长江流域下游水体中药品和个人护理品赋存、分布、溯源及风险评估研究进展

药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）作为一类新污染物,种类繁多,且广泛存在于自然水体中。长江流域下游地区由于人口稠密,产业发达,PPCPs对于水体的污染问题尤为突出。简述了2010—2021年长江流域下游水体中PPCPs的赋存状况、时空分布及溯源分析情况,并对PPCPs的生态环境风险评估研究进展进行总结,揭示了近10年来长江流域下游水体中PPCPs的污染状况及变化态势,提出了未来PPCPs监测、溯源和风险评估的发展趋势,以期为水环境中PPCPs污染物的预警和管控提供参考依据。     

PPCPs在不同营养级水生生物体内的累积与代谢

在总结药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中分布特征的基础上,分析和对比了典型PPCPs在不同营养级水生生物(浮游植物、底栖生物和鱼类)体内的累积规律,并阐述了PPCPs在鱼体内的代谢转化途径和机理.提出未来该领域的主要研究方向包括加强对个人护理品生物累积和食物链传递的研究,深入探索PPCPs在食物链上的传递和累积规律,开展实际水体中PPCPs的代谢转化研究.     

太湖以西常州区域水体中典型PPCPs污染特征

为进一步了解环太湖区域药品及个人护理用品（PPCPs）环境污染现状,于2016年9月对太湖以西常州区域水体中典型PPCPs污染水平进行了调查。利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC MS/MS）检测分析了24种PPCPs在常州区域水体中的赋存和空间分布特征。结果表明,常州区域水体中24种目标PPCPs均被检出,PPCPs质量浓度总量范围为51.08～325.79 ng/L,20个监测点位中,红凌桥检出PPCPs总量最高,达325.79 ng/L;水体中优势污染物为双酚A和诺氟沙星,双酚A在黄埝桥检出的质量浓度最高,达158.53 ng/L,其次是新河口和红凌桥,质量浓度分别为65.57和57.86 ng/L;诺氟沙星在红凌桥检出的质量浓度最高,达75.12 ng/L。喹诺酮类抗生素、磺胺类抗生素在常州流域内基本呈均匀分布;激素类、大环内酯抗生素、神经镇痛类和心脏病类药物质量浓度与人口密度大致呈正相关。     

环境中药品和个人护理品的复合污染风险

在环境中污染物常以混合物的形式存在,从而扩大或减小了其对环境和生物的效应。指出目前对药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)环境健康风险的研究多停留在单一物质表观层面,造成其风险值出现偏差。系统分析了PPCPs与有机和无机污染物之间的复合污染,提出加强复合污染毒性风险及致毒机理等方面的研究,为有效降低环境水体中PPCPs潜在的安全风险提供理论支持。     

治理水环境污染寻求环保节能的破壁之道

水环境污染严重影响经济社会的发展与人体健康。重点介绍引起水环境污染的主要污染物,详细说明了其中有代表性的二噁英、有机锡、重金属等污染因子的特点、对环境与人的危害、污染途径、污染现状、治理方式。引起水环境危害的各类污染物的基本概况,是制定水环境治理规划的基础,也是出台相关政策法规的依据。结合我国水环境污染现状,对近年来我国在水环境治理方面采取的措施与方法,进行大致梳理,分析评价其效果,指出其中存在的问题,并提出合理化建议。     

沱江流域主要污染负荷预测及时空分布特征

耦合社会-经济因子探究工业点源和生活污染源污染负荷未来变化趋势,可为优化水环境规划和管理方案提供理论依据。选取沱江流域为研究区域,采用经济增长预测法、工业点源传统统计法、人口趋势灰色模型预测法和排污系数法分别计算了2020-2025年该区域28个县(市、区)的工业GDP值,工业点源废水排放量及主要污染负荷(COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP),农村与城镇人口及生活污染源的主要污染负荷,并利用ArcGIS技术探究了工业点源和生活污染源主要污染负荷空间分布特征。结果表明:2020-2025年,工业GDP值总体呈逐年增加趋势,而工业废水排放量总体呈逐年减少趋势,预计到2025年,流域工业GDP值将增加至2.52×10¹²元,而工业废水排放量将减少至0.64×10⁸ t。工业点源主要污染负荷表现为COD>NH₃-N>TN>TP。沱江流域总人口数与生活污染源污染负荷呈逐年增加趋势,其中城镇人口与生活污染源污染负荷呈逐年增加趋势,农村人口与生活污染源污染负荷呈逐年减少趋势,且城镇人口及生活污染源污染负荷增加量大于农村人口及生活污染源污染负荷减少量。城镇、农村生活污染源的主要污染负荷表现为COD>NH₃-N>TN>TP。工业点源和生活污染源主要污染负荷在空间上存在高度异质性。2025年,来自工业点源的主要污染负荷均呈上游较少,中、下游较多的特征;来自城市生活污染源的主要污染负荷均呈中、上游较多,下游较少的特征;来自农村生活污染源的主要污染负荷均呈中游较多,上、下游较少的特征。笔者提出耦合社会-经济因子预测流域污染负荷的方法可以推广到其他与社会经济指标相关联的流域工业点源、生活污染源污染负荷的预测研究中,以期为未来流域水环境管理与治理提供科学参考。     

