环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

X382.1X820.6200602693含氧生物质燃料的生命周期评价/易红宏(清华大学环境科学与工程系)…∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2005,26(6).-28~32环图X-5为公正评价汽车代用燃料的能耗与环境效益,运用生命周期评价方法,研究了在燃料中分别添加不同比例的乙醇和甲酯2种生物质,带来的生命周期能耗和污染物排放变化,并对含氧生物质燃料的未来情景进行了预测分析。结果表明:乙醇代用燃料未降低化石燃料消耗,甲酯代用燃料可降低约20%的化石燃料消耗;几种配比的代用燃料均可降低石油消耗,甲酯代用燃料降低的趋势更加明显;各种代用燃料的温室气…     

木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料生命周期排放多目标优化研究

建立了木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料生命周期排放单目标和多目标优化模型.以生命周期CO,NO_x,PM,HC,SO_x,CO₂排放为优化目标,对木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料生命周期排放进行了单目标及多目标优化,并进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明:多目标优化后木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料的混合比例为63%.与原始值相比,多目标优化后生命周期CO排放略有升高,NO_x升高15%,PM升高19%;生命周期HC、SO_x和CO₂分别降低8%、50%和21%.     

基于燃料生命周期的中国铁路排放趋势

铁路运输是现代运输的主要方式之一,在空气质量改善和"双碳"目标的双重约束下,厘清铁路运输CO₂和污染物排放趋势,对于交通领域的减污降碳工作具有重要意义.基于燃料生命周期法分析了中国火车2001~2018年的CO₂和污染物排放特征,在此基础上,结合情景分析评估了2019~2030年的铁路排放趋势.结果表明,随着铁路电气化进程的推进、内燃机车新车投入使用和燃油标准的不断升级,铁路运输燃料生命周期的CO₂和污染物排放整体分别呈上升和下降趋势,而其上游阶段的排放占比逐年升高.2018年铁路运输的CO₂、NO_x、CO、BC和SO_x排放总量分别为3780.29万t、11.98万t、3.94万t、0.20万t和3.08万t.情景分析表明,加快电力结构改善和降低单位运输能耗分别是降低铁路CO₂、SO_x和NO_x、BC、CO排放的最佳单一控制手段.积极应对铁路减污降碳工作的综合情景下,CO₂、NO_x、CO、BC和SO_x的减排率可分别达35%、37%、39%、32%和45%.电力结构改革和铁路电气化进程的停滞均会造成铁路运输排放总量的显著增加,铁路减污降碳工作仍需高度重视.     

中国商品能源消耗导致的氮氧化物排放量

能源消耗导致的NO_x排放是影响环境空气质量及区域酸沉降的重要因素.根据全国及各省区商品能源消耗与不同经济部门、不同燃料类型NO_x排放因子,估算了90年代中国NO_x排放量,详细给出了1997年分省、分地区、分行业及分燃料排放清单,并绘出了NO_x平均排放强度分布图.结果表明,中国NO_x排放量由1990年8.4Mt快速增长到1996年的12.0Mt.但与1996年NO_x排放峰值相比,1997和1998年中国NO_x排放量分别下降了约0.34Mt和0.82Mt.中国NO_x排放的燃料、行业及地区分布极不平衡:大约3/4的NO_x排放源自煤的燃烧;行业分布上,NOx则主要来自于工业(39.56%)、电力(36.74%)和交通运输(11.22%);各省区NO_x排放差别很大,河北、江苏、辽宁、山东、广东、山西、黑龙江、湖北和河南9省超过0.5Mt,而青海、宁夏和海南3省区小于0.1Mt.NO_x平均排放强度最大的地区(＞10t·(km²·a)^-1)包括上海、天津和北京市.总体来说,中国NO_x排和污染主要集中在人口密集、经济相对发达的东中部和东南部地区,尤其是北京、上海、天津等大城市.     

