河流入海溶解硅通量的变化及其影响——以长江为例

人类活动对C、N、P等生命元素循环平衡的破坏导致生态环境恶化早已为人们所熟知,但对另一种生命元素Si循环平衡的破坏却知之甚少。通过对大通、玉树、上海等水文测站近50a来的降雨量、流量、溶解无机氮DIN（NO3）和溶解无机磷DIP（P2O5）浓度、输沙量等记录进行加权平均和三次线性回归拟合分析发现：自1959～1984年长江溶解硅（DSi浓度减少53.33umol/L,且DSi与输沙量呈正相关（置信度为0.896）,与DIN呈负相关（置信度为0.792）;与流量和降雨的相关性较复杂（置信度分别为0.757和0.405）,当流量、降雨量分别小于27386m^2/s、1210mm/a时为正相关,当流量、降雨量分别大于27386m^3/s、1210mm/a时为负相关。该现象主要由流域内众多水利工程建设和富营养化所致,将可能对长江河口和东海的生态产生一定影响。     

长江河口潮区界溶解态无机氮磷的通量

利用长江河口潮区界大通站的水质资料探讨了溶解态无机氮、磷浓度和通量的变化。结果表明：NO3^-,NH4^ ,DIN的浓度随季节变化不明显，而NO2^-,PO4^3-的浓度是枯季较高、洪季较低：1963－1984年间，NO3^-,NO2^-,NH4^ 、DIN和PO4^3-的年平均浓度分别为17．1、0．43、7．1、24．7、0．19μmol/L，平均通量分别为33．1、0．51、3．67、10．5和0．54kg/s，平均年通量分别为104.44,1.61,11.56,33.1和1.70万t；溶解态无机氮、磷的通量由于受到流量的影响而在年内分配不均匀，其中NO3^-,NO^-,NH4^ DIN和PO4^3-在洪季的通量分别为全年的72．9％，58．1％、69．2％、71％和68．3％；NO3^-,NO2^-，DIN年通量的总变化趋势是稳步上升，且与氮肥使用量成高度显著的正线性相关。1998年，NO3^-,NO2^-,NH4^ 和PO4^3-的年通量分别为477．3，1．356、3．097和2．296万t。     

长江上游流域降雨侵蚀力变化对河流输沙量的影响

利用长江上游主要水文站1956~2010年输沙量数据和雨量站日降雨量时间序列资料,采用线性回归研究流域降雨侵蚀力与河流输沙量的关系,并估算长江上游各子流域降雨侵蚀力变化对河流输沙量的总体贡献。结果表明:长江上游降雨侵蚀力为2 362 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)到3 814 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),多年平均值为3 006 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a);各子流域的年均降雨侵蚀力差异较大,其中乌江子流域最大,为5 055 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),金沙江子流域最小(1 560 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)),不足乌江子流域的1/3。各子流域降雨侵蚀力的极值比大小嘉陵江 > 岷江 > 乌江 > 金沙江。长江上游流域以及子流域输沙量在1956~2010年间均呈总体下降趋势,各子流域年均输沙量大小金沙江 > 嘉陵江 > 岷江 > 乌江。降雨侵蚀力变化对长江上游输沙量变化贡献率为7%,对岷江、嘉陵江、乌江子流域输沙量变化的贡献率分别为36%、20%、9%。总体来说,降雨对长江上游输沙量变化的影响不如人类活动的影响大。     

基于多模式的乌江流域径流对气候变化的响应研究

采用经统计降尺度与偏差订正的4种全球气候模式(GFDL-ESM2M,HadGEM2-ES,IPSL-CM5A-LR和MIROC5)1861 ～ 2005年的历史气候模拟试验和2006 ～ 2018年的RCP4.5情景预估资料,驱动SWAT水文模型,分析了1861～2018年乌江流域气候变化特征及其对径流的影响.同时,采用1861～2018年4种全球气候模式在工业革命前控制试验(piControl)数据,对比分析了"自然"和"人为+自然"强迫下流域气候及径流变化的差异.研究结果表明:(1)1861～2018年乌江流域平均气温呈现显著上升趋势,气温倾向率为0.03℃/10a;降水呈显著下降趋势,降水倾向率为-10.9 mm/10a.流域主要水文控制站武隆站年平均流量呈显著下降趋势,倾向率为-20.8 m3/s/10a;四季平均流量倾向率分别为-10.8、-46.1、-20.1、-5.9 m3/s/10a,均呈显著下降趋势;枯水极值流量倾向率为-7.6 m3/s/10a,丰水极值流量倾向率为-43.5 m3/s/10a,下降趋势显著.(2)"自然"强迫控制试验下,1861～2018年乌江流域年平均气温无明显变化趋势;降水则为不显著上升趋势,倾向率为1.9 mm/10a;年平均流量呈微弱上升趋势,倾向率为0.1 m3/s/10a;四季平均流量倾向率分别为-1.1、-18.6、11.0、8.9 m3/s/10a,春季平均流量不显著下降,夏季显著下降,秋季不显著上升,冬季显著上升;枯水极值流量倾向率为2.5 m3/s/10a,丰水极值流量为-9.5 m3/s/10a,变化趋势均不显著.(3)相对"自然"强迫序列,人类活动引起的气候变化导致1861 ～ 2018年乌江四季平均流量分别减少7.1％、9.7％、8.7％、11.9％;枯水与丰水极值流量分别下降9.3％和5.0％.     

