生态旅游的彻底泛化研究及其概念模型的构建

本文首先对生态旅游自诞生以来的概念发展进行了梳理.针对国内生态旅游的泛化现象,提出将生态旅游的概念彻底泛化的想法,其泛化原则就是将旅游资源同生态旅游资源等同起来,即任何旅游资源都可以开展生态旅游.在该泛化原则下,本文将生态旅游的各组成要素分别作了比喻,将旅游资源比作客车,旅游者比作汽油,旅游经营者比作车主,当地居民比作乘客,地方政府比作交警.最后在这个比方的基础上建立了一个生态旅游概念模型,以期对生态旅游的概念内涵有个全新的理解.     

泛化理解下的生态旅游发展思考——以南京珍珠泉旅游度假区为例

20世纪80年代初,许多学者提出了生态旅游的概念,以期解决旅游业中人与自然日趋激烈的矛盾,如今生态旅游已渐渐成为旅游业的发展方向。文章在概念的泛化理解下分析了发展生态旅游的核心,并以南京珍珠泉旅游度假区为例,阐述了其多方面的开发优势,提出其开发原则、理念和发展生态旅游的框架,以期对长江流域乃至全国的旅游资源开发提供借鉴。     

生态旅游的概念及其在我国的实践

本文基于对现有文献资料的分析，对生态旅游的概念及其特点作了初步的探讨，认为生态旅游是指以吸收自然和文化知识为取向，尽量减少对生态环境的影响，确保旅游资源的可持续利用，将生态环境保护与公众环境教育同促进地方经济社会发展有机结合的旅游活动。我国应遵循生态旅游的原则，加强生态旅游业的管理，有步骤地积极开展这一工作。     

我国生态旅游的几个误区

本文根据生态旅游的科学概念及其判定准则，分析了生态旅游与大众旅游和自然观光旅游的区别，纠正了将自然保护区的旅游误为生态旅游的认识，以期能对我国生态旅游的健康发展和生态环境的保护有所裨益。     

生态旅游的发展与规划

分析了生态旅游产生的背景，认为生态旅游是旅游景观资源可持续利用的一条途径。阐述了生态旅游发展的社会、经济、技术和环境的一般政策，在此基础上，提出了生态旅游发展规划的一般原则、生态旅游产业发展的潜力与限制条件、生态旅游产业的结构与空间适宜性分布。     

生态旅游和生态环境旅游理论的研究

生态环境旅游能够巩固美丽乡村的发展之基,带动区域和地方经济发展使穷山恶水变成奇山秀水具有重要的社会与经济价值.然而,在当前生态环境旅游发展实践过程中,仍旧存在生态旅游认识不清概念泛化、生态旅游实践滞后不科学等问题,如在实践过程中不重视实际生态体验和参与,生态平衡意识淡薄,在认知层面认为生态环境旅游只是打造自然环境风景区...     

秦皇岛市老岭自然保护区生态旅游资源开发及有关问题探讨

本介绍了秦皇岛市老龄自然保护区的旅游资源特点和生态旅游开发现状，剖析了保护区目前在管理和生态旅游开发中存在的一些问题，提出了保护区在保护、开发与建设中应遵循的原则，提出了在实验区内进行重庆旅游开发的一些建议，使保护区建设在可持续发展战略思想的指导下健康发展。     

泸沽湖生态旅游建设研究

生态旅游强调开采取一系列措施保护旅游业以生存和发展的资源和环境，泸沽湖生态旅游资源丰富，独特，发展生态旅游潜力巨大，在泸沽湖旅游业发展中，只有将生态旅游的保护思想融入旅游开发和管理，才能实现可持续发展，否则最终将导致旅游业的衰落。     

生态旅游和旅游环境影响评价

生态旅游是一种全新的旅游业。本文介绍了生态旅游的概念，含义，特征和进行生态旅游开发的必要性，探讨了在进行生态旅游开发前进行旅游环境影响评价的原因以及旅游环境影响评价的内容，存在的问题和改进方法，从而为生态旅游开发的环境可行性、旅游规划的优化制定提供科学依据。     

惠州生态旅游资源特点开发对策

1.生态旅游的涵义和开发原则 1.1生态旅游的概念 "生态旅游"这一理念,在1983年被世界自然保护联盟首次提出时,是指"观览自然景物的旅行",重点强调"被观览的景物不应受到损失",保护好生态资源的永续性,让这些资源能够无限地持续存在下去.随着生态旅游业的发展,旅游的内涵也不断丰富、理念也在不断更新.生态旅游不再单纯是指到未开发的自然界中去观赏,还包括对地质、植被、野生动物等方面的科学考察,对当地历史、民俗等人文方面的探究也成为生态旅游的重要组成部分.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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