黄河内蒙古乌海段水环境保护与污染防治研究

本文主要分析了黄河内蒙古乌海段水质特征、水环境及水资源污染现状和水污染预测,根据乌海市的自然、社会、环境特点,借鉴国内外流域水环境控制经验,提出了水污染防治措施及防治前景预测,为黄河内蒙古乌海段流域水生态环境保护和经济可持续发展提供参考。     

水环境中有毒污染物种类综述

正随着科学技术的进步,工农业生产的发展,水环境作为工农业废物的最终排放点,污染现象越来越严重。水环境中有毒污染物从化学角度,分为无机有毒物和有机有毒物。无机有毒物这类物质具有强烈的生物毒性,他们排入天然水体,常会影响水中生物,并可通过食物链危害人体健康。这类污染物都具有明显的累积性,可使污染影响持久和扩大。水体有毒污染已成为世界各国科学界和政府关注的热点,得到社会的广泛关注。1水环境藏匿有毒污染物値得社会的广泛关注     

水环境中优先控制药物筛选体系的建立与应用

参考国外经验,以药物在水环境中的预测含量、存在持久性及其毒性为依据,研究建立了水环境中优先控制药物的筛选体系,并对上海市水环境中的七类药物进行了筛选.结果表明,得分40以上的药物有8种,30～40分之间的有16种,可以作为上海市水环境中的"优先控制药物".建立的筛选体系具有可操作性及普适性,为明确今后监测管理的重点以及水环境中药物生态风险评价及其污染控制提供了重要依据.     

以嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件为例探讨《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测中的应用

以"1.20"嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件应急监测为例,阐述了《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测工作中的应用。通过实例分析了应急监测全过程中的监测方案编制、样品采集安排、监测实验室设置、监测方法选择、监测结果报送、污染趋势预测以及应急状态终止等内容,结果表明《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》能够指导应急监测工作顺利开展,该案例可为相关突发水环境事件的现场处置和应急监测工作提供技术参考。     

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water in southern China

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water was investigated in southern China. Fifteen and twelve PPCPs were detected with concentrations of 0-36 ng L(-1) in source water and of 0-20 ng L(-1) in treated water, respectively. Four PPCPs were detected with concentrations of approximately 1 ng L(-1) in drinking water of distribution network. Conventional water treatment processes removed the types and average concentrations of PPCPs by 30% and above 50%, respectively. Advanced water treatment processes were more efficient in the removal of most PPCPs, with the types and concentrations reduced by 50% and approximately 90%, respectively. Molecular properties of PPCPs had an important influence on their behaviors during water treatment. pK(a) (acidity coefficient) and K(oc) (organic carbon partition coefficient) of PPCPs appeared to have a combined effect on PPCPs removal during coagulation and oxidation. Adsorption and biodegradation were two possible mechanisms responsible for PPCPs removal during sand filtration.     

典型新兴环境污染物的研究进展

概述了内分泌干扰物(EDCs)、药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)等典型新兴环境污染物的主要类型、环境浓度、分析方法、来源与归趋以及国内外研究进展。内分泌干扰物、药物及个人护理品在世界各地的污水处理厂出水中检出,表明了污水处理技术的不完善性,亟需研究并应用更全面的污水处理技术,以从源头上阻断新兴环境污染物对环境的污染。     

