物种分布宽度对种子植物物种丰富度垂直分布格局及"中间膨胀效应"的影响

物种丰富度的垂直分布格局是生态学研究的重要课题之一.文章以云南楚雄地区为例探讨物种分布宽度对种子植物物种丰富度垂直分布格局及"中间膨胀效应"的影响.利用大尺度的物种分布数据建立物种分布数据库,同时结合地形信息,分析了研究区域内物种丰富度的海拔分布格局以及"中间膨胀效应"对该格局的影响.在此基础上,探讨了物种分布宽度对楚雄地区种子植物物种丰富度垂直分布格局及"中间膨胀效应"的影响.结果表明,随着海拔的升高,物种丰富度先增加,后下降,呈单峰分布格局.物种分布宽度的相互重叠,即"中间膨胀效应"对物种多样性的垂直分布格局具有显著影响.随着物种分布宽度的增加,"中间膨胀效应"以及各物种组对物种丰富度垂直分布格局的影响均呈显著增加趋势,这说明"中间膨胀效应"和物种丰富度的垂直分布格局更多地取决于分布宽度较大的物种.     

滇西北高等植物多样性分布格局及其与主要环境因子的相关性分析

物种多样性的空间分布格局一直是宏观生态学和生物地理学研究的热点问题之一。滇西北地区是我国生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,研究该地区的物种多样性分布格局及其与主要环境因子的相关性对生物多样性保护决策具有重要意义。以滇西北18个县域为基本研究单元,基于县域生物多样性本底调查数据,运用ArcGIS 10.1软件分析高等植物多样性分布格局;并结合地理因子(经度、纬度、海拔高差、平均海拔)和气候因子(年均温度、年均降水量),采用SPSS Statistics 22.0软件,运用单因素线性回归模型分析物种多样性与各因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)滇西北地区高等植物多样性从南到北总体上呈递增趋势;(2)纬度和海拔高差与物种多样性分布格局呈显著相关(P0.05);而经度、平均海拔、年均温度和年均降水量与物种多样性分布格局的相关性未达显著水平(P0.05)。因此,滇西北地区高等植物多样性分布格局可能主要与纬度和海拔高差这2个地理因子相关。     

中国种子植物物种丰富度的大尺度分布格局及其与地理因子的关系

地理因子对物种多样性空间分布格局的影响具有重要意义.文章利用大尺度的物种分布数据以及地理信息,结合GIS和数理统计方法,探讨了中国种子植物物种丰富度的空间分布格局及其与地理因子的关系.结果表明,从南到北,研究区域内物种丰富度总体上呈递减趋势;在经度梯度上,从东到西,物种丰富度呈递增趋势,这可能与其它地理因子的影响有关;在排除其它因子影响的情况下,物种丰富度随着面积的增加,呈递增趋势.但在其它地理因子的综合影响下,面积的影响作用被掩盖或弱化.物种丰富度随着海拔变幅的增加,呈显著递增趋势;物种丰富度与纬度变幅、经度变幅之间不存在显著的(偏)相关性.总体上,纬度、面积和海拔变幅均显著影响物种丰富度的分布格局,但相对而言,面积和纬度起着更为重要的影响.相对海拔变幅而言,海拔变幅与纬度之比值能更好地反映"生境异质性"效应,说明,海拔梯度的"纬度效应"值得关注.     

塔里木河下游典型绿洲边缘物种多样性特征和种群分布格局

2008年夏季采用样带样方法对塔里木河下游典型绿洲边缘7个断面进行植被调查,采用α多样性指数(丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)和β多样性指数(Whittacker指数和Cody指数)分析环境梯度下种群多样性变化规律,利用种群分布格局指标(扩散系数、负二项参数、平均拥挤度、丛生指标和聚块性指标)定量分析绿洲边缘10个植物种群格局特征.结果表明:塔里木河下游典型绿洲边缘物种多样性特征受到土壤水分、盐分等因素限制,物种丰富度整体处于较低水平;α多样性指数表现为绿洲＞过渡带＞流动沙丘;从绿洲、过渡带到流动沙丘β多样性指数呈下降趋势;种群分布格局分析结果表明绿洲边缘10个植物种群均呈聚集分布,集群分布状态反映了干旱区植物种群对生存环境的适应特征.     

