多年连续种植转基因Bt汕优63稻田水体和土壤中Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留调查

以湖北武汉、随州、武穴和孝感以及山东德州5个多年转基因水稻种植区为试验地,在水稻生育期采集转cry1 Ab/c基因水稻Bt汕优63(Bt-SY63)和对照非转基因汕优63(SY63)稻田水体和土壤,使用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)方法对稻田水体和土壤Cry1 Ab/c蛋白残留量进行动态监测.结果显示,与SY63稻田相比,连续种植2～4 a后,不同生育期Bt-SY63稻田水体Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留量大多与同一生育期SY63样品间差异未达显著水平(P＞0.05),最高残留量为0.373 ng· mL-1.与水体Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留情况相似,不同生育期Bt-SY63稻田土壤Cry 1Ab/c蛋白残留量大都低于试剂盒检测限(0.25 ng·g-1),仅随州苗期、德州拔节期和开花期样品有微量残留,鲜土残留量分别为0.261、0.540和0.361 ng·g-1,并分别与SY63样品间差异显著(P＜0.05).另外,多年连续种植Bt-SY63水稻后,2、3和4a种植年限的Bt-SY63稻田水体和土壤中Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留量之间大都没有显著差异(P＞0.05).认为连续种植2、3和4a的Bt-SY63水稻稻田水体和土壤仅存在微量Cry1Ab/c蛋白残留,不会造成Cry1Ab/c蛋白在稻田水体和土壤中的累积.     

KI淋洗对黄绵土汞污染的去除效果及土壤理化性状的影响

土壤中重金属污染严重威胁人类健康和生态环境安全,而化学淋洗是重要的重金属污染修复措施之一且取得了较大进展,但目前针对汞污染土壤修复的淋洗研究不足,严重制约其机理解析和应用。采用室内土柱试验和HYDRUS-1D数值模拟,探究不同化学淋洗剂EDTA、柠檬酸(CA)、Na₂S₂O₃和KI对黄绵土中重金属汞的去除效果,并筛选出最优的淋洗剂种类和配比。同时研究了土壤理化性状对重金属迁移过程和淋洗的响应,并建立溶质运移模型明确土壤中汞的迁移过程。结果表明：(1)KI对黄棉土中汞的去除效果较好,优化配比后土壤汞去除率达46.4%。KI溶液对土壤汞解吸过程符合准一级动力学模型(r²=0.96),最大解吸量为4.09 mg·kg^-1;(2)KI溶液淋洗后土柱中残留的汞含量随土柱深度增加而增加,平均质量分数为1.34 mg·kg^-1,去除率为82.9%;KI对土柱中重金属汞的去除效果较振荡试验好,且淋洗过程有利于土壤中半移动性汞向移动性汞的转化;(3)HYDRUS-1D对土柱...     

污灌区土壤-棉花系统中铊的分布特征

通过对位于华北平原北部,河北省与天津市接壤处的污灌区土壤-棉花(Gossypium spp.)系统进行实地调查,分样区采集耕作层土壤样品、土壤剖面样品和棉花全植株样品,运用Element2型高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤样品中Tl的质量分数和形态,以及棉花不同组织中T1的质量分数,结果显示:在土壤剖面中,T1质量分数依次为表土层(0～20 cm)>心土层(20～40 cm)>底土层(40-60 cm),表明污水灌溉使T1在表土层有所累积;在表土层中,T1的质量分数在0.257～0.420mg·kg-1之间,与研究区T1背景值(0.330 mg·kg-1)相比,个别样点有明显增高的趋势,T1的形态特征为残余态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态≥水溶态>铁锰结合态,较高的有机结合态表明长期污灌导致表土层中有机质含量增加,使得T1易于在表土层积累;在棉花植株各组织中,T1的质量分数在3.5～78.6 μg·kg-1之间,其分布规律为根系>果壳>茎杆>籽粒>纤维.研究表明,T1主要分布于污灌区土壤-棉花系统中的表土层、棉花根系、茎杆和果壳等生态分室中;棉花植株对T1的平均吸收系数为2.477,其中棉花根系对土壤中T1的平均吸收系数达6.186,因此,棉花对重金属的输出作用减缓了土壤中T1的积累速度,可以有效降低T1对土壤污染的风险.     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳结构的影响

