拉鲁湿地水生植物群落多样性与水环境因子的关系

植物的多样性对湿地生态系统的完整性和稳定性具有重要的意义.以拉鲁湿地为研究对象,采用野外调查、现场监测与室内分析相结合,重点分析了拉鲁湿地不同区域植物多样性的变化及其与水环境因子之间的关系.结果表明拉鲁湿地出现18种水生植物,各区域Margalef物种丰富度指数为M （中西部） > W （西部） > E （东部） > N （北部） > S （南部）;物种丰富度由大到小排序为W （11）、M （11） > N （8） > E （7） > S （6）; Shannon-Wiener指数依次排序为M （1.9） > W （1.89） > S （1.63） > E （1.26） > N （1.18）;Simpson指数依次排序为N （0.44） > E （0.34） > M （0.24） > S （0.21） > W （0.18）;Pielou指数依次排序为S （0.91） > M （0.79） > W （0.78） > E （0.65） > N （0.56）.RDA分析表明,拉鲁湿地水生植物多样性受溶解氧、pH、水温、总氮、浊度等水环境因子的影响.拉鲁湿地以金鱼藻、杉叶藻、水蓼、水葱、菖蒲和灯芯草等为优势种,呈现由非耐污种演替为耐污种趋势.     

Sticky snack for sengis: The Cape rock elephant-shrew, Elephantulus edwardii (Macroscelidea), as a pollinator of the Pagoda lily, Whiteheadia bifolia (Hyacinthaceae)

Following the recent discovery of rodent pollination in the Pagoda lily, Whiteheadia bifolia (Hyacinthaceae) in South Africa, now the Cape rock elephant-shrew, Elephantulus edwardii (Macroscelidea, Afrotheria) is reported as an additional pollinator. Elephant-shrews, live-trapped near W. bifolia plants, were released in two terraria, containing the plants. The animals licked nectar with their long and slender tongues while being dusted with pollen and touching the stigmas of the flowers with their long and flexible noses. The captured elephant-shrews had W. bifolia pollen in their faeces, likely as a result of grooming their fur as they visited the flowers without eating or destroying them. The animals mostly preferred nectar over other food. This is the first record of pollination and nectar consumption in the primarily insectivorous E. edwardii, contributing to the very sparse knowledge about the behaviour of this unique clade of African mammals, as well as pollination by small mammals.     

1株草螺属植物内生菌R-13的分离鉴定及对龙葵吸收土壤镉的影响

植物内生菌联合超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤可显著提高植物修复效率.从镉污染稻田水稻根系中分离获得1株编号为R-13的植物内生菌.分别利用显微观察、碳源利用及分子生物学手段将该菌株鉴定为1株红苍白草螺菌（Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans）;该菌株具有较强的耐Cd²⁺能力,在镉含量为300 mg·kg^-1的固体培养基上仍能生长.经显色反应发现R-13菌株具有产生铁载体和分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）能力,此外,经Pikovskaya''s固体培养基和Ashby固体培养基试验表明R-13菌株溶磷作用微弱,但是具有较强的固氮能力.在盆栽试验中,利用高通量测序技术追踪R-13菌株在龙葵根部定殖情况,发现接种1次3 d后草螺菌属在龙葵根系内相对丰度相比空白对照（CK）增加201.88%,两次接种可使草螺菌属在龙葵根部的相对丰度相比CK增加1182.44%,接种5 d后草螺菌属在龙葵根系内相对丰度开始出现显著降低趋势.当接种20 mL·pot^-1菌液时对龙葵的根、茎、叶及果实中镉含量无显著影响,当接种菌液达到40 mL·pot^-1时可显著提高龙葵营养器官中的镉含量,当接种量达到200 mL·pot^-1时龙葵营养器官中镉含量最高.此时,根系中镉含量与对照组相比提高84.42%,茎秆中提高43.67%,叶片中提高64.06%,果实中提高20.29%.综上可见,根系接种植物内生草螺菌R-13可显著提高龙葵根系中草螺菌属的相对含量,同时可起到强化龙葵吸收镉的作用,该菌株在植物修复镉污染土壤技术中具有较好应用前景.     

矿业废弃地不同生态修复模式下植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征

为了筛选出适合矿业废弃地复垦生态修复的植物材料,通过在排土场布设生态修复试验,开展不同生态修复模式对植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征影响的研究.结果 表明,不同生态修复模式下共出现存活植物8科10种,多为草本植物,乔灌草小区修复效果最佳,植物覆盖度达到100％,存活率超过69％,植物群落多样性指数表现为:乔灌草＞灌草＞乔...     