湖南南岳衡山两栖动物物种多样性及其时空格局

研究物种丰富度以及时空分布格局对区域生物多样性保护具有重要意义。为掌握湖南南岳衡山国家级自然保护区两栖动物的物种组成与时空变化,分别于2018年4、6和8月,运用样线法对衡山观测样区及周围区域两栖动物的资源现状与栖息地利用现状进行实地调查。调查共记录到15种两栖动物,隶属于1目6科12属,其中国家二级保护物种1种、"三有"动物10种,占物种总数的73.3%。区域内两栖动物的物种多样性在时间及空间尺度上均存在显著差异。其中,生物多样性指数在6月最高;4种典型生境中观测到的物种数存在明显差异,农田物种多样性最丰富,为12种,其余依次为水塘(9种)、溪流(6种)、林地(3种)。此次衡山自然保护区两栖动物观测基本掌握了该地区两栖动物的物种多样性及其时空格局,在此基础上分析评估了该地区两栖动物生存面临的胁迫因素,并对两栖动物的保护和管理提出了相关建议。     

旱泉沟流域次生植被不同恢复阶段的多样性特征

采用TWINSPAN和DCA对旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行了数量分类和排序,将植物群系划分为不同的群落类型,显示出植被群落的分布格局。在此基础上,应用物种丰富度、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别研究不同植被群落类型物种多样性。通过各种指数对比,得出以下结论：①植被被划分为7个群落类型,代表了植被恢复的不同阶段;②对于特定的研究区域茶树沟,制约植被群落类型、植物种分布格局的主要因素是水分和热量;③从阶段Ⅰ到阶段Ⅶ,Simpson优势度指数,乔木、灌木、草本基本持平,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为乔木〈灌木〈草本,Pielou均匀度指数,乔木〉草本〉灌木,物种丰富度逐渐升高。群落的物种组成和空间结构逐渐复杂化,并趋于稳定。     

多维地形因子作用下的西南山地丘陵过渡带景观格局研究:以涪江流域中上游为例

山地丘陵过渡带地形独特,地形因子分析不仅可以对复杂地理单元的景观格局做出合理解释,而且能进一步了解景观格局分布规律,为优化空间配置奠定基础。以2017年Google Earth影像、DEM和全球30 m地表覆盖数据为数据源,运用GIS技术、分布指数、景观格局指数和移动窗口法等方法,分析了涪江流域中上游地区景观类型随高程、坡度、起伏度和坡向的空间分布特征,利用Pearson相关性分析探究不同地形因子对景观格局变化的影响程度。结果表明:(1)随着高程、坡度和起伏度的增加,景观类型由人为主导的耕地、建设用地过渡为以自然为主导的林地、草地;从阳坡到阴坡,建设用地分布由优势到劣势下降最为明显。(2)流域景观类型最为丰富的地貌为冲积平原,主要分布于海拔500～650 m、坡度0～5°和起伏度10～30 m的区域;高海拔、坡度和起伏度地区的景观格局单一化趋势明显,破碎化程度较轻。(3)山地区的多样化景观主要分布在涪江沿岸,丘陵区涪江沿岸景观呈现单一化趋势,冲积平原区景观由外向内呈现出相对单一化—多样化—相对单一化的趋势,城乡结合部景观最为丰富。(4)不同地形因子对景观格局的影响程度为高程坡度起伏度坡向,高程、坡度、起伏度与景观格局有较强的相关性,而坡向则表现为弱相关性。     

Changes in distribution patterns of weed species richness in agricultural lands on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under climate change北大核心CSCD

农田杂草是阻碍农业生产的主要因素之一.明确农田杂草丰富度分布格局对农业生产管理具有重要意义.以青藏高原农田杂草为研究对象,利用物种分布模型探讨基于县域尺度的农田杂草物种丰富度分布格局及其未来(2050s)的变化,利用逐步回归筛选影响物种丰富度的环境因子,基于传统最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析环境因子对农田杂草物种丰富度的影响,并对两种分析方法进行比较.结果显示:(1)分布在青藏高原的农田主要杂草有51科284种,其中59种单子叶杂草、222种双子叶杂草、135种一年生杂草和149种多年生杂草.青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度呈由西向东递增的变化规律,物种丰富度中心(丰富度值为167-194)主要集中在一江两河、河湟谷地和川西北等地区;(2)全球气候变化背景下,未来(2050s)青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度整体呈由东南向西北方向增加的趋势,其中SSP1-2.6情境下最多增加43种,SSP5-8.5情境下最多增加49种;(3)GWR模型优于OLS,其结果表明青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度的主要驱动因子是最冷季平均温、太阳辐射和最干月降水量,上述变量对杂草丰富度的影响存在明显的空间差异性,其中最冷季平均温由南向北逐渐从负向影响转变为正向影响.太阳辐射整体在青藏高原东部边缘等地区对农田杂草丰富度起正向的影响,在藏东南、青藏高原北部边缘等地区起负向的影响.最干月降水量对整个研究区域起负向影响,并表现出影响力由南向北逐步递增的趋势.上述结果表明青藏高原农田杂草物种丰富度调查不足,实际观测到的丰富度值明显低于当前气候下潜在的丰富度值,存在低估现象.当前气候背景下的农田杂草物种丰富度中心分布地区在未来仍是重点监管对象,且未来青藏高原部分地区作物可能面临新的杂草入侵风险.建议未来研究应注重于青藏高原粮食主产区农田杂草群落结构和功能调查、杂草和作物种间关系、耕地尺度上丰富度驱动因子分析等方面,为区域杂草管理和防治提供充分科学依据.(图6表2参53)     