三峡水库蓄水前后长江中下游江心洲的演变及其机理分析

长江中下游河道存在数量众多的江心洲,三峡水库蓄水运行后这些江心洲的演变深为人们关注。选取2000~2011年宜昌、汉口、大通站的年均流量和输沙量,1999、2001、2003、2005、2007、2009和2011年长江中下游20个代表性江心洲的遥感影像,分析三峡水库蓄水前后水沙变化及江心洲面积变化过程,同时利用概念模型分析江心洲面积变化与流量和含沙量之间的关系。研究表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003~2011年)宜昌、汉口、大通站的年均径流量较蓄水前分别减少6.1%、7.3%、9.5%,输沙量分别减小90.3%、72.1%、66.9%,平均含沙量分别减少了89.6%、70.8%、64.8%;(2)2003年蓄水前,12个(60%)江心洲面积逐年增加,相对于1999年其平均变化率为26.8%;2003年蓄水后,只有9个(45%)江心洲面积逐年也增加但是平均变化率减少至22.1%,11个(55%)江心洲面积逐年减少,相对于1999年其平均变化率为19.4%;(3)概念模型分析表明:江心洲面积变化量跟水位、冲蚀量成正相关,而水位、冲蚀量跟流量、悬沙减少量成正相关。江心洲面积变化量主要受水位变化控制,这种关系导致长江中下游江心洲演变的一种假象:既蓄水后面积不断增加的少数江心洲实际上也处于不断冲蚀的过程。     

川北典型小流域产流对降雨的多时间尺度响应规律

为了解川北深丘区典型小流域河川径流动态变化规律,以嘉陵江李子口小流域为研究对象,基于2005～2016年的降雨、径流等实测数据,采用相关分析、降雨弹性系数、流量历时曲线等方法探讨了径流对降雨的响应规律。结果表明:(1)径流深和降雨量年际差异性均较大,整体呈不明显上升趋势,径流深的上升幅度略小于降雨量;(2)降雨量和径流深年内分布极不均匀,6～9月分别占年值的67.4%和78.5%,夏季易产生洪涝灾害;(3)极丰水流量、平水流量和极枯水流量分别为2.9、0.2、0.01 m~3/s。极丰水事件通常由长历时暴雨导致;极枯水日则多因长期无降雨或仅少量降雨;(4)典型次降雨中,暴雨、大雨、中雨的流量过程线从尖瘦型转变为平坦型,流量峰值滞后时间依次为1.5、3.67、5 h,滞后时间随着次降雨量的减小而变长,流量过程线的增长幅度随着次降雨量减小而变小。综上,径流和降雨在各时间尺度上均呈极显著相关(P0.01),不同时间尺度响应规律表现出较大的差异性。     

长江河口北槽浮泥消长过程的现场观测

2 0 0 0年 8月 2 1～ 2 4日 (小潮汛 )和 9月 3～ 6日 (派比安台风过后 ,寻常潮 )在长江河口北槽下段通海航槽中进行定点观测浮泥潮周期变化过程及影响要素 ,本文对这些现场观测资料进行了描述和综合分析。长江河口北槽浮泥由细颗粒粘粒泥沙组成 ,中值粒径为 7.2 3μm ,小于 4 μm极细颗粒泥沙占 32 .7% ;浮泥的发育和运动存在明显的大小潮和涨落潮周期和风暴潮变化规律 ,实测小潮落憩浮泥厚为 0 .96m ,涨憩为 0 .78m ,涨急为 0 .2 0m左右 ,寻常潮落憩浮泥厚为 0 .73m ,涨憩为0 .5 3m ,涨急为 0 .17m左右。若遇小潮汛大风 ,因水位低 ,流速小 ,风浪对潮滩冲刷强 ,带入河槽泥沙多 ,河槽浮泥发育良好 ,反之 (大潮 )浮泥发育差。可见 ,北槽浮泥形成、发育和消失与泥沙来源、水流速等因素有关 ,若遇盐水楔入侵 ,更有利于浮泥充分发育 ;北槽浮泥容重均较小 (γs <1.2 5t/m3) ,而且活动性较大 ,对适航水深没有明显影响作用     