Litter decomposition and nitrogen release in a sloping Mediterranean subtropical agroecosystem on the coast of Granada (SE, Spain): Effects of floristic and topographic alteration on the slope

On the coast of Granada (SE, Spain), an economically important area for subtropical fruit cultivation, the crops are grown on orchard terraces. Also, high amounts of fertilizers, often excessive, are used in this type of intensive agriculture. However, each year significant fractions of nutrients taken up by the trees return to the soil by fallen leaves. Using a litter-bag technique, we assessed the decomposition rates and N-release in various types of litter. Our main purpose was to compare two different agroecosystem scenarios: (1) an unaltered slope consisting mainly of a mixture of herbaceous plants (Papaver rhoeas, Convolvulus sp., Malva sylvestris, Reseda phyteuma, Anacyclus sp., Sinapis arvensis, Medicago sp.) among spontaneous perennial woody shrubs (Genista umbellata, Olea europaea, Lavandula officinalis, Phlomis purpurea, Retama sphaerocarpa), and (2) an altered slope cultivated with subtropical trees on terraces: loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana), and cherimoya (Annona cherimola), with groundcover plantings of aromatic, medicinal, and melliferous plants (AMMPs) on the taluses of the terraces, which are usually used for erosion control: Lavandula dentata, Thymus mastichina, Satureja obovata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anthyllis cytisoides. In the leaves from the subtropical crops, we found the highest decomposition rates in cherimoya and the lowest in mango (1.30 and 0.64 years⁻¹, respectively). Leaves from mango and loquat registered initial peaks of N immobilization and later N-release, which was highest in cherimoya and avocado leaves (71.2 and 56.8% of the initial remaining N). In the spontaneous woody shrubs, O. europaea and G. umbellata were the slowest in decomposing (1.18 and 1.01 years⁻¹, respectively) contrary to L. officinalis, which decomposed fastest (2.22 years⁻¹). Only L. officinalis and P. purpurea registered a net N-release at the end of the study. The AMMPs showed different decomposition patterns: L. dentata registered the highest decomposition rates and Rosmarinus the lowest (1.9 and 1.1 years⁻¹, respectively). T. mastichina, L. dentata, and S. obovata had the highest N-release, whereas R. officinalis and A. cytisoides showed N immobilization (183 and 122% of the initial N). Knowledge of the dynamics of nutrient release and litter decomposition will be useful for predicting nutrient availability and nutrient cycles in these types of agroecosystems where subtropical orchards are grown on terraces.     

Prison construction and guarding behaviour by European honeybees is dependent on inmate small hive beetle density

Increasing small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) density changes prison construction and guarding behaviour in European honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). These changes include more guard bees per imprisoned beetle and the construction of more beetle prisons at the higher beetle density. Despite this, the number of beetles per prison (inmate density) did not change. Beetles solicited food more actively at the higher density and at night. In response, guard bees increased their aggressive behaviour towards beetle prisoners but did not feed beetles more at the higher density. Only 5% of all beetles were found among the combs at the low density but this percentage increased five-fold at the higher one. Successful comb infiltration (and thus reproduction) by beetles is a possible explanation for the significant damage beetles cause to European honeybee colonies in the USA.     

Do mites phoretic on elm bark beetles contribute to the transmission of Dutch elm disease?

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a destructive vascular wilt disease of elm (Ulmus) trees caused by the introduced Ascomycete fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. In Europe, this DED pathogen is transmitted by elm bark beetles in the genus Scolytus. These insects carry phoretic mites to new, suitable habitats. The aim of this study was to record and quantify conidia and ascospores of O. novo-ulmi on phoretic mites on the three elm bark beetle species Scolytus multistriatus, Scolytus pygmaeus, and Scolytus scolytus. Spores of O. novo-ulmi were found on four of the ten mite species phoretic on Scolytus spp. These included Elattoma fraxini, Proctolaelaps scolyti, Pseudotarsonemoides eccoptogasteri, and Tarsonemus crassus. All four species had spores attached externally to their body surfaces. However, T. crassus carried most spores within its sporothecae, two paired pocket-like structures adapted for fungal transmission. Individuals of Pr. scolyti also had O. novo-ulmi conidia and ascospores frequently in their digestive system, where they may remain viable. While E. fraxini and P. eccoptogasteri rarely had spores attached to their bodies, large portions of Pr. scolyti and T. crassus carried significant numbers of conidia and/or ascospores of O. novo-ulmi. P. scolyti and T. crassus, which likely are fungivores, may thus contribute to the transmission of O. novo-ulmi, by increasing the spore loads of individual Scolytus beetles during their maturation feeding on twigs of healthy elm trees, enhancing the chance for successful infection with the pathogen. Only S. scolytus, which is the most efficient vector of O. novo-ulmi in Europe, carried high numbers of Pr. scolyti and T. crassus, in contrast to S. multistriatus and S. pygmaeus, which are known as less efficient vectors. The high efficiency of S. scolytus in spreading Dutch elm disease may be partly due to its association with these two mites and the hyperphoretic spores of O. novo-ulmi they carry.     

Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza

We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.     

The present status of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and its biological control agents in Victoria,Australia

A study of the weed St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum, and the biological control agents Chrysolina quadrigemina and C. hyperici, at open, semi-shaped and shaded sites, showed that the weed could be successfully controlled under open but not under shaded conditions. If beetles moved into shaded areas some defoliation occurred, but migration rarely took place. At shaded sites, plants appeared less aggressive than elsewhere and their growth habits differed from those of plants growing at open or semi-shaded sites.C. hyperici were collected in low numbers at open sites only, whereas C. quadrigemina were found at all sites. C. hyperici numbers were lower than observed 30 years earlier. C. quadrigemina numbers were frequently high at open sites, but considerably lower at both semi-shaded and shaded sites. C. quadrigemina is now the dominant species and the main insect exerting some control on the plant. Both Chrysolina species aestivate during the hot dry summer months, but aestivating beetles were only found under the bark of Eucalyptus trees.Another biological agent, Zeuxidiplosis giardi, was mainly found at shaded sites. Neither it nor any indigenous insect species contributed to the control of the plant.     

3种地被竹对重金属复合污染农田土壤的修复潜力

选用菲黄竹、箬竹和鹅毛竹这3种地被竹在Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb复合污染农田上进行为期2 a的田间试验,分析其在污染条件下的生长富集特征,并结合土壤中重金属含量变化情况,对比3种地被竹对重金属复合污染的修复潜力.结果表明,菲黄竹在重金属复合污染农田上适应性最好,生长株数为种植时的63.8倍.3种地被竹体内重金属含量均集中在根部,且对Cd的富集效果最好,对Pb的富集能力最差.3个竹种的根部和鞭部的Cd富集系数均远大于1,其中菲黄竹和箬竹根部富集系数分别为17.68和14.63.重金属累积量则主要集中在根部和鞭部,其中菲黄竹对Cu、Zn和Cd的累积量分别为157.14、363.3和7.18 g·hm^-2,高于鹅毛竹和箬竹.种植2 a后,地被竹周围表层土壤中重金属含量较种植前均有下降,其中Cd含量下降最多,为39.6%~40.4%.此外,菲黄竹和鹅毛竹根际土壤中Cu、Zn和Cd含量均显著小于表层土壤（P<0.05）.试验证明,3种地被竹对Cd均有较强富集能力,可作为Cd修复植物继续深入研究;菲黄竹在生长状况、重金属富集量和累积量等方面均优于箬竹和鹅毛竹,对土壤重金属复合污染修复潜力最高.     

阿什河流域10种水生植物对水质氮磷的净化能力比较

阿什河是松花江重要的一级支流,水环境污染问题最为突出.针对阿什河流域氮磷污染严重、水质恶化、生物多样性低等问题,选取千屈菜（Lythrum salicaria）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）、慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）、菰（Zizania latifolia）、显脉苔草（Carex kirganica）、水葱（Scirpus validus）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）10种阿什河流域常见植物作为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮磷富集和水质净化的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:①不同植物净增生物量之间具有显著差异（P < 0.05）,生物量的变化范围为492.71~939.19 g/m2,其中净增生物量最高的泽泻是最低的慈姑的1.91倍.②不同植物的植株茎叶部和根部的氮、磷含量也具有一定的差异,茎叶部TN含量（以质量分数计）为3.46~19.55 mg/g,TP含量为1.34~4.77 mg/g;根部TN含量为3.88~13.59 mg/g,TP含量为1.16~7.59 mg/g;TN、TP在茎叶部的富集能力均大于根部,有效刈割是彻底去除污染物的有效手段.③在水体中TN、TP浓度（以质量浓度计）为2.08~3.03、0.56~0.77 mg/L时,不同植物对水质的净化能力也存在一定的差异,不同植物对TN、TP的去除率为64.96%~86.03%、64.64%~85.12%.④不同植物TN、TP富集贡献率范围分别为50.24%~80.71%、54.85%~93.44%.研究显示,植物净增生物量湿质量、干质量均与TP富集率相关性较高,可以作为植物筛选的一个重要的参考因素;水葱、芦苇、菰和千屈菜可作为阿什河流域生态修复的备选植物.      