山东省濒危物种多样性调查与评价

以县级行政区域为单元,调查了山东省高等动植物濒危物种的种类、濒危等级及其县域分布状况,建立了各县域濒危物种名录,计算了各县域濒危物种丰度指数,分析了濒危物种空间分布格局,提出了濒危物种保护对策。结果表明：山东省濒危野生高等动物物种有80种,其极危、濒危、易危和近危物种种类分别为3、11、34和32种。濒危野生维管束植物物种有24种,其极危、易危和近危物种种类分别为1、6和17种。濒危野生高等动物在全省120个县域均有分布,物种种类在21．50之间变化;濒危野生维管柬植物仅分布在74个县域,物种种类变化范围在1-18之间。山东省濒危物种丰度指数较小,各县域濒危物种丰度指数变化范围在3．75％-6．76％之间。濒危物种多样性空间分布规律反映了山东省实际情况。     

不同尺度中国大陆灵长目物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子和人类活动的关系

物种丰富度的分布格局及其成因有多种假说,其中生态假说中能量假说、生境异质性假说和气候假说目前被广泛接受.本文通过代表不同假说的26个环境变量,同时也利用人口密度、农田牧场面积表征人类活动强度,分别在100 km×100 km、200 km×200 km和400 km×400 km尺度上,基于特征值的空域滤波模型的方法分析中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度与环境因子和人类活动之间的关系.结果表明,在所有分析的空间尺度上,中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度呈现纬度梯度格局,即由南向北逐渐递减.其中,华南区的滇西南山地省和滇南边地省是物种最为丰富的区域,东北区、华北区、蒙新区和青藏区大部分地区基本上没有分布.在不同空间尺度上,虽然影响中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度大尺度格局的主要因素不相一致,但环境能量假说(以潜在蒸发散表示)和气候假说(以年均温度表示)相互作用,共同影响中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度大尺度地理分布格局.当表征人类活动相关的指标和环境因子一起分析时,结果表明人类活动强度对灵长类物种丰富度地理格局有影响,这对加强灵长类物种保护有参考意义.     

濒危植物疏花水柏枝种子萌发的生态学特性

疏花水柏枝Myricaria laxiflora分布于我国三峡从宜昌至重庆段长江干流的消落带,分布区十分狭小.三峡工程兴建后,疏花水柏枝将失去绝大部分的生境而成为濒危物种.通过设置一系列控制实验测试了土壤水质量分数,温度和土壤类型对疏花水柏枝种子萌发的生态学的影响.实验结果表明,土壤水质量分数、温度和土壤类型对种子萌发率都有显著影响.其中种子萌发率随土壤水质量分数增加而增大,土壤水质量分数达到饱和程度时萌发率达到最大值;高温条件下的种子萌发率高于低温,种子萌发率在21～27℃达到最大值;种子在河沙基质上萌发好于在沙土基质上.结合分布区萌发季节的环境条件分析,土壤水质量分数是限制该物种分布于消落带的关键作用因子.据此就该物种的种群保护与重建提出了一些建议.     

Patterns of Rarity in the Birds of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Patterns of rarity in species are generally explained by several factors: evolutionary history, spatial distribution, and genetic structure of each taxon. Human intervention also leads to or increases rarity in species. The discernment of causes of rarity is essential to the understanding of extinction patterns, and thus to devising conservation strategies. I examine patterns of rarity among bird species in the Atlantic forest region in Brazil, one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. I assigned bird species to one of eight possible categories that differ in degree of vulnerability and that are based on three parameters of rarity: geographic distribution, habitat specificity, and population size. The Atlantic forest avifauna is a highly endangered group; 68% of the species are rare. Patterns of rarity among the birds in the region likely result from their specific ecologies or evolutionary histories. In addition, human alteration of natural habitats and hunting pressures have undoubtedly influenced rarity for a number of species.     

