刚毛藻对Cu、Fe、Zn的耐受与污染控制研究

研究刚毛藻对Cu、Fe、Zn的耐受情况。实验设计了3种重金属的浓度,分别为00、.5 mg/L1、.0 mg/L、2.5 mg/L、5.0 mg/L、7.5mg/L1、0 mg/L的培养液,培养期间观察记录刚毛藻的长势,测定藻类生物量及叶绿素a的含量变化,研究藻体对模拟水中3种重金属的去除动态及实际去除效果。结果表明,3种重金属在低浓度(0.5—2.5 mg/L)时藻体长势较好;浓度达到5mg/L时开始出现毒害现象,表现为叶绿素a含量下降趋势;浓度达到7.5mg/L以上时藻体死亡。水体中有效Cu、Fe、Zn浓度较低时,藻体对3种重金属去除效果较好,较高浓度时由于毒害作用使其对3种重金属的去除能力下降。     

不同硫浓度下硒镉交互作用对油菜幼苗生长特性的影响

在水培条件下,采用需硫型植物甘蓝型油菜"沪油15"作为研究对象,观察在不同硫(S)浓度下,硒(Se)与镉(Cd)协同作用对油菜幼苗生理效应的影响。实验结果表明在无S存在条件下,5 mg/L的Se与20 mg/L的Cd的毒性具有一定的协同作用。低S(9 mg/L),正常S(48 mg/L)条件下,S对Se与Cd交互作用下的毒性无显著的抑制作用;高S(720 mg/L)条件下,具有显著的拮抗作用,且明显抑制了油菜对Se与Cd的吸收。研究S和Se交互对油菜幼苗Cd毒害的缓解作用,有利于进一步提出更切实有效的缓解Cd污染问题的方法,从而为社会经济发展和人体健康做出贡献。     

广西贵港柑桔产区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

以广西贵港柑桔产区土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sc、Pb、Zn 8种重金属含量及污染特征,基于农用地土壤污染评价标准(GB15618-2018),利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该产区重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 7种元素含量均值低于土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd元素含量均值(1. 22mg/kg)高于风险筛选值(0. 3mg/kg)。Pb、Zn元素与Hg、Ni元素各自具有相似的空间分布规律,Cd元素含量有从中心向四周扩散的趋势。Cd元素处于较强的风险水平,很强与极强级别样本所占比例分别为17. 5%和45%。Hg元素中度、强风险级别占比分别为39. 5%、29. 5%,说明该研究区土壤中Cd、Hg元素污染较严重。综合潜在风险指数RI均值为342. 4,属于强生态风险,主要受Cd、Hg元素污染影响。     

有机螯合剂对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化试验研究

选取乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)和亚硫基二乙酸(TDGA)两种有机稳定剂药剂,研究其对焚烧飞灰重金属的稳定化效果。实验表明,焚烧飞灰浸取液中重金属浓度依次为:Zn (124. 2mg/L) Pb (27. 98mg/L) Cu(15. 29mg/L) Cd (7. 68mg/L) TCr (1. 16mg/L),重金属Pb、Cd、Cu超出标准;在用EDTA和TDGA处理的稳定化样品浸出液中Pb、Cd、Cu、TCr的浓度随着有机螯合剂投加量的增加而减小,并且TDGA的处理效果优于EDTA;在TDGA投加量相同,且浸取剂p H在3到9的范围内时,随着p H的升高,Pb、Zn、Cu、TCr的浸出浓度逐渐减小,其中p H升高对Cd的浸出浓度影响较小;若有机螯合剂溶液与飞灰搅拌均匀,液固比的增加对螯合反应没有产生影响。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标研究

本文研究了火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标,全国共12个省份的46家实验室参加测定工作,提供了具有全国性指导意义的工作参考数据.研究结果为:标准样品在0.2～4.0mg/L浓度范围内的RSD≤3.0%,RSD'≤10.0%,室间标准偏差≤0.10mg/L;浓度≤2.0mg/L时,RE≤±10.0%,2.0～4.0...     