秸秆还田既可以缓解土壤污染问题又可以增加土壤养分及改善土壤结构从而提高土壤质量。研究秸秆还田后土壤有机碳结构的变化对了解碳周转规律、促进农业管理和生产以及环境可持续发展具有重要意义。选取3种性质差异较大的土壤,分别为红壤、褐土及黑土。实验分为对照处理和添加质量分数为5%的水稻秸秆的秸秆处理。土壤在温室条件下培养24个月,每4个月取样一次,测定土壤中总有机碳含量及采用碳1s X射线吸收光谱测定土壤有机碳分子结构及各类型有机碳含量。实验结果显示,(1)黑土中总有机碳含量最高,达29.5-32.5 g·kg^-1,是红壤的4.7-6.4倍,褐土的3.9-4.9倍。加入秸秆后,红壤、褐土及黑土中有机碳含量较对照分别显著增加124%-196%、60%-110%和21%-28%。(2)3种土壤的对照中,有机碳主要以脂肪碳、羧基碳和烷氧碳存在。这3部分有机碳占总有机碳的百分比在红壤、褐土和黑土中分别为69.1%-86.6、79.6%-88.5%和87.3%-90.3%。加入秸秆后,3种土壤中有机碳类型依旧是上述3种有机碳占主导。(3)秸秆处理使红壤和黑土中有机碳疏水性增强,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,对改善土壤结构起促进作用。(4)秸秆加入后,红壤和褐土中发生正激发效应,这两种土壤中有机碳结构简单、稳定性减弱;黑土中发生负激发效应,其中有机碳结构趋于复杂,稳定性增强。     

甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL-1的发光酶基因标记及在土壤中的变化

采用三亲接合法成功地将携带有发光酶基因的pTR1 0 2转入了甲基对硫磷降解菌Pseudomonassp .DLL -1菌株中。获得的接合子在液体培养、固体培养过程中以及在土壤中其标记质粒非常稳定。标记质粒并没有给受体细胞的生长、降解甲基对硫磷的能力带来严重的影响。因此 ,将标记菌株DLL -1-B用于土壤生态研究是可行的。在土壤中 ,DLL -1 -B的数量在接种后最初 2天下降幅度较小 ,随后下降速度较快 ,但当下降到 1 0 3～ 1 0 4 g- 1时趋于稳定。DLL -1 -B在水中下降速度更快 ,存活时间更短。DLL -1 -B在旱地土壤中的移动性较差 ,大多存在于 0～ 1 0cm土壤中。在水田中 ,DLL -1 -B的移动性较好 ,2周后 ,2 0～ 3 0cm土壤中测得DLL -1 -B为 2× 1 0 2 g- 1。     

人工湿地土壤微生物生物量碳与污水净化效果的关系

微生物在人工湿地污水净化过程中发挥着重要作用,微生物生物量碳是微生物的重要表征之一.为探讨人工湿地土壤微生物量碳与污水净化效果的关系,以表面流人工湿地为研究对象,分别研究了不同植物人工湿地土壤微生物生物量碳和净化效果的时空变化及其相关性.结果显示,4种植物湿地表层(0-5 cm)微生物生物量碳极显著高于深层(15-20 cm)的测量值(P<0.01).人工湿地污染物去除效果与微生物生物量碳具有相同的季节变化规律,都呈单峰型的季节格局,夏秋季较高,冬春季较低.微生物生物量碳与人工湿地COD、BOD5和TN的去除呈显著正相关(P<0.05).水鬼蕉湿地具有较高的微生物生物量碳,而污染物去除率一般较低,这表明不同湿地微生物生物量碳与污染物去除率的相关性呈现不确定性.     

模拟降雨下土壤前期含水量对土壤可蚀性的影响

土壤前期含水量是导致土壤可蚀性动态变化一个重要因素.利用人工模拟降雨试验,以我国亚热带地区的14种典型土壤为研究对象,在各试验小区上分别设定3种不同的土壤前期含水量水平,研究土壤前期含水量对不同土壤可蚀性的影响.结果表明,14种土壤类型在3种不同土壤前期含水量水平下土壤可蚀性K值都存在动态变化,但不同土壤类型其可蚀性K值随土壤前期含水量变化的变动幅度不同,同一土壤可蚀性K值在土壤前期含水量变化范围内最高和最低值之间最高相差达到16倍;不同土壤类型可蚀性K值随土壤前期含水量变化的变动趋势也不同,其中绝大多数土壤可蚀性K值随前期土壤含水量的升高而增大,根据土壤可蚀性K值的变动趋势可以分为三类,首先,9种土壤的可蚀性K值随前期土壤含水量的升高而增大;其次,4种土壤可蚀性K值随前期土壤含水量升高先升高后降低,变化趋势大致呈倒"U"型;第三,仅有1种土壤的可蚀性K值随土壤前期含水量的升高而减小.     