含氧柴油对柴油机排放及细颗粒物碳质组分的影响

乙缩醛(1,1-diethoxyethane)与柴油互溶性好, 可替代乙醇作为生物质来源的柴油含氧添加成分. 生物柴油掺混可以提高乙缩醛和柴油混合燃料的闪点及含氧量. 在柴油发动机台架上, 考察柴油和2种含氧柴油(10%乙缩醛+90%柴油和10%乙缩醛＋10%生物柴油＋80%柴油)在2个固定转速不同负荷的5个工况点的排放特性, 分析了NO_x、HC、CO和PM_2.5排放情况, 并用DRI的碳分析仪分析了PM_2.5中的碳质组分.结果表明, 与普通柴油排放相比, 含氧柴油对NO_x排放速率的影响不大, 在某些工况点HC排放速率有较显著的增加. 含氧柴油降低了柴油机PM_2.5排放速率, 最大降低幅度29%. 从碳质组成上看, 含氧燃料降低了PM_2.5中总碳 (total carbon,TC) 的排放速率, 最大降低幅度24%. 含氧柴油的元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)排放速率普遍低于普通柴油; 有机碳(organic carbon,OC)的排放速率在发动机高转速工况时明显低于普通柴油; PM_2.5的OC/EC值在大多数工况下高于普通柴油. 3种燃料排放PM_2.5的碳质组成百分比相似, OC和EC主要为OC1和EC1. 含氧柴油降低了柴油机PM_2.5的排放速率, 颗粒物中OC的比例有所增加, 但对颗粒物的碳质组分组成没有明显的影响.     

郑州市公交车队电动化减污降碳环境效益

公交车队电动化是道路交通部门实现减污降碳的重要手段,评估当前公交车队电动化减排成效,对推进大中型城市公交全面电动化具有重要参考意义.基于燃料生命周期法分析了郑州市公交车队电动化前后CO₂和污染物排放特征,并评估了不同电动化情景下的车队排放.结果表明,本轮电动化使公交车队燃料生命周期内CO₂和PM_2.5排放量分别增长32.6%和42.6%,CO、NO_x和VOC排放量下降了28%,34%和25%.优化发电结构对于电动化过程中的CO₂及PM_2.5减排尤为重要,在全面电动化和发电结构优化的最佳情景下,CO₂、CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_2.5减排可达38.7%、80.1%、84.4%、92.2%、30.2%.在全面电动化进程中,应优先对中长里程线路车辆进行电动化替换,此外,插电混动天然气车型的纯电动化替换对减排利弊兼有,同步推进车队替换和电力结构调整进程才能实现减污降碳协同增效.     

氢燃料电池汽车动力系统生命周期评价及关键参数对比

发展氢燃料电池汽车被认为是解决能源安全和环境污染问题的理想解决方案之一,为量化探究氢燃料电池汽车动力系统的化石能源消耗和排放情况,运用GaBi软件建模,以新能源汽车相关技术路线为参考,构建我国氢燃料电池汽车动力系统的数据清单并对其全生命周期化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值情况进行定量评价计算和预测分析,对不同类型的双极板、不同能量控制策略和不同制氢方式对环境的影响分别进行了对比研究,并对关键数据进行了不确定分析.结果表明,预计到2030年我国每台氢燃料电池汽车动力系统生命周期的化石能源消耗量（ADP_f）、全球变暖潜值（GWP,以CO₂ eq计）和酸化潜值（AP,以SO₂ eq计）分别为1.35×10⁵ MJ、9108 kg和15.79 kg.动力系统生产制造阶段的化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值均高于使用阶段,主要原因是燃料电池堆栈和储氢罐的制造过程.金属双极板、石墨复合双极板和石墨双极板的制造工艺中石墨复合双极板的综合环境效益最好.能量控制策略的优化会使得氢能消耗降低,当氢能消耗降低22.8%时,动力系统的生命周期化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值分别降低10.4%和8.3%.相比于甲烷蒸气重整制氢,基于混合电网电解水制氢的动力系统生命周期全球变暖潜值高出53.7%[KG-*6],而基于水电电解水制氢降低39.6%.降低动力系统生命周期化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值的措施包括优化能量控制策略降低氢能消耗、规模化发展可再生能源发电电解水制氢产业和聚焦突破燃料电池堆栈关键技术实现性能提升.     