锰胁迫下龙葵和小飞蓬根叶中植物螯合肽和类金属硫蛋白的变化

采用溶液培养的方式研究不同锰浓度(0.005,2,4,8,16mmo.lL-1)胁迫下龙葵和小飞蓬的根和叶中的植物螯合肽(PCs)和类金属硫蛋白(MTLP)的诱导合成量.结果显示,随着锰浓度的升高,两种植物的株高和根长先略高于对照,而后逐渐下降.锰胁迫诱导植物产生的PCs有先上升后下降的趋势,但含量较少;而PCs产生的前体物质谷胱甘肽(GSH)和MTLP的诱导量与锰浓度之间存在一定相关性,随着锰浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的规律.两者的非蛋白巯基化合物(TNP-SH)和GSH在8mmol·L-1锰浓度下达到最大值,总体上龙葵的含量比小飞蓬大.MTLP的含量随着锰浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,龙葵在8mmol·L-1锰浓度时含量最高,而小飞蓬叶和根分别在2mmol·L-1和4mmo.lL-1时即达到最大,之后下降,且龙葵的MTLP含量大于相应浓度下的小飞蓬的含量.实验表明GSH和MTLP对不同锰处理浓度的响应都较敏感,故可作为植物耐锰胁迫及鉴定土壤锰污染的参考指标.随着Mn处理浓度增大,龙葵受Mn胁迫的影响比小飞蓬小,说明其耐Mn水平较小飞蓬高,更适合用于Mn污染地区的植物修复.     

How to uncoil your partner—“mating songs” in giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida)

The stridulation of the giant pill-millipede genus Sphaerotherium from South Africa, one of only three groups of millipedes that produce sounds, was studied. One hundred one stridulation series of a total of nine different species (Sphaerotherium dorsaloide, Sphaerotherium hanstroemi, Sphaerotherium mahaium, Sphaerotherium similare, Sphaerotherium punctulatum, Sphaerotherium convexitarsum, Sphaerotherium dorsale, Sphaerotherium rotundatum, and Sphaerotherium perbrincki) were analyzed. Stridulation sounds are produced only with a special field of ribs on the posterior surface of the posterior telopod, which is actively moved over a field of sclerotized nubs on the inner margin of the anal shield. The Sphaerotherium male usually stridulates only when in contact with a female to initiate mating. This seems to prevent the female from volvating into a ball or stimulate the female to uncoil when already rolled in. The sound analyzes revealed a broad frequency spectrum in all stridulation sounds produced, without obvious differences in frequency distribution among species. However, the temporal pattern of the stridulation varies greatly between species and seems to be species-specific, arguing for a species recognition function of the stridulation during courtship behavior. A single species (S. punctulatum) was found to stridulate during mating while three species also show postcopulatory stridulation. Apparently, pill-millipedes are not capable of acoustic perception, as no hearing organs are known, indicating that the communication is mainly based on perception of temporal vibration patterns, and not of the acoustic signal itself. The need to overcome the rolling-in reflex of the female is developed as a hypothesis why stridulation exists only in millipedes able to coil into a ball, and apparently evolved four times independently in the superorder Oniscomorpha.     

Effect of arsenic contaminated irrigation water on Lens culinaris L. and toxicity assessment using lux marked biosensor

Contamination of irrigation water represents a major constraint to Bangladesh agriculture, resulting in elevated levels in the terrestrial systems. Lux bacterial biosensor technology has previously been used to measure the toxicity of metals in various environmental matrices. While arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have their most significant effect on phosphorus uptake, but showed alleviated metal toxicity to the host plant. The study examined the effects of arsenic and inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, on lentil (Lens culinaris L. cv. Titore). Plants were grown with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum for 9 weeks in a sand and terra-green mixture (50:50, V/V) and watered with five levels of arsenic (0, 1, 2, 5, 10 mg As/L arsenate). The results showed that arsenic addition above 1 mg/L significantly reduced percentage of mycorrhizal root infection. On further analysis a close relationship was established with the vegetative and reproductive properties of lentil (L. culinaris) plants compared to the percentage bioluminescence of the soil leachate. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation reduced arsenic concentration in roots and shoots. Higher concentrations of arsenic (5, 10 mg As/L arsenate) reduced the mycorrhizal efficiency to increase phosphorus content and nitrogen fixation. Therefore, this study showed that increased concentration of arsenic in irrigation water had direct implications to the lentil (L. culinaris) plants overall performance. Moreover the use of bioassay demonstrated that mycorrhiza and clay particle reduced arsenic bioavailability in soil.     