Geography and Recovery under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Abstract: The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines an endangered species as one “at risk of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” The prevailing interpretation of this phrase, which focuses exclusively on the overall viability of listed species without regard to their geographic distribution, has led to development of listing and recovery criteria with fundamental conceptual, legal, and practical shortcomings. The ESA's concept of endangerment is broader than the biological concept of extinction risk in that the “esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific” values provided by species are not necessarily furthered by a species mere existence, but rather by a species presence across much of its former range. The concept of “significant portion of range” thus implies an additional geographic component to recovery that may enhance viability, but also offers independent benefits that Congress intended the act to achieve. Although the ESA differs from other major endangered‐species protection laws because it acknowledges the distinct contribution of geography to recovery, it resembles the “representation, resiliency, and redundancy” conservation‐planning framework commonly referenced in recovery plans. To address representation, listing and recovery standards should consider not only what proportion of its former range a species inhabits, but the types of habitats a species occupies and the ecological role it plays there. Recovery planning for formerly widely distributed species (e.g., the gray wolf [Canis lupus]) exemplifies how the geographic component implicit in the ESA's definition of endangerment should be considered in determining recovery goals through identification of ecologically significant types or niche variation within the extent of listed species, subspecies, or “distinct population segments.” By linking listing and recovery standards to niche and ecosystem concepts, the concept of ecologically significant type offers a scientific framework that promotes more coherent dialogue concerning the societal decisions surrounding recovery of endangered species.     

Linguistic diversity and conservation opportunities at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa

Africa contains much of Earth's biological and cultural–linguistic diversity, but conserving this diversity is enormously challenging amid widespread poverty, expanding development, social unrest, and rapidly growing human population. We examined UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Natural World Heritage Sites (WHSs) on continental Africa and nearby islands—48 protected areas containing globally important natural or combined natural and cultural resources—to gauge the potential for enlisting Indigenous peoples in their conservation. We used geographic information system technology to identify instances where Natural WHSs co-occur with Indigenous languages, a key indicator of cultural diversity. And, we compared the geographic ranges for 4 taxa and selected freshwater species with occurrence of all Indigenous languages within Natural WHSs and subsections of WHSs covered by the geographic extent of Indigenous languages to measure the correlation between linguistic and biological diversity. Results indicated that 147 languages shared at least part of their geographic extent with Natural WHSs. Instances of co-occurrence where a WHS, a language, or both were endangered marked localities particularly deserving conservation attention. We examined co-occurrence of all languages and all species, all languages and endangered species, and endangered languages and endangered species and found a correlation between linguistic and biological diversity that may indicate fundamental links between these very different measures of diversity. Considering only endangered species or endangered languages and species reduced that correlation, although considerable co-occurrence persisted. Shared governance of government-designated reserves is applicable for natural WHSs because it capitalizes on the apparent connection between culture and nature. Natural WHSs in Africa containing speakers of Indigenous languages present opportunities to conserve both nature and culture in highly visible settings where maintaining natural systems may rely on functioning Indigenous cultural systems and vice versa.     

Automated conservation assessment of the orchid family with deep learning

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments are essential for prioritizing conservation needs but are resource intensive and therefore available only for a fraction of global species richness. Automated conservation assessments based on digitally available geographic occurrence records can be a rapid alternative, but it is unclear how reliable these assessments are. We conducted automated conservation assessments for 13,910 species (47.3% of the known species in the family) of the diverse and globally distributed orchid family (Orchidaceae), for which most species (13,049) were previously unassessed by IUCN. We used a novel method based on a deep neural network (IUC-NN). We identified 4,342 orchid species (31.2% of the evaluated species) as possibly threatened with extinction (equivalent to IUCN categories critically endangered [CR], endangered [EN], or vulnerable [VU]) and Madagascar, East Africa, Southeast Asia, and several oceanic islands as priority areas for orchid conservation. Orchidaceae provided a model with which to test the sensitivity of automated assessment methods to problems with data availability, data quality, and geographic sampling bias. The IUC-NN identified possibly threatened species with an accuracy of 84.3%, with significantly lower geographic evaluation bias relative to the IUCN Red List and was robust even when data availability was low and there were geographic errors in the input data. Overall, our results demonstrate that automated assessments have an important role to play in identifying species at the greatest risk of extinction.     