不同浓度Cu2+对青海湖裸鲤鳃细胞培养的影响

文章通过实验对青海湖裸鲤鳃组织细胞在不同浓度梯度Cu2+条件下的体外培养,即Cu2+浓度分别为国家渔业水质标准的5倍、10倍、20倍和40倍,分别为0.05mg/L、0.1mg/L、0.2mg/L和0.4mg/L,了解Cu2+对裸鲤鳃细胞生长状况的影响;实验结果显示:5倍国家水质标准浓度的Cu2+对细胞基本无影响,20倍浓度的Cu2+对细胞产生明显影响,224m in后细胞出现死亡,485min后10倍浓度细胞出现死亡,618min后40倍浓度细胞全部死亡;实验揭示了重金属铜对裸鲤鳃细胞生长状况产生的影响以及鳃细胞死亡的临界浓度。     

攀西地区主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量及评价

对攀西地区米易县蔬菜基地的土壤进行采样，用原子吸收和石墨炉光谱法分析土壤中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg8种元素的含量。蔬菜基地土壤重金属平均含量分别为Cr 68．8mg／kg、Cu 22．3mg／kg、Ni27．6mg／kg、Zn 146．2mg／kg、Pb31．7mg／kg、Cd0．258mg／kg、As10．3mg／kg、Hg0．0618mg／kg。根据土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）对检测结果进行了单因子和多因子综合污染指数评价。分析表明调查区内少部分蔬菜基地土壤受到轻度重金属污染，主要污染物为Cd元素，其余重金属元素的含量均在安全警戒线内。     

Pb2+、Cr6+、Cd2+单一及其复合污染对白蝴蝶叶片CAT、POD活性的影响

采用室内溶液培养法研究了Pb^2＋、Cr^6＋、Cd^2＋单一及其复合污染对白蝴蝶叶片过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明在处理浓度范围内，处理后白蝴蝶叶片CAT活性明显高于对照，随着各处理浓度的增加，表现先升高后降低最后再上升的趋势。经Cd^2＋及复合污染处理后，白蝴蝶叶片内POD活性变化趋势与CAT活性相似；但是经Pb^2＋、Cr^6＋处理后，其POD活性变化趋势与CAT不同，即在高浓度处理下，POD活性明显低于对照。当处理浓度为100mg／L时，POD活性随着处理时间的延长表现出先升高再降低的趋势。可以认为，酶活性升高是由于白蝴蝶对Pb^2＋、Cr^6＋、Cd^2＋单一及其复合胁迫做出的应激反应。     

杭州市临安区农田土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对杭州市临安区农田土壤采用蛇形随机布点法采集63个土壤混合样,对土壤重金属现状进行调查与评价。利用内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对该区域农田土壤重金属的污染程度与潜在的生态危害进行评价。结果表明:研究区域内Hg、As、Cu、Cd变异系数较大,可能存在人为影响。从单因子污染指数数据分析,土壤中重金属Hg超标最为严重、其次是As、Cu;內梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区域内大部分土壤污染水平属于尚清洁以上,小部分土壤重金属呈现不同程度污染,主要是由于Hg、As、Cu污染导致。单个元素潜在生态危害指数评价显示,Hg表现为较强风险,其他元素均呈现较低风险,单个元素潜在生态危害指数均值依次为Hg Cd As Cu Ni Pb Cr Zn;多种重金属综合潜在危害指数总体上为轻微风险,极小部分为中等风险,主要由于Hg污染。研究区域部分地区出现单个金属总量出现超过风险筛选值且低于风险管控值,下一步应加强对该土壤及农产品的协同监测。     

气态氨对吊兰生长的毒理学影响

探讨气态氨染毒对吊兰生长的毒性作用,将生长状况相似的吊兰置于氨浓度为0.1mg/m^3、0.2mg/m^3、0.3mg/m^3、0.4mg/m^3的密闭容器中,以空气作为对照,测定叶片的叶绿素含量变化、叶绿素a/b比值变化、丙二醛含量变化、可溶性糖含量变化、脯氨酸含量变化以及叶片对有毒气体的形态学反应。结果表明,经处理的吊兰叶片外观损伤明显,叶绿素含量随气体浓度的增加而减小,叶绿素a/b比值减小,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量随气体浓度的升高而升高,脯氨酸含量随着气体浓度的增加而积累,气态氨对吊兰的毒理学影响明显。     

滇池沉积物重金属污染状况评估

本文通过多年滇池底泥的采样监测数据,采用地积累指数法和对数衰减模型评估滇池的底泥质量状况,希望摸清底泥中重金属污染状况,并分析评价其对水生生物的风险,为底泥疏浚、截污护岸的滇池治理工程提供一定的科学依据。研究表明:以地积累指数法评价,(1)滇池监测断面底泥质量呈现轻度污染,镉出现一定程度富集,汞在个别监测断面也出现富集情况;(2)6种重金属污染排序为镉>汞>铅>铜>铬>砷;(3)从监测断面来看,海口西污染程度较重,滇池南底泥质量较好。采用对数衰减模型评价,(1)滇池监测断面沉积物重金属污染存在潜在生物风险,应引起重视;(2)从产生可以观察到毒性效果的可能性大小看,6种重金属潜在危害可能性排序为砷>铅>铜>铬>镉>汞;(3)从监测断面来看,白鱼口和观音山中潜在危害可能性大。从富集污染程度分析,海口西监测断面的底泥污染最重,可考虑在海口西监测断面附近进行一定的底泥疏浚工程。从而达到治标治本的目的。滇池监测断面沉积物重金属污染存在潜在生物风险,应引起重视,但在可控范围。     