植被恢复对刺萼龙葵根际土壤细菌群落结构与功能的影响

入侵植物可以改变入侵地土壤微生物群落,从而有助于其入侵,在前期研究中发现,植被恢复措施可有效控制刺萼龙葵（Solanum rostratum）的入侵,但植被恢复前后刺萼龙葵根际土壤细菌群落结构与功能尚未清楚.选取了前期研究中的2个植被组合：沙打旺（Astragalus adsurgens）+披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）+无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）（T1）;沙打旺+苇状羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）+冰草（Agropyron cristatum）+羊草（Leymus chinensis）（T2）,并选取刺萼龙葵（SR）及本地植被（NR）作为对照,采用16S rDNA MiSeq高通量测序技术研究刺萼龙葵入侵及植被恢复后刺萼龙葵根际细菌群落组成,同时采用PICRUSt功能预测分析其功能.结果表明,刺萼龙葵入侵（SR）后Simpson指数和Chao1指数均高于本地植被（NP）,但未达到显著水平,而植被恢复（T1和T2）后,Shannon指数和Chao1指数显著降低（P<0.05）.刺萼龙葵（SR）显著降低了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）中的微枝形杆菌属（Microvirga）、斯科曼氏菌属（Skermanella）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）及酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）的Bryobacter属相对丰度（P<0.05）,而植被恢复后,这些菌属丰度也随之上升.RDA分析结果显示,土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾和速效钾是影响细菌群落组成的重要因素.PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,刺萼龙葵入侵显著提高了氨基酸合成（biosynthesis of amino acids）、嘌呤代谢（purine metabolism）、嘧啶代谢（pyrimidine metabolism）、核糖体（ribosome）和氨酰-tRNA合成（aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis）等方面的功能,而植被恢复以后其相对丰度显著降低.本文探讨了刺萼龙葵入侵及植被恢复后根际细菌群落和功能,为刺萼龙葵的入侵机制及生态恢复提供理论依据.     

超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过野外调查,原土盆栽试验和田间试验,测定藿香蓟及其根系土壤Cd含量,计算藿香蓟的富集系数和去除率.结果表明,野外调查中不同铅锌矿区生长的藿香蓟叶片中Cd含量最大值为77. 01 mg·kg~(-1),盆栽试验中,高含量Cd土壤处理(T2)中,地上部Cd积累量达到69. 71mg·kg~(-1),其地上部Cd富集系数为6. 09,在低含量Cd土壤处理(T1)中,藿香蓟对Cd的富集特性与其在高含量条件下对Cd的富集特性一致.藿香蓟对Cd表现出稳定的积累特性.田间试验中,污染区藿香蓟中地上部Cd含量均值为21. 13 mg·kg~(-1),富集系数为6. 93,使用藿香蓟修复Cd污染土壤每亩地种植三茬藿香蓟的去除率为13. 2%～15. 6%.使用超富集植物藿香蓟修复农田Cd污染具有较好的工程应用前景.     

北京市典型土著沉水植物对水体中硝酸盐和正磷酸盐的耐受性研究

以北京市3种典型土著沉水植物轮叶黑藻、狐尾藻和金鱼藻为研究对象,构建模拟水生生态系统,研究3种沉水植物对水体中NO₃^-和PO₄^3-的耐受性并确定其耐受范围.同时,对植物体内过氧化氢酶、丙二醛、叶绿素和蛋白质4种指标进行检测.结果表明,轮叶黑藻对NO₃^-具有较强的耐受性,耐受浓度可达8 mg·L^-1,金鱼藻和狐尾藻次之,耐受浓度为3~5 mg·L^-1;狐尾藻对PO₄^3-的耐受性最差,耐受浓度约为0.2 mg·L^-1,轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻的耐受性相当,当PO₄^3-浓度达到0.4 mg·L^-1时开始出现显著胁迫.因此,在本研究的实验条件下,当水体NO₃^-浓度<5 mg·L^-1、PO₄^3-浓度<0.2 mg·L^-1时,建议3种沉水植物同时种植;当NO₃^-浓度>5 mg·L^-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻;当PO₄^3-浓度为0.2~0.4 mg·L^-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻.研究结果可为北京市再生水补给河湖水库的水生态修复及其沉水植物群落的构建提供一定的理论指导.     

