆酶,测定了不同戊二醛浓度、交联时间、给酶量以及固定化时间对固定化漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,固定化反应的最佳条件为戊二醛浓度5%,交联时间8h,给酶量20mg/g载体,固定化时间6h,在此条件下制备的固定化漆酶酶活性保持率为52.2%。此固定化漆酶具有最大活性时的溶液pH值在4.5,相比于自由漆酶的最佳pH值5.0,其向酸性偏移;与自由漆酶相比,固定化…     

表面活性剂及其组合洗脱污染土壤中的硫丹

采用序批实验和并行解吸法,研究了添加和不添加Na2SiO3两种情况下,非离子表面活性剂和阴/非离子混合表面活性剂对污染老化土壤中α-、β-硫丹的洗脱效果与动力学特征.结果表明,不添加Na2SiO3时,α-、β-硫丹的洗脱率顺序为Tween80/SDS>Tween 80>Triton X-100.Triton X-100/SDS在100～500 mg·L-1和800～1 000 mg·L-1时的洗脱率分别低于和高于相应浓度的Triton X-100;添加Na2SiO3后,硫丹的洗脱率顺序为Tween 80/SDS>Tween 80>Triton X-100/SDS>Triton X-100,4种洗脱模式对硫丹的洗脱能力均显著提高,其中α-硫丹的洗脱率分别是不加Na2SiO3的1.17～2.73、1.87～4.02、1.85～6.56和1.87～2.85倍.硫丹的洗脱过程可用4参数2室一级动力学模型描述,存在明显的快速洗脱和慢速洗脱阶段;β-硫丹的洗脱速率和洗脱率均低于相应处理的α-硫丹,表明β-硫丹较难从土壤中洗脱;添加Na2SiO3可增大硫丹的快速和慢速洗脱速率常数,减少慢速洗脱的百分率.与其它洗脱模式比较,添加Na2SiO3的Tween 80/SDS能够高效、快速洗脱污染土壤中的硫丹,是一种优良的混合洗脱剂.     

阳-非离子混合表面活性剂对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响

研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100、阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)及其混合物在沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了它们对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响.结果表明,CPC和Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附等温线均为非线性,吸附量随着平衡浓度的增加急剧增加,并迅速达到最大吸附量.低浓度CPC能明显增加Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附,而高浓度的CPC则显著降低Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附.Triton X-100略微降低CPC在沉积物上的吸附.在表面活性剂浓度较低的实际环境中,无论是阳离子或非离子表面活性剂,将主要被土壤或沉积物吸附并固定.硝基苯在沉积物上的吸附等温线为线性.CPC和Triton X-100促进沉积物对硝基苯的吸附,CPC-Triton X-100混合表面活性剂溶液能进一步增强沉积物对硝基苯的吸附.因此,阳离子和非离子混合表面活性剂可增强土壤或沉积物对有机污染物的吸附固定能力,也可以用来制备有机膨润土以提高其吸附处理废水的性能.     

镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)HJ01对中性艳蓝GL的脱色降解特性研究

利用镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)HJ01降解中性艳蓝GL,经扩增翻译延伸因子TEF1对HJ01菌株做了种的鉴定,并考察了温度、pH值对该菌株降解酶漆酶的活性,以及对中性艳蓝GL脱色率及COD去除率的影响.结果表明,该菌株属层出镰刀菌(Fusarmm proliferatum).HJ01菌株所产降解酶漆酶在pH为2.0～8.0内相对活性在12%～96%之间,在pH=4.0时,相对活性最大;在25～65 ℃内,随着温度的升高,漆酶相对活性增大;在65～85 ℃内,随着温度增大,漆酶相对活性降低.HJ01菌株在25℃、50 r·min-1条件下,于液体培养基中培养96h后加入到25mL含100mg·L-1中性艳蓝GL的溶液中,在35℃、50 r·min-1、pH=4.0条件下继续培养100h后,中性艳蓝GL的脱色率达100%,培养至120h后,COD去除率达87.8%.紫外光谱分析表明,中性艳蓝GL的发色基团蒽醌环被漆酶打破.     

芘污染黑土的表面活性剂洗脱修复研究

采用批量平衡振荡法研究了几种阴离子和非离子表面活性剂对黑土中芘的洗脱效果,以及不同因素对洗脱效果的影响。结果表明,非离子表面活性剂对芘的洗脱效果优于阴离子表面活性剂。将SDS和Triton X-100以不同质量配比混合后,可提高其洗脱效果,尤其在质量配比为3∶7时洗脱效果最好。不同固液比条件可影响Triton X-100对芘的洗脱,Triton X-100在低浓度时,固液比为1∶30时的洗脱效果最好;浓度大于5.0 g/L后,固液比为1∶10时的洗脱效果最好。Triton X-100对土壤中低浓度芘的洗脱效果要好于土壤中高浓度的芘。萘在土壤中的共存会降低Triton X-100对芘的洗脱率,萘浓度越高,芘的洗脱率越低。Triton X-100对不同类型土壤中芘的洗脱效果相差不大,对新疆荒漠土的洗脱效果好于哈尔滨黑土,这可能与土壤有机质含量有关。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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