九寨沟白水河污染特征研究

通过对2012年4月～2013年3月九寨沟白水河不同断面水样分析,研究了《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中表1“地表水环境质量标准基本项目”的含量变化,并对铬、镉、硒、铜、汞、锌、铅、砷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数进行污染状况评价。结果显示：镉、铜、汞、锌、铅均未检出;对铬、砷、硒、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等有检出项目进行单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价,水样中铬、砷、硒、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数全年监测平均浓度分别为0．294μg／L、0．024μg／L、0．084μg／L、0．187mg／L、0．695mg／L,用国家水质环境标准的一级标准,所有监测点位（PN〈1）未超标。从单因子污染指数来看,高锰酸盐指数在4月、7月、10月P,〉1,属于轻度污染,初步推断人为活动所致。通过本文的研究发现九寨沟水质依然较好,未受到污染。     

长江入海口北支沿海滩涂养殖区底泥重金属污染特征及趋势评价

对长江入海口北支沿海滩涂养殖区底泥重金属污染的总体水平进行调查,结果表明,滩涂养殖区底泥重金属含量满足海洋沉积物质量一类标准要求,污染程度属于安全Ⅰ级水平,重金属潜在生态危害属轻微级别,6种重金属潜在生态危害由大到小排序依次为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Cr﹥Pb﹥As,2005年～2011年,底泥重金属污染程度均处于安全的Ⅰ级水平。     

基于地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价广西某蔗田土壤重金属污染

采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对广西某蔗田土壤中重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：4种重金属元素的地积累指数污染程度由强到弱依次为：Cd〉Zn〉Pb〉Cu,潜在生态危害指数污染程度由强到弱依次为：Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn,其中zn的影响程度发生了变化。2种评价方法的结果存在差异,蔗田土壤的地积累指数污染程度处于无污染情况,而潜在生态危害指数污染程度处于低度危害程度。潜在生态危害指数考虑外源重金属的富集程度和不同重金属的生物毒性的影响,使其评价结果更准确。     

密云水库上游土壤重金属污染调查评价

文章对密云水库周边及上游地区（北京境内）的污染状况作了初步评价。研究结果发现密云水库周边及上游地区重金属污染以Cr和Hg为主，丰亡牛河上游为污染最严重地区，清水河上游、潮河下游放马峪地区、德田沟-崎峰茶地区受Cr元素轻度污染。这些地区土壤重金属污染的主要原因是由于金属矿山不合理堆放的尾砂及废矿石等人为因素所致。     

Effect of long-term application of biosolids for land reclamation on surface water chemistry

Biosolids are known to have a potential to restore degraded land, but the long-term impacts of this practice on the environment, including water quality, still need to be evaluated. The surface water chemistry (NO3-, NH4+, and total P, Cd, Cu, and Hg) was monitored for 31 yr from 1972 to 2002 in a 6000-ha watershed at Fulton County, Illinois, where the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago was restoring the productivity of strip-mined land using biosolids. The mean cumulative loading rates during the past 31 yr were 875 dry Mg ha(-1) for 1120-ha fields in the biosolids-amended watershed and 4.3 dry Mg ha(-1) for the 670-ha fields in the control watershed. Biosolids were injected into mine spoil fields as liquid fertilizer from 1972 to 1985, and incorporated as dewatered cake from 1980 to 1996 and air-dried solids from 1987 to 2002. The mean annual loadings of nutrients and trace elements from biosolids in 1 ha were 735 kg N, 530 kg P, 4.5 kg Cd, 30.7 kg Cu, and 0.11 kg Hg in the fields of the biosolids-amended watershed, and negligible in the fields of the control watershed. Sampling of surface water was conducted monthly in the 1970s, and three times per year in the 1980s and 1990s. The water samples were collected from 12 reservoirs and 2 creeks receiving drainage from the fields in the control watershed, and 8 reservoirs and 4 creeks associated with the fields in the biosolids-amended watershed for the analysis of NO3- -N (including NO2- N), NH4+-N, and total P, Cd, Cu, and Hg. Compared to the control (0.18 mg L(-1)), surface water NO3- -N in the biosolids-amended watershed (2.23 mg L(-1)) was consistently higher; however, it was still below the Illinois limit of 10 mg L(-1) for public and food-processing water supplies. Biosolids applications had a significant effect on mean concentrations of ammonium N (0.11 mg L(-1) for control and 0.24 mg L(-1) for biosolids) and total P (0.10 mg L(-1) for control and 0.16 mg L(-1) for biosolids) in surface water. Application of biosolids did not increase the concentrations of Cd and Hg in surface water. The elevation of Cu in surface water with biosolids application only occurred in some years of the first decade, when land-applied sludges contained high concentrations of trace metals, including Cu. In fact, following the promulgation of 40 CFR Part 503, the concentrations of all three metals fell below the method detection level (MDL) in surface water for nearly all samplings. Nitrate in the surface water tends to be higher in spring, and ammonium, total P, and total Hg in summer and fall. Mean nitrate, ammonium, and total phosphorus concentrations were found to be greater in creeks than reservoirs. The results indicate that application of biosolids for land reclamation at high loading rates from 1972 to 2002, with adequate runoff and soil erosion control, had only a minor impact on surface water quality.     