广州市蔬菜中重金属污染特征研究与评价

蔬菜是人们日常生活中必不可少的食物,但蔬菜受重金属污染会对人体健康造成直接的威胁.于广州市12个区(市)采集116个蔬菜样品,检测分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr这6种元素,通过单因子评估、内梅罗综合指数分析广州市蔬菜中重金属的超标因子与污染特征,采用暴露风险分析评价食用当地种植蔬菜引起重金属对人体的健康风险.结果表明,8种蔬菜中Cu与Zn的含量未超标;Cr的超标率高达91.67%;Pb超标蔬菜为莴苣、丝瓜、番茄和胡萝卜,超标率高达35.71%,以胡萝卜超标最为严重;Cd超标的蔬菜为番茄,超标率达31.25%;Ni超标的蔬菜包括油麦菜、空心菜与菜心,超标率最高为8.33%.8种蔬菜污染程度表现为:空心菜、油麦菜、菜心、白萝卜和胡萝卜均处于警戒级,而莴苣、丝瓜和番茄则处于安全级别;4类蔬菜的重金属综合污染程度呈现叶菜类肉质根类茎类菜茄果类的趋势.健康风险评估表明,广州市居民中日常多食用空心菜、菜心和油麦菜的人群重金属累积的健康风险较高,且经膳食摄入重金属Cr对人体健康可能会造成危害,摄入Cd对人体具有潜在的健康风险.经口摄入蔬菜重金属对儿童可能造成的暴露风险要高于成年人.     

蚯蚓对植物修复石油烃污染土壤的影响

石油使用量的增大导致石油污染量的增加.为经济有效地修复低污染浓度的石油烃污染土壤,了解蚯蚓对植物去除土壤石油烃的影响,探讨蚯蚓对土壤石油烃污染的修复效应,通过人工制备石油烃污染土壤,采用植物[紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L.）、凤仙花（Impatiens balsamina L.）、西伯利亚鸢尾（Iris sibirica L.）]以及植物-蚯蚓[赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetda）]两种处理模式进行60 d的盆栽试验,通过测定土壤中w（石油烃）、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化来解析蚯蚓对植物修复土壤石油烃效率的影响.结果表明:相同处理条件下,凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃去除率分别为36.32%、32.70%、29.82%,凤仙花的土壤修复效果最佳.添加蚯蚓后,对应凤仙花、紫茉莉与西伯利亚鸢尾土壤中石油烃的去除率分别为40.73%、36.10%、32.80%,显著高于未添加蚯蚓土壤,表明添加蚯蚓能够促进植物对土壤中石油烃的修复效果.土壤修复过程中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性总体呈上升趋势,添加蚯蚓对土壤酶活性具有刺激作用.土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性均与w（石油烃）呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.79和-0.90,P均小于0.05）,说明土壤中过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶可能参与了土壤中石油烃的降解过程.研究显示,蚯蚓能够强化植物对石油污染土壤的修复效果,为植物/蚯蚓联合修复石油污染土壤提供了技术依据.      

Indigenous bacteria may interfere with the biocontrol of plant diseases

Prodigiosin is a reddish antibiotic pigment that plays an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases by the bacterium Serratia marcescens. However, its activity is unstable under agricultural conditions; further, it can be degraded by various environmental factors. To examine the effect of epiphytic microbes on the stability of prodigiosin used for biological control processes, we collected a total of 1,280 bacterial isolates from the phylloplane of cyclamen and tomato plants. Approximately 72% of the bacterial strains isolated from the cyclamen plants and 66% of those isolated from the tomato plants grew on minimal agar medium containing 100 μg ml⁻¹ prodigiosin. Certain isolates obtained from both plant species exhibited prodigiosin-degrading activity. We compared the 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from the isolates with sequences in a database. The comparison revealed that the sequences determined for the prodigiosin-degrading isolates were homologous to those of the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Rhizobium, Sphingomonas, Janthinobacterium, Novosphingobium, and Rathayibacter. These results indicate that indigenous epiphytic microorganisms may interfere with the interaction between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents by degrading the antibiotics produced by the agents.