土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸对降雨的响应

本研究在北京门头沟龙凤岭水土保持科技示范园内进行,降雨前后连续测定土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸,探讨土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸对降雨的响应。结果表明：干旱的土壤降雨后土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸骤升随后逐渐衰减,第1场降雨后土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸分别是干旱期的3.08、2.83、2.50倍,第2场降雨后土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸分别是干旱期的1.08、1.63、1.68倍,降雨使土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸产生的激增效应仅持续1 d。第3场降雨量仅为0.40 mm,土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸增加的幅度不是很大。     

基于土壤酶活性变化的铅污染土壤修复基准

近年来,污染土壤修复技术发展很快,而污染土壤修复标准的建立则相对迟缓。为了推进我国该领域的工作,对铅胁迫下土壤酶活性（如过氧化氢酶,磷酸酶,脲酶）随时间的变化进行了研究,以确定棕壤土中铅的土壤修复基准。结果表明：土壤中的铅能够刺激土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的增加,但随着土壤铅浓度的增加,这种刺激作用逐渐减小。土壤过氧化氢酶活性不宜作为铅污染土壤的生物标记物。土壤磷酸酶活性没有一致的变化规律,土壤磷酸酶活性不能作为铅污染土壤的生物标记物。在整个实验时间范围内,土壤脲酶活性与土壤中铅的浓度具有明显的剂量-效应关系（P〈0.01）,土壤脲酶活性可以作为铅污染土壤生物标记物。以土壤脲酶抑制率降低25%为依据,确定棕壤中铅的土壤修复基准为94mg·kg-1,以土壤脲酶抑制率降低45%为依据,确定棕壤中铅的土壤修复基准为178mg·kg-1。     

不同使用方式林地的土壤动物与土壤营养元素的关系

以两对不同使用方式的林地为研究对象,探讨耕作土地和自然林地的土壤动物与土壤营养成分间的关系,研究表明,自然林地的土壤动物种类、数量、生物量及自然林的土壤有机质、土壤微量元素的含量等均明显高于耕作土地,土壤动物的种类、数量、生物量与土壤营养元素的含量呈正相关;土壤动物体的矿质元素与其所在土壤的矿质元素相关显著,但土壤动物体的微量元素与土壤微量元素间没有明显的相关性     

酸沉降下加速土壤酸化的影响因素

酸沉降对土壤和水域的酸化影响是土壤环境化学研究前沿的热点问题之一。酸沉降的化学组成对酸性土壤的进一步酸化起着催化剂的作用。在酸雨影响下,SO42-、NO-3、有机阴离子是加速土壤酸化和盐基淋溶损失的主要阴离子,外源H+的进入会加速铝离子水解。自然因素与人为因素导致土壤酸化的实际酸化速率差异表明:HCO3-、RCOO-在土壤剖面中的淋失状况可反映自然土壤的酸化速率,而SO42-和NO-3淋溶产生的质子负荷揭示土壤受人为因素影响的酸化速率。通过计算酸沉降的主要化学成分进入土壤前后的质子负荷平衡,与酸中和容量(ANC)相结合,反映酸沉降加速土壤酸化的进程。     

Similar cation exchange capacities among bryophyte species refute a presumed mechanism of peatland acidification

Fen-bog succession is accompanied by strong increases of carbon accumulation rates. We tested the prevailing hypothesis that living Sphagna have extraordinarily high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and therefore acidify their environment by exchanging tissue-bound protons for basic cations in soil water. As Sphagnum invasion in a peatland usually coincides with succession from a brown moss-dominated alkaline fen to an acidic bog, the CEC of Sphagna is widely believed to play an important role in this acidification process. However, Sphagnum CEC has never been compared explicitly to that of a wide range of other bryophyte taxa. Whether high CEC directly leads to the ability to acidify the environment in situ also remains to be tested. We screened 20 predominant subarctic bryophyte species, including fen brown mosses and bog Sphagna for CEC, in situ soil water acidification capacity (AC), and peat acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). All these bryophyte species possessed substantial CEC, which was remarkably similar for brown mosses and Sphagna. This refutes the commonly accepted idea of living Sphagnum CEC being responsible for peatland acidification, as Sphagnum's ecological predecessors, brown mosses, can do the same job. Sphagnum AC was several times higher than that of other bryophytes, suggesting that CE (cation exchange) sites of Sphagna in situ are not saturated with basic cations, probably due to the virtual absence of these cations in the bog water. Together, these results suggest that Sphagna can not realize their CEC in bogs, while fen mosses can do so in fens. The fen peat ANC was 65% higher than bog ANC, indicating that acidity released by brown mosses in the CE process was neutralized, maintaining an alkaline environment. We propose two successional pathways indicating boundaries for a fen-bog shift with respect to bryophyte CEC. In neither of them is Sphagnum CE an important factor. We conclude that living Sphagnum CEC does not play any considerable role in the fen-bog shift. Alternatively, we propose that exclusively indirect effects of Sphagnum expansion such as peat accumulation and subsequent blocking of upward alkaline soil water transport are keys to the fen-bog succession and therefore for bog-associated carbon accumulation.     