基于远程在线监控车载终端的柴油车NOx排放等级诊断研究

远程在线监控车载终端集成了远程通讯模块、卫星定位模块、发动机OBD信息解析模块,能够实时读取车辆排放相关运行信息,但无法直接判断车辆NO_x排放情况.为了快速、准确地评估车辆排放情况,诊断和监测NO_x高排放车,同时为了克服有些重型柴油车监测数据中缺失进气流量、燃油流量、车速等重要的实时信息,无法计算出车辆NO_x排放因子的问题.本文提出了由NO_x浓度分布特征驱动的高排放重型柴油车识别算法,通过远程在线监控车载终端设备获取车辆的发动机信息和SCR系统运行信息,运用NO_x浓度分布计算车辆每天NO_x排放浓度占比,通过系统聚类法对车辆NO_x排放浓度占比进行聚类,结果聚为优、良、中、差4类.利用车辆NO_x排放浓度区间分布及其聚类结果分别作为训练集的输入和输出,选择BP神经网络作为训练算法,训练获得的模型分类准确率为90%,利用训练好的模型判断在用柴油车NO_x排放等级,从而识别及监测NO_x高排放车辆.研究结果可为柴油车NO_x高排放诊断及监测提供依据,有助于监管部门能够快速识别NO_x高排放车辆.     

2010~2015年我国水泥工业NOx排放清单及排放特征

基于我国2011~2015年水泥企业逐条生产线基础信息、活动水平及控制技术等数据,建立了水泥工业NO_x排放量计算方法和动态排放数据库.利用该方法,计算了2011~2015年逐条水泥生产线NO_x排放量,分析了2010~2015年我国水泥工业NO_x排放特征.结果表明,我国水泥工业NO_x排放量变化范围为168~199万t,自2010年的169万t增加到2012年的199万t,达到排放峰值,随后逐年下降,到2015年与2010年基本持平.水泥工业NO_x排放的地区分布不均衡,2015年安徽、四川、河南、湖南、云南、山东是排放量最大的省份,占全国排放总量的40%,上海、内蒙、山西、新疆、湖南、云南、四川是单位熟料NO_x排放强度最大的省份.从生产线规模来看,规模≥ 4000 t·d^-1的熟料生产线产量占比和NO_x排放量占比均最大,分别为68.5%和66.5%,单位熟料NO_x平均排放强度最低.水泥生产工艺结构的转变及水泥工业降氮脱硝工作的开展是影响水泥工业大气NO_x排放特征的主要因素.     

基于工序工艺的精细化工业源排放清单编制及应用研究

以天津市津南区为例,采用自下而上的方式基于工序工艺建立了2017年精细化工业源排放清单,并深入探讨其对于工业源管理治理的实践应用意义.结果表明,津南区全年排放SO₂ 1778.50 t、NO_x 3972.40 t、PM 2331.35 t、VOCs 933.49 t.津南区涉气工业企业入园率为68.55%,园区内企业SO₂、NO_x、PM、VOCs排放总量分别占到全区的92.77%、80.70%、89.34%、72.06%,可极大便利推行网格化等管理模式,提高工业源管理治理效率.本研究基于精细化源排放清单中污染物工序工艺及末端治理特征,参考国家、地方环境保护相关标准,设计NO_x、PM、VOCs减排情景,保守计算NO_x、PM、VOCs可在现有基础上分别减排约10.32%、19.88%、18.74%.本研究探索了基于工序工艺建立精细化源排放清单的意义、可行性以及存在的问题,可以为大、中尺度排放清单的建立提供有益的参考.     