重庆市城区饮用水源健康风险评价

通过对重庆市8个饮用水源地枯水期水体中NH3-N、CN、As、Hg、Cr^＋6、Pb、Cd、Cu、F和挥发酚的浓度进行了调查研究，应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对重庆市饮用水源水中污染物引起的健康风险作了评价。结果表明，污染物平均浓度范围分别为NH3-N：0．119—0.740mg／L，CN：0．002—0．004mg／L，As：0．001—0．007mg／L，Hg：0．000001—0．00005mg／L，Cr^＋6：0．004—0.023mg／L．Pb：0．004—0．053mg／L．Cd：0．00035—0．005mg／L．Cu：0．0005—0．0254mg/L，F：0．140—0．335mg／L，挥发酚：0．001—0．0027mg／L。重庆市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中Pb的风险最大，F次之，两者风险水平在10^-8～10^-9／a；Cr^＋6引起的致癌风险最大达到10^-4／a；以长江为饮用水源的人群总健康风险大于嘉陵江，其健康风险达到EPA要求，但高于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）的最大可接受风险水平。     

Potential risks of copper, zinc, and cadmium pollution due to pig manure application in a soil-rice system under intensive farming: a case study of Nanhu, China

Heavy metal (copper [Cu], zinc [Zn], and cadmium [Cd]) pollution of soils from pig manures in soil-rice ( L.) systems under intensive farming was investigated, taking Nanhu, China, as the case study area. Two hundred pig manures and 154 rice straws, brown rice samples, and corresponding surface soil (0-15 cm) samples were collected in paddy fields from 150 farms in 16 major villages within the study area. The mean Cu and Zn concentrations in pig manures consistently exceeded the related standard. About 44 and 60% of soil samples exceed the Chinese Soil Cu and Cd Environmental Quality Standards, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd in brown rice did not exceed the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard. There was a significant positive correlation between total Cu and Zn contents in soil and application rate of pig manures. Strong correlation was observed between the extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil and the Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in the brown rice. The spatial distribution maps of Cu and Zn concentrations in brown rice, straw, and extractable soil Cu and Zn concentration also showed similar geographical trends. Further analyses on heavy metals loading flux and accumulation rates from pig manure applied suggested that Cu and Cd contents in soil currently have already exceeded the maximum permissible limit, and Zn, if still at current manure application rates, will reach the ceiling concentration limits in 9 yr. This study assists in understanding the risk of heavy metals accumulating from pig manure applications to agricultural soils.     

某钢铁企业周边土壤重金属污染状况调查与评价

通过对某钢铁企业周边土壤重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg、As)含量的调查与分析,采用重金属单项污染指数、超标倍数、污染分担率和内梅罗污染指数评价方法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该钢铁企业周边土壤主要污染物为镉,含量在1.06~2.41 mg/kg之间,超标0.8~3.0倍。通过对除尘灰中相应重金属含量分析,弄清了土壤中重金属来源。     

Phytoremediation of heavy metals by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes</Emphasis>

Eichhornia crassipes was tested for its ability to bioconcentrate 8 toxic metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) commonly found in wastewater from industries. Young plants of equal size were grown hydroponically and amended with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mM of each heavy metal individually for 21 days. The test plant had the lowest and the highest tolerance indices for Hg and Zn, respectively. A significant (P ≤ .05) reduction in biomass production was observed in metal treated plants compared with the control. All strace elements accumulated to higher concentrations in roots than in shoots. Trace element concentrations in tissues and the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were proportional to the initial concentration of individual metal in the growth medium and the duration of exposure. From a phytoremediation perspective, E. crassipes is a promising plant species for remediation of natural water bodies and/or wastewater polluted with low levels of Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag and Ni.