Release of elements from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The element-release behavior of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash was explored through leaching test with continuous set-point pH (pH_stat test) and serial single reaction cell (SSRC) tests. First, the relationship between element release and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) consumption was examined with a pH_stat test. Four types of release behaviors were identified which are characteristic for different elements: (1) release curves that were almost linear with ANC consumption (Ca, Zn, and Cd); (2) release that was significantly faster than ANC (Na, K, and Cl); (3) curves that featured a strong increase with ANC consumption, after a transient release, followed by an almost equal decrease (Si and S); and (4) release that is strongly retarded compared with ANC consumption (Cr, Cu, and Pb). In the SSRC system, it the existence of a pH front and a wash-out phenomenon is demonstrated. Combining the results from the SSRC test with the kinetic analysis of the ANC system in the pH_stat test, it was inferred that less than one-third of the ANC measured from a batch pH titration plays a neutralization role in a field situation. The methodologies described may provide a powerful set of tools for systematic evaluation of element release from solid wastes.     

Effects of near‐future ocean acidification,fishing, and marine protection on a temperate coastal ecosystem

Understanding ecosystem responses to global and local anthropogenic impacts is paramount to predicting future ecosystem states. We used an ecosystem modeling approach to investigate the independent and cumulative effects of fishing, marine protection, and ocean acidification on a coastal ecosystem. To quantify the effects of ocean acidification at the ecosystem level, we used information from the peer‐reviewed literature on the effects of ocean acidification. Using an Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model for the Wellington south coast, including the Taputeranga Marine Reserve (MR), New Zealand, we predicted ecosystem responses under 4 scenarios: ocean acidification + fishing; ocean acidification + MR (no fishing); no ocean acidification + fishing; no ocean acidification + MR for the year 2050. Fishing had a larger effect on trophic group biomasses and trophic structure than ocean acidification, whereas the effects of ocean acidification were only large in the absence of fishing. Mortality by fishing had large, negative effects on trophic group biomasses. These effects were similar regardless of the presence of ocean acidification. Ocean acidification was predicted to indirectly benefit certain species in the MR scenario. This was because lobster (Jasus edwardsii) only recovered to 58% of the MR biomass in the ocean acidification + MR scenario, a situation that benefited the trophic groups lobsters prey on. Most trophic groups responded antagonistically to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and marine protection (46%; reduced response); however, many groups responded synergistically (33%; amplified response). Conservation and fisheries management strategies need to account for the reduced recovery potential of some exploited species under ocean acidification, nonadditive interactions of multiple factors, and indirect responses of species to ocean acidification caused by declines in calcareous predators.     

Trajectories of zooplankton recovery in the Little Rock Lake whole-lake acidification experiment.

Understanding the factors that affect biological recovery from environmental stressors such as acidification is an important challenge in ecology. Here we report on zooplankton community recovery following the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, USA. One decade following cessation of acid additions to the northern basin of Little Rock Lake (LRL), recovery of the zooplankton community was complete. Approximately 40% of zooplankton species in the lake exhibited a recovery lag in which biological recovery to reference basin levels was delayed by 1-6 yr after pH recovered to the level at which the species originally responded. Delays in recovery such as those we observed in LRL may be attributable to "biological resistance" wherein establishment of viable populations of key acid-sensitive species following water quality improvements is prevented by other components of the community that thrived during acidification. Indeed, we observed that the recovery of species that thrived during acidification tended to precede recovery of species that declined during acidification. In addition, correspondence analysis indicated that the zooplankton community followed different pathways during acidification and recovery, suggesting that there is substantial hysteresis in zooplankton recovery from acidification. By providing an example of a relatively rapid recovery from short-term acidification, zooplankton community recovery from experimental acidification in LRL generally reinforces the positive outlook for recovery reported for other acidified lakes.     