纯电动与柴油货车全生命周期能耗及排放分析

选择传统柴油厢式货车和纯电动厢式货车为研究对象.基于GREET软件,建立适宜于我国国情的车辆全生命周期计算模型,对比分析两款车型全生命周期的能耗、温室气体排放以及标准污染物排放情况;结果表明:纯电动货车全生命周期内的百公里能耗比柴油货车降低了6.57%,化石燃料、天然气、石油的百公里消耗量分别降低14.4%、58.8%、96.8%;纯电动货车CH_4、VOC、CO、NO_x的排放分别比柴油货车低16.7%、14.8%、63.0%和63.4%,而柴油货车的CO_2和SO_x的排放量比纯电动货车低7.2%和96.8%.同时对车辆进行不确定性分析和单因素的敏感性分析发现,纯电动货车全生命周期内CO_2排放量对电能生产阶段的敏感度高达66.9%,而且相较于柴油货车,纯电动货车在全生命周期能耗、一次能源消耗以及主要污染物的排放等方面受车辆寿命的影响较小,在长期运行过程中更能发挥其在节能减排方面的优势.     

Fossil energy,environmental and cost performance of ethanol in Thailand

This study aims to perform a life cycle analysis of the environmental benefits and limitations of using ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel in Thailand. In particular, the analysis compares the life cycle fossil energy use, air emissions and social costs of cassava-based gasohol E10 with those of gasoline. The results of the study show that, along its whole life cycle, E10 consumes less fossil oil (6.3%) and produces lesser amounts of CO₂ (6.4%), CH₄ (6.2%), CO (15.4%) and NO_x (15.8%) than CG. Including externalities substantially changes the cost performance in favor of ethanol. After environmental costs are added, the cost of E10 and of gasoline become equal to each other whilst before that, E10 is more costly.     

Attributional life cycle assessment of woodchips for bioethanol production

Besides the apparent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, other important factors contributing to the renewed interest in biofuels are energy security concerns and the need of sustainable transportation fuel. Nearly 30% of the annual CO₂ emissions in the U.S. come from the transportation sector and more than half of the fuel is imported. Biofuels appear to be a promising option to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and the reliance on imported oil concomitantly. The interest on (ligno) cellulosic ethanol is gaining momentum as corn-based ethanol is criticized for using agricultural outputs for fuel production. Among many lignocellulosic feedstocks, woodchips is viewed as one of the most promising feedstocks for producing liquid transportation fuels. The renewable and carbon neutral nature of the feedstocks, similar chemical and physical properties to gasoline, and the low infrastructure cost due to the availability of fuel flex vehicles and transportation networks make (ligno) cellulosic bioethanol an attractive option. An in-depth LCA of woodchips shows that harvesting and woodchips processing stage and transportation to the facility stage emit large amount of environmental pollutants compared to other life cycle stages of ethanol production. Our analysis also found that fossil fuel consumption and respiratory inorganic effects are the two most critical environmental impact categories in woodchips production. We have used Eco-indicator 99 based cradle-to-gate LCA method with a functional unit of 4 m³ of dry hardwood chips production.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from production and use of used cooking oil methyl ester as transport fuel in Thailand

Biodiesel, produced from various vegetable and/or animal oils, is one of the most promising alternative fuels for transportation in Thailand. Currently, the waste oils after use in cooking are not disposed adequately. Such oils could serve as a feedstock for biodiesel which would also address the waste disposal issue. This study compares the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from used cooking oil methyl ester (UCOME) and conventional diesel used in transport. The functional unit (FU) is 100 km transportation by light duty diesel vehicle (LDDV) under identical driving conditions. Life cycle GHG emissions from conventional diesel are about 32.57 kg CO₂-eq/FU whereas those from UCOME are 2.35 kg CO₂-eq/FU. The GHG emissions from the life cycle of UCOME are 93% less than those of conventional diesel production and use. Hence, a fuel switch from conventional diesel to UCOME will contribute greatly to a reduction in global warming potential. This will also support the Thai Government's policy to promote the use of indigenous and renewable sources for transportation fuels.     