平寨水库夏季热分层期间水化学及溶解无机碳变化

为探究喀斯特地质环境下的水库水化学及溶解无机碳的空间特征,选取了典型喀斯特地区贵州省黔中水利枢纽工程水源区平寨水库作为研究区,于夏季热分层期间(2019年7月)对平寨水库进行分层采样,对水体主要理化数据及溶解的无机碳碳同位素进行分析.结果 表明:(1)平寨水库在夏季存在明显的热分层现象:表水层(0～-10 m)、温跃层(-10～-30m)、恒温层(-30～-60 m).水温随着深度的增加呈下降趋势,最后趋于稳定(7(平均):25.62～ 12.43℃),水体pH值、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)等物理化学性质在垂向上也出现了明显的分层;(2)平寨水库水化学类型为HCO3+SO4-Ca型,其水体水化学主要受碳酸盐岩平衡体系控制;(3)水体溶解无机碳(DIC)及其同位素组成(δ13 CDIC)变化:DIC浓度随水体深度增加而逐渐升高(DIC(平均): 1.8～3.03mg·L-1),δ13CDIC呈偏轻趋势(δ13CDIC(平均):-6.23‰-11.45‰).分析认为,太阳辐射、水生生物的分布状况及其光合作用和呼吸作用强度、有机质分解程度等在不同深度存在差异,使水体理化性质和DIC出现了显著的分层,进而影响δ13CDIC的分馏.碳酸盐岩的溶解与沉淀对DIC含量及其稳定同位素分馏影响不大.     

2006年特大枯水期间长江中下游河床沙与悬沙沿程变化特征

基于2006年10月长江中下游沿程不同断面的河床沙、悬沙以及流速等相关水文泥沙现场观测资料,采用数理统计学与泥沙运动力学相结合的方法,对极端气候与流域重大工程作用下,长江中下游水沙的沿程变化以及悬沙与河床沙交换等进行分析.流量自宜昌向下游方向总的趋势是沿程增大,观测时段与多年同期平均流量(33 500 m3/s)相比少了近57%,而在沙市河段流速最大值达1.1 m/s;近底层水体含沙量较低,平均值为0.079 kg/m3,与多年平均(50年)含沙量相比减少了90%.大通站实测悬沙含量与多年10月平均相比减少了近86%;河床沙组成以细砂和中砂为主,悬沙组成以粘土和粉砂类为主.与多年平均值相比,河床沙变化并不大,悬沙显著细化.中游河段河床沙中略细的粘土和细粉砂组分含量较上下游为多,而悬沙中略粗的中粗粉砂组分含量较上下游为多,断面垂向差异大;同时,从水流、含沙量、河床沙和悬沙颗粒组成及河道类型等多因素同步分析,表明长江中游河道泥沙交换相对频繁,河床稳定性相对较差,下游河道泥沙交换相对较少,河床稳定性相对较好.     

川西亚高山人工针叶林枯落物持水与土壤渗透性能

为川西亚高山人工林水源涵养效益评价与林分结构合理配置提供科学依据，对该区不同恢复阶段的人工针叶林类型林地枯落物蓄积量及其最大持水量、土壤贮水与渗透性能进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：（1）林地枯落物蓄积量随林龄增大而增加，排序为：70 a云杉林(F)>40 a云杉林(C)>40 a云杉 落叶松林(E)>55 a云杉林(B)>40 a落叶松林(D)>桦木林(BF)>25 a云杉 落叶松林(A)>灌木林(SF)>裸露地(BL)，林地枯落物最大持水量也呈相同的趋势。（2）随土壤深度增加，土壤容重逐渐增大，有机质与非毛管孔隙度逐渐减小，土壤pH、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度变化趋势不明显。（3）在0~30 cm土层，滞留贮水量在3632~7037 t/hm2，排序为：E>C>F>SF>D>BF>B>A>BL；最大贮水量在12294~23154 t/hm2，排序为：SF>D>F>E>A>B>BF>C>BL。（4）在0~20 cm土层，初渗率在080~2595 mm/min，排序为：C>D>E>BF>B>SF>F>A>BL；稳渗率在055~425 mm/min，排序为：BF>E>SF>A>B>F>D>C>BL。（5）各渗透率指标与土壤容重极显著负相关 (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<001)，与有机质含量、非毛管孔隙度极显著正相关 (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<001)；稳渗率与枯落物蓄积量显著正相关 (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.