坚持绿色发展,推进工业固体废物管理与利用处置

本研究对我国工业固体废物的产生状况以及相关政策要求进行了梳理,对已经开展的绿色矿山建设、推进绿色制造体系发展、扶持综合利用产业等工作进行了分析。针对我国固体废物管理和利用处置中存在的问题提出建议:修订完善固体废物管理和资源化法律法规体系;重视数据统计,强化经济政策的分类引导;建立健全资源化利用技术标准体系,推动大宗工业固体废物利用处置;在生产过程中,强化工业固体废物减量化、资源化、无害化要求,统筹一次资源和二次资源开发利用,减少存量、控制增量等。     

工业固体废物的产生特征及控制对策

在固体废物中,其中工业固体废物是其最主要的组成部分。我国近年来对工业固体废物的产生进行了统计,本文在此基础上对工业固体废物的产生特点进行深入地分析,同时从工业固体废物产生量、利用量以及处置量、工业固体废物区域、行业分布特点以及工业产值等方面入手,对工业固体废物管理中出现的不足之处进行深入研究,并提供有效的解决措施。     

固体废物利用与处置碳排放研究进展和发展趋势

固体废物是重要的碳排放源,通过源头减量、资源化与能源化利用以及处理处置过程优化控制可显著降低碳排放水平或产生负碳.但如何度量固体废物利用与处置带来的减碳效益,在方法学和管理策略等方面显然缺乏系统的梳理和总结.本文首先阐明了固体废物源头产生-过程处理与利用-末端处置等生命周期过程碳排放的“源”和“汇”,从固体废物类别、利用和处置方式、研究尺度等多个维度,对比分析了固体废物的碳排放强度和水平,并对碳排放与减碳的核算方法和评价体系进行了探讨和总结分析,进一步提出了固体废物治理与碳减排协同增效的研究建议.     

固体废物环境管理中存在的廉政风险与防范研究

固体废物具有"废物"和"资源"的双重属性,固体废物环境管理是从其产生、收集、贮存、转移、处置利用的全过程管理。文章阐述了当前固体废物管理工作面临的严峻形势,主要表现在企业对固体废物的认识不足、危险废物底数不清、危险废物处置能力不足、监管能力不足等方面。在此基础上,初步探析了固体废物管理中存在的廉政风险,主要产生于危险废物转移审批、危险废物经营许可证办理、进口固体废物许可证办理、环境监管执法过程中,并提出了减少固体废物环境管理廉政风险的对策和建议。     

日本废弃物管理经验对我国的启示

近年来,我国固体废物产生量逐年增加,废弃物的安全处置已成为当前重要的环境议题之一。日本废弃物管理起步较早,管理体系较为完善。根据废物来源,日本将废弃物分为产业废弃物和一般废弃物。本文研究了日本产业废弃物和一般废弃物的产生及处置现状、废弃物管理法律体系、废弃物管理制度及废弃物处置技术标准,通过对比我国固体废物的管理现状,提出加强危险废物自行利用处置设施管理、提高环境违法案件违法成本、完善我国固体废物管理标准体系等固体废物管理的建议。     

核电可持续发展与低中放固体废物处置困境

放射性固体废物安全处置是核电可持续发展的制约因素之一。本文针对核电厂面临的固体废物积存量超出暂存库设计容量但无法送交处置的困境,通过分析核电持续发展带来的放射性固体废物的处置需求和我国低中放固体废物处置现状及存在的问题,认为出现处置困境的深层原因是废物处置责任不明确、核电发展与放射性废物管理的国家职能存在割离,在此基础上提出加快出台放射性固体废物处置选址规划、建立独立的放射性固体废物处置公司、完善放射性废物管理资金保证制度等政策建议。     

以废物交换为先导全面深化固体废物的管理

在沈阳市开展废物交换与利用处置、固废申报登记与去向管理的基础上，总结性地介绍了沈阳市工业固体废物管理体系，论述了固体废物交换、管理的形式和做法，提出了实现废物资源化、无害化的重要保障及措施等。     

贵阳市工业固体废物现状及发展研究

随着贵阳市城市经济的快速发展,工业固体废物的产生量、综合利用处置量也随之增加。调查和分析了近年来贵阳市工业固体废物产生、利用和处置的相关现状,并提出相应的管理对策和建议,对贵阳市工业固体废物的有效管理和循环经济的发展具有一定参考价值。     

核电可持续发展与低中放固体废物安全管理

核事故与放射性废物安全管理是核电可持续发展的两大制约因素。本文针对目前核电厂面临的积存的低中放固体废物超出暂存库设计容量和时间的困境,分析核电持续发展带来的放射性固体废物的处置需求和放射性风险,深入探讨了我国低中放固体废物处置现状和存在的问题,认为问题存在的深层原因主要是废物处置责任划分不明确、核电发展与放射性废物管理的国家职能存在割离,在此基础上提出加快出台放射性固体废物处置选址规划、建立独立的放射性固体废物贮存和处置公司、建立和完善放射性废物管理基金制度等政策建议。     

兰州市工业固体废物污染现状与控制对策

本文通过对兰州市工业固体废物的产生量及处置现状的详细调查,深入分析了兰州市工业固体废物的污染特征以及固体废物处理处置过程中存在的问题;根据兰州市经济发展承受能力,对工业固体废物的增长趋势进行了预测;并针对兰州市当前工业固体废物的综合处理状况和工业结构特征,从立法、执法、管理等方面提出了相应的控制对策和建议.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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