Endangered Cacti in the Chihuahuan Desert: I. Distribution Patterns

We mapped the geographical distributions of 93 endangered species of cacti from the Chihuahuan Desert Region. We divided the region into grids of 30 minutes latitude by 30 minutes longitude and calculated species frequencies for each grid. The grids with the highest species richness values are aggregated in areas of moderate elevation, particularly towards the southeastern and, to a lesser extent, the eastern margins of the Chihuahuan Desert Region, in northern San Luis Potosí and the southern portions of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. This vast area constitutes the most important nucleus of cactus species concentration in the continent. Species richness decreases toward the western segment of the Chihuahuan Desert Region and from the Cuatro Ciénegas region to the north and northwest. Another important area is the Queretaroan-Hidalgoan Arid Zone, where several grids containing an important assemblage of endangered species occur. Climatic factors, such as minimum temperatures and mean annual precipitation, explain the current distribution patterns of these plants, and the recent Pleistocene climatic episodes appear to have played a determinant role in the existence of areas of high species concentration and in the proliferation of narrow endemics. Special actions are urgently needed to conserve the endangered Cactaceae of this region. We propose that a carefully selected network of small areas would be an appropriate approach for the conservation of these plants. But species richness cannot be taken as the sole criterion in the determination of protected areas. Additional criteria, such as degree of endemicity, degree of threat to species and areas, habitat diversity, and biogeographic congruence with other plant and animal groups, should be analyzed before these areas are selected. Propagation in botanical gardens using scientific criteria and commercial propagation would be additional methods of conservation.     

Planting State-Listed Endangered and Threatened Plants

The distribution and planting of state-listed endangered and threatened plants is outlawed in most states of the United States, yet listed species are commonly used in landscaping and restorations. There is a need to re-examine policy regarding planting and propagation of endangered and threatened plants outside of planned recovery efforts. Potential advantages associated with increased outplanting of rare species include (1) improved public education and relations; (2) demographic security derived from creation of new populations; (3) provision of new, appropriate gene-flow opportunities; (4) applied research opportunities; and (5) ability to regulate a currently uncontrolled activity. Potential disadvantages are (1) confusion of natural and planted populations; (2) bureaucratic problems with protection of planted populations; (3) potential far inappropriate gene flow between natural and planted populations causing outbreeding depression and loss of genetic purity of natural populations; and (4) extension of the natural geographic and ecological range of the species. Policies, regulations, and nursery practices exist that would maximize the potential advantages and minimize the risks associated with the distribution of endangered and threatened plants. Policy considerations discussed include selection of appropriate species, production of appropriate and high-quality genetic stock, and regulation of outplanting programs. I weigh the risks and benefits of a program that would allow the general public access to some state-listed plants for natural landscaping. I conclude that a less restrictive but enforceable set of policies and regulations may be preferable to the status quo.     

Examining the relationship between local extinction risk and position in range

Over half of globally threatened animal species have experienced rapid geographic range loss. Identifying the parts of species’ distributions most vulnerable to local extinction would benefit conservation planning. However, previous studies give little consensus on whether ranges decline to the core or edge. We built on previous work by using empirical data to examine the position of recent local extinctions within species’ geographic ranges, address range position as a continuum, and explore the influence of environmental factors. We aggregated point‐locality data for 125 Galliform species from across the Palearctic and Indo‐Malaya into equal‐area half‐degree grid cells and used a multispecies dynamic Bayesian occupancy model to estimate rates of local extinctions. Our model provides a novel approach to identify loss of populations from within species ranges. We investigated the relationship between extinction rates and distance from range edge by examining whether patterns were consistent across biogeographic realm and different categories of land use. In the Palearctic, local extinctions occurred closer to the range edge than range core in both unconverted and human‐dominated landscapes. In Indo‐Malaya, no pattern was found for unconverted landscapes, but in human‐dominated landscapes extinctions tended to occur closer to the core than the edge. Our results suggest that local and regional factors override general spatial patterns of recent local extinction within species’ ranges and highlight the difficulty of predicting the parts of a species’ distribution most vulnerable to threat.     

南岳珍稀濒危动物的调查研究

在南岳野生动物中,珍稀濒危动物共有28种,一级1种,即黄腹角雉TragopanCaboti;二级23种,其中哺乳类5种,鸟类15种,两栖类2种;中国生物多样性保护行动计划优先保护名录二级动物1种;中国优先保护动物中国特有种(A级)4种.本文主要介绍了它们的分类位置、形态特征和在我国的分布,根据南岳现有的资源状况,提出了保护措施与对策.