高氨垃圾渗滤液的吹脱条件控制研究

采用吹脱塔处理含有高浓度氨氮的垃圾渗滤液,研究了操作参数的控制对吹脱效率的影响.结果表明,当pH≤11.0时,气水比决定了高径比对吹脱效率的影响,气水比较低时,高径比越小,吹脱效率越高;气水比较高时,高径比越大,吹脱效率越高;当pH过高时,高径比对吹脱效率没有影响.初始pH和温度相互影响,pH越低时,温度对吹脱效率的影响越显著;温度越低时,初始pH对吹脱效率的影响越显著.当pH≥10.4时,出水pH和残余氨氮浓度呈指数关系,可以作为反应吹脱运行状况的指示参数或控制参数.合理控制pH和气水比并实时监控出水pH是获得稳定、经济的吹脱效果的关键.     

强化序批式生物膜反应器脱氮与人工湿地除磷联合工艺初探

为解决脱氮除磷对碳源的竞争及不同泥龄需要等问题,提出强化序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)脱氮与人工湿地除磷联合工艺.通过将SBBR系统分为2格,并采用交替运行的方式(进水和曝气),强化了碳源保存,进一步提高脱氮效率;SBBR系统出水进入栽种菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)的人工湿地,利用基质和植物吸附等作用进一步除磷.结果表明:(1)2格交替运行SBBR脱氮效果良好,稳定时出水COD均值为34 mg/L,去除率约为93%;出水NH+4-N均值为2.0 mg/L,去除率约为94%;出水TN维持在4.5 mg/L左右,去除率约为86%;出水TP在2 mg/L附近波动,除磷效果并不理想,有时还会出现出水TP高于进水TP的释磷现象.(2)人工湿地除磷效果良好且稳定.当进水TP为0.6～6.7 mg/L时,出水TP维持在0.3～0.7 mg/L.(3)该联合工艺有良好的脱氮除磷效果.系统出水NH+4-N、TN、TP均值分别为2.0、2.4、0.5 mg/L,去除率均值分别为94%、92%、90%.     

UniFed SBR工艺除磷脱氮机理研究

采用UniFed SBR工艺试验装置处理实际生活污水,确定了出水不受进水扰动影响的合适排水比.当将进水/排水时间固定为2 h,排水比不高于41.67%时,可以实现进水与出水的分离,保证良好的出水水质.通过试验分析了UniFed SBR工艺的除磷脱氮机理在于:进水/排水阶段在反应池底部先后发生了反硝化作用和厌氧释磷反应,后续曝气阶段发生硝化作用和好氧吸磷,因此通过该工艺,可实现同步除磷脱氮.     

碳氮磷比例失调城市污水的同步脱氮除磷

为解决现行同步脱氮除磷工艺处理南方地区碳、氮、磷比例失调城市污水中,因C/N、C/P偏低,碳源不足而降低脱氮除磷效率的难题,试验以碳源偏低的广州市城市污水为研究对象,采用厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR系统,通过对厌氧、好氧时段的合理调控,在无需额外添加碳源的条件下,有机物、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别可达90%、72%、41%和99%,不仅能使有机物和氮的出水指标达到国家排放标准,而且总磷出水浓度能达0.5 mg/L以下。通过进一步分析同步高效脱氮除磷的影响因素和控制条件,得出合理污泥龄的控制是实现同步脱氮除磷的关键,厌氧/好氧交替运行的方式不仅强化了磷的释放和吸收,而且降低了碳源偏低和硝酸盐对同步脱氮除磷影响的结论。     

碳氮磷比例失调城市污水的同步脱氮除磷

为解决现行同步脱氮除磷工艺处理南方地区碳、氮、磷比例失调城市污水中，因C／N、C／P偏低，碳源不足而降低脱氮除磷效率的难题，试验以碳源偏低的广州市城市污水为研究对象，采用厌氧／好氧交替运行的SBR系统，通过对厌氧、好氧时段的合理调控，在无需额外添加碳源的条件下，有机物、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别可达90％、72％、41％和99％，不仅能使有机物和氮的出水指标达到国家排放标准，而且总磷出水浓度能达0．5mg／L以下。通过进一步分析同步高效脱氮除磷的影响因素和控制条件，得出合理污泥龄的控制是实现同步脱氮除磷的关键，厌氧／好氧交替运行的方式不仅强化了磷的释放和吸收，而且降低了碳源偏低和硝酸盐对同步脱氮除磷影响的结论。     