施用尿素和硫酸铵对红壤硝化和酸化作用的影响

通过室内恒温培养试验,研究施用CO(NH2)2和(NH4)2SO4对初始pH值分别为5.14、4.77和4.34的红壤酸化速率和硝化速率的影响。结果表明,施用CO(NH2)2显著增加了3种红壤的硝化速率,从而显著加速土壤酸化。培养结束时,3种红壤pH值较培养过程中最高值分别下降2.14、1.23和0.56。施用(NH4)2SO4抑制了初始pH<5.0的2种红壤的硝化作用,从而显著降低这2种红壤的硝化速率和酸化速率,但显著增加了初始pH>5.0红壤的硝化速率,对其酸化速率则未见显著影响。3种红壤的酸化速率与硝化速率间存在显著线性相关关系。硝化作用是导致农田红壤pH值下降的主要原因之一,但不同氮肥对红壤硝化速率和酸化速率的影响不同。     

水解酸化预处理光学工业生产废水的效果研究

以水解酸化为预处理手段,利用自主设计的水解酸化柱为处理设备,处理光学工业生产废水。通过分析光学工业生产废水的水质了解到：该废水BOD5/CODCr〉0.3,可以采用生物的方法处理废水,但是考虑到BOD5/CODCr值较低,而该废水中又含有大量的高分子有机物,直接利用好氧生物降解的方法效果不明显,为提高其生物降解性能,使用水解酸化为前处理手段。通过近一个月的启动试验,水解酸化反应器出水稳定,CODCr去除率达到45%左右。以废水中CODCr去除率和酸化率为分析指标,确定水解酸化反应体系的最佳适用条件,试验结果表明：pH值为6.5～7.5,水力停留时间为8～10h时,废水CODCr去除率和酸化率较高。设定pH值为7、水力停留时间为8h的试验条件,比较进、出水BOD5/CODCr的试验结果变化可知：经水解酸化预处理后,该废水的可生化性提高了近一倍左右,水解酸化预处理效果明显,该预处理方法改善了光学工业生产废水的可生化降解性能。     

Enhancing synergies between action on ocean acidification and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework

Ocean acidification is a substantial emergent threat to marine biodiversity and the goods and services it provides. Although efforts to address ocean acidification have been taken under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a far greater potential to do so exists by finding synergies between biodiversity conservation efforts and ocean acidification action. The ongoing process to develop a post-2020 global biodiversity framework offers an opportunity to ensure that opportunities for addressing ocean acidification are capitalized on and not overlooked. I argue that to achieve this, the following are needed: a technical integration of ocean acidification across the targets to be included in the post-2020 framework and a reframing of the issue as a biodiversity problem so as to highlight the synergies between existing biodiversity work and action needed to address ocean acidification. Given that the post-2020 framework is intended to establish the global biodiversity agenda for the coming decades, integration of ocean acidification will set a precedent for the other biodiversity-related conventions and encourage greater uptake of the issue across the wider international community. My approach is of direct relevance to those participating in the negotiations, both from a CBD Party perspective and the perspective of those advocating for a strong outcome to protect marine biodiversity and marine socioecological systems. My discussion of framing is relevant to those working beyond the CBD within other biodiversity-related conventions in which goals to address ocean acidification are sorely lacking.     

海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展

海洋酸化是指大气增多的二氧化碳(CO2)溶解于海水而导致海水p H值降低的过程。海洋酸化将改变海水碳酸盐平衡体系,使依赖于原化学环境的多种海洋生物乃至生态系统面临巨大威胁。海洋酸化对钙质生物影响的研究最早引起大家关注,而海洋鱼类具有较完善的酸碱调节机制,大家普遍认为酸化对其影响不大。但在过去的5年中,不少实验证明海洋酸化会影响海洋鱼类仔稚鱼的感觉和行为,减弱其野外的生存能力及增加被捕食率,很可能将威胁自然种群补给量和影响全球的渔业资源量。本文从嗅觉、听觉、视觉及高级意识和相关行为角度,综述近几年海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展,介绍了鱼类神经行为生物学的研究,为全面了解和预测海洋酸化的生态、经济和社会效应提供科学依据。