黄河流域水质和工业污染源研究

为科学评价黄河流域的水质状况及工业企业污染源现状,根据黄河流域2018—2019年地表水和饮用水水源地水质监测数据,建立了综合反映流域水环境质量和可定量分析排名的城市水质指数;利用大数据技术分析工业企业水污染物排放数据,研究建立了企业环境信用动态评价体系。研究结果表明:2018—2019年,黄河流域城市水环境质量得到一定程度的改善,城市地表水环境质量优和良等级数量从17个增加到19个,饮用水水源地优等级城市数量从7个增加到11个;但黄河流域中游地区水污染问题较为严重,需要重点加强水污染控制。水质污染主要以点源工业污染为主,COD和氨氮排放量较多,COD和氨氮年日均排放浓度平均值分别为51.1、3.1 mg/L,工业废水处理率偏低;山西、陕西、河南等"高"风险企业数量较多,分别达到3 047、1 630、1 442家。建议加强黄河流域上下游、左右岸、干支流协同配合,加大水污染防治工作的深度和力度。     

北京某污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品的污染现状

通过两次采集北京某大型污水处理厂的水样,采用HPLC-MS技术对水样中的10种PPCPs进行分析.结果显示,进水口水样中PPCPs浓度为7122.92ng/L,其中咖啡因的检出浓度最高(4490.54ng/L),污水处理厂对咖啡因的去除率大于90％(浓度为78.01ng/L).与文献报道值比较发现,该污水处理厂出水水样中PPCPs的浓度与其他国家报道的浓度基本上处于同一数量级,但污水中PPCPs的去除率都普遍低于国际水平.因此,需加强对污水处理厂水样中PPCPs的监测,完善污水处理的工艺.     

流域水污染监测与溯源技术研究进展

水污染特征识别和溯源是实施水污染精准治污的关键一步,也是流域水污染防治工作的前提。该文概述了不同分析监测技术、传统溯源方法与人工智能在水污染监测与溯源中的应用进展。光谱分析由于灵敏度高、准确度好,在实现水污染快速监测中应用最为广泛。传统溯源方法在复杂多样的水污染事故中不能准确快速地确定其污染源类型,而人工智能技术由于可以解决动态环境问题中的不确定性和复杂性,能够准确、智能地识别水质特征和追踪污染源。将人工智能与传统技术相结合是流域水污染溯源的发展趋势。展望了人工智能在水污染溯源方面的应用前景,为实现流域水污染全面监管提供了新的思路。     

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical and personal care products in a sewage treatment works

The occurrence and fate of eight pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) during sewage treatment has been studied in a pilot-scale treatment plant, comprising a primary settler (2.85 m(3)), an aeration tank (1.845 m(3)) and a secondary clarifier (0.5 m(3)), placed on site at a wastewater treatment works in the north west of the UK. It was fed both with raw sewage and the return liquor produced after sludge centrifugation, thus representing the most common configuration for a municipal sewage treatment plant based on the activated sludge process. Samples were taken at six different locations, including the return liquor stream, and analysed for musk fragrances and pharmaceutically active compounds belonging to various therapeutic groups such as anti-inflammatory drugs, tranquillisers and antiepileptics. Mass balances were conducted for those PPCPs that were quantifiable. The fate of the PPCPs was found to differ according to their physical-chemical characteristics. Anti-inflammatories underwent a degradation process and were almost completely removed from sewage during the biological treatment step. Musk fragrances were only partially removed, through adsorption onto the primary suspended solids and the biomass in the aerobic process, due to their strong lipophilic characteristics. The results of this study provide increasing evidence that the partial removal of these substances through the sewage treatment process contribute to the environmental occurrence of PPCPs. Consequently, existing STPs should be upgraded in order to attenuate the release of these substances into the aquatic environment.     

An overview of pharmaceuticals and personal care products contamination along the river Somes watershed, Romania

The mass flows of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were studied in the aqueous compartment of the river Somes in Romania. PPCPs were measured in wastewater treatment effluents and in the receiving river water. The analytical method for the determination of PPCPs in river water was based on solid phase extraction and GC-ITMS. Carbamazepine, pentoxyfylline, ibuprofen, diazepam, galaxolide, tonalide and triclosan were determined in wastewater effluents with individual concentrations ranging from 15 to 774 ng L(-1). Caffeine was measured at concentrations up to 42 560 ng L(-1). Due to the high contamination of WWTP effluents, the receiving river was also polluted. The most abundant PPCPs measured in the Somes were caffeine, galaxolide, carbamazepine and triclosan. They were present at all the 15 sampling sites along the Somes, the concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 ng L(-1). The concentrations in the effluents of the different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) varied considerably and the differences are due to different elimination efficiencies of the studied PPCPs during sewage treatment. Only one of 5 WWTPs studied, the WWTP in Cluj-Napoca, was working properly, and therefore technical measures have to be taken for upgrading the WWTPs and reducing the environmental load of micropollutants. This study is the first overview of PPCPs along on Romanian part of river Somes.