悬浮复合填料对改良多级A/O工艺处理低碳氮比生活污水同步脱氮除磷的影响

针对改良多级A/O工艺处理低碳氮比生活污水难以同时兼顾脱氮除磷的问题,考察了内置式悬浮球中填加海绵块(填料A)和内置式悬浮球中填加海绵块、海绵铁和聚氯乙烯泡沫(填料B)两种悬浮复合填料的效果。结果表明,悬浮复合填料的添加可以在保证COD去除效果的基础上同时兼顾脱氮除磷。出水COD和氨氮可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级A标准。填料B的脱氮除磷效果均优于填料A。可以通过添加外加碳源增强脱氮的主要限制步骤(反硝化作用),从而进一步提高脱氮效果,有望出水TN达到GB 18918—2002的一级A标准。     

人工湿地脱氮除磷特性研究

针对流域水体富营养化加剧和二级处理水氮磷指标较高的问题,提出以人工湿地对二级出水继续低耗、理想地脱氮除磷。研究中通过对照不同进水水质条件下,不同结构人工湿地的脱氮除磷效能,探讨了人工湿地内的主要脱氮除磷途径。研究表明,表面流湿地内植物对氨氮吸收／吸附和硝化过程为主要氮转化途径,潜流湿地内直接反硝化过程为主要脱氮途径,脱氮效率30％～40％;磷在人工湿地内主要依赖除磷填料床的物化吸附、共沉淀去除,除磷效率达80％以上。     

A2/O+硫磺填料柱组合工艺脱氮除磷的效果

以某城市污水厂进水为研究对象,采用A2/O+硫磺填料反应柱组合工艺,考察其对COD、总氮、总磷以及溶解性磷处理效果的改善。组合工艺出水水质稳定后,连续运行55 d,并对工艺的出水进行常规指标分析。结果表明:组合工艺的脱氮除磷效果较单个A2/O工艺都得到了较大的改善,而COD去除效果变化不大。A2/O系统对COD有良好的去除效果,出水的COD平均去除率能达到94%;TN和TP去除效果相对较差,出水平均去除率分别为60%和57.4%。经硫磺填料反应柱的脱氮除磷作用,系统出水TN去除率提高到84%,TP去除率提高到69.8%,COD去除率变化不大,升高到95.3%。     

A~2/O＋硫磺填料柱组合工艺脱氮除磷的效果

以某城市污水厂进水为研究对象,采用A2/O＋硫磺填料反应柱组合工艺,考察其对COD、总氮、总磷以及溶解性磷处理效果的改善。组合工艺出水水质稳定后,连续运行55 d,并对工艺的出水进行常规指标分析。结果表明：组合工艺的脱氮除磷效果较单个A2/O工艺都得到了较大的改善,而COD去除效果变化不大。A2/O系统对COD有良好的去除效果,出水的COD平均去除率能达到94%;TN和TP去除效果相对较差,出水平均去除率分别为60%和57.4%。经硫磺填料反应柱的脱氮除磷作用,系统出水TN去除率提高到84%,TP去除率提高到69.8%,COD去除率变化不大,升高到95.3%。     

玉米芯为外碳源对SBBR反硝化除磷性能的影响

为实现污水厂低碳氮比尾水深度脱氮除磷,考察以玉米芯为外碳源满足反硝化除磷最佳碳氮比要求时有机物及氮、磷的去除效果。在DO0.3 mg·L-1条件下,SBR系统最佳进水C/N为6,此时出水TN和TP分别为3.57 mg·L-1和1.24 mg·L-1;投加玉米芯作为外碳源和生物载体构建SBBR系统,可将进水C/N从3.5提升至6,同时出水COD保持在40 mg·L-1左右,出水TN和TP分别降至3.04 mg·L-1和0.54 mg·L-1。研究表明,以玉米芯为固体碳源和生物载体的SBBR系统的脱氮除磷效果优于相同C/N条件下的SBR系统,玉米芯的粗糙表面和纤维结构为反硝化除磷菌提供了良好的缺氧环境和载体基础,使得SBBR系统的生物量及活性整体增强。     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验，研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM；当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时，污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％；且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段，污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大，但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大，当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后，反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时，建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型，其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.