Real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with road conditions

The real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emission profiles of CO, HC and NO_x for light-duty diesel vehicles were investigated. Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 diesel taxies were tested on different roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle specific power bin method. The 11 Toyota Corolla diesel taxies have very good fuel economy of (5.9 ± 0.6) L/100 km, while other five diesel taxies showed relatively high values at (8.5 ± 1.7) L/100 km due to the variation in transmission systems and emission control strategies. Compared to similar Corolla gasoline models, the diesel cars confirmed an advantage of ca. 20% higher fuel efficiency. HC and CO emissions of all the 16 taxies are quite low, with the average at (0.05 ± 0.02) g/km and (0.38 ± 0.15) g/km, respectively. The average NO_x emission factor of the 11 Corolla taxies is (0.56 ± 0.17) g/km, about three times higher than their gasoline counterparts. Two of the three Hyundai Sonata taxies, configured with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) + diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) emission control strategies, indicated significantly higher NO₂ emissions and NO₂/NO_x ratios than other diesel taxies and consequently trigger a concern of possibly adverse impacts on ozone pollution in urban areas with this technology combination. A clear and similar pattern for fuel consumption and for each of the three gaseous pollutant emissions with various road conditions was identified. To save energy and mitigate CO₂ emissions as well as other gaseous pollutant emissions in urban area, traffic planning also needs improvement.     

Simulation based life cycle assessment of airborne emissions of biomass-based ethanol products from different feedstock planting areas in China

Oil shortage and environmental deterioration urge people to pay more and more attention to Biomass-based Fuel Ethanol (BFE), because it is renewable and apparently environmentally friendly. This paper aims to assess and compare the air emissions of three BEF products from different feedstock planting areas in China. For the purpose of a “cradle to grave” study of biomass-based ethanol fuel as a substitute transportation fuel, the authors chose “vehicle fueled by biomass-based E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, v/v)” as the subject. Then, life cycle emission models of Wheat-based E10 from central China, Corn-based E10 from northeast China, and Cassava-based E10 from southwest China were set up based on surveys; life cycle emission functions of CO₂, CO, N₂O, NO_x, SO₂, CH₄, VOC, and PM₁₀ were constructed and value of each emission category was calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation of the life cycle emission models. The calculation results showed that compared with gasoline-fueled vehicles, biomass-based E10-fueled vehicles release less CO₂ and VOC in their lifecycles, but wheat-based E10-fueled and cassava-based E10-fueled ones have more emissions of CO, CH₄, N₂O, NO_x, SO₂, PM₁₀ and corn-based E10-fueled ones have more emissions of CH₄, N₂O, NO_x, SO₂, PM₁₀. Suggestions on reducing the emissions have been proposed for future actions.     

不同喷油策略对柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

为了解决环境污染和能源短缺等问题,本研究针对四氢呋喃作为一种含氧替代燃料展开研究.在一台六缸增压柴油机上开展了不同喷油策略下四氢呋喃和柴油混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响研究,所用3种燃料分别为：纯柴油、5%四氢呋喃和95%柴油、15%四氢呋喃和85%柴油混合燃料（混合比例均为体积比）,以原机国六脉谱图为基准调节主喷时刻和喷油压力.结果表明,添加5%四氢呋喃使燃油消耗率增加,有效热效率降低,当加入15%四氢呋喃后燃油消耗率进一步升高,有效热效率相比于添加5%四氢呋喃有一定程度改善,但仍低于纯柴油燃料;当喷油压力高于100 MPa时,混合燃料的燃油消耗率和有效热效率随喷油压力的提高基本保持不变.四氢呋喃加入使小负荷下NO_x、CO和HC排放增加;大负荷下使NO_x排放增加,CO和HC排放逐渐降低,各工况下的碳烟排放均降低.由此可见,柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料的有效热效率相比于纯柴油降低了1%~2%,加入四氢呋喃可有效降低碳烟排放和改善部分工况下的气体污染物排放.     

NOx and SOx emissions from fossil fuels: A global distribution

This paper presents a global database of annual NO_x and SO_x emissions from fossil fuel combustion at a 1° resolution. The annual emissions estimates were based on fuel consumption for individual countries and are distributed according to human population within each country. There is a large spatial variability in the distribution of these emissions with over 90% of each gas being emitted in the Northern Hemisphere. It is expected that the estimates of NO_x and SO_x emissions will be useful for global and regional chemical transport simulations. The database is available from the author for this purpose.