环境样品中乙草胺和丁草胺的残留分析

用丙酮水(V/V,80/20)以超声波提取后,经水-石油醚液液分配定容后,用液相色谱紫外 检测器(LC-UV)测定水、土壤和作物中乙草胺和丁草胺的残留量.测得环境样品中乙草胺和丁 草胺的添加回收率分别为87.7%～90.1%和87.5%～90.7%,相对标准偏差(R.S.D.)分别为2.4%～6. 3%和4.3%～7.1%.在作物和土壤中乙草胺和丁草胺的最低检测浓度分别为0.015和0.037mg/kg, 在水中分别为0.004和0.009mg/L.利用该方法检测了北京市京密引水渠流域的环境样品,河水 中没有检出乙草胺和丁草胺;在乙草胺和丁草胺施用1个月后,土壤中乙草胺和丁草胺的残留 低于或接近最低检测限.     

Adsorption-desorption behavior of acetochlor to soils in the presence of some environmental substances

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Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

Effects of urea and (NH4)2SO4 on nitrification and acidification of Ultisols from Southern China

The mechanisms for the effects of ammonium-based fertilizers on soil acidification in subtropical regions are not well understood. Two Ultisols collected from cropland and a tea garden in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces in subtropical southern China, respectively, were used to study the effects of urea and (NH₄)₂SO₄ on the nitrification and acidification of soils with incubation experiments. Nitrification occurred at very low pH with no N fertilizer added and led to lowering of the soil pH by 0.53 and 0.30 units for the soils from Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively. Addition of urea accelerated nitrification and soil acidification in both Ultisols; while nitrification was inhibited by the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄, and greater input of (NH₄)₂SO₄ led to greater inhibition of nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) played an important role in nitrification in cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea increased the soil pH at the early stages of incubation due to hydrolysis and stimulated the increase in the AOB population, and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification. At the end of incubation, the pH of Ultisol from Jiangxi had decreased by 1.25, 1.54 and 1.84 units compared to maximum values for the treatments with 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of urea-N added, respectively; the corresponding figures were 0.95, 1.25 and 1.69 for the Ultisol from Anhui. However, addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification and soil acidification. Soil pH for the treatments with 300 and 400 mg/kg of (NH₄)₂SO₄-N remained almost constant during the incubation. AOB played an important role in nitrification of the cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea stimulated the increase in the AOB population and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification; while addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China

Introduction W ith the increase in types and am ount of pollutants releasing into soil ecosystem s, research on the joint effects of m ore than one pollutant in soil-plant, soil-anim al and soil-m icroorganism system s is increasingly concerned (Zhou and …     

低温域湿地植物根际硝化强度及氨氧化微生物研究

以低温域(0~15 ℃)下黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)3种湿地植物为研究对象,分别取其根际土壤测定硝化强度,并采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术,考察植物根际AOB(氨氧化细菌)、AOA(氨氧化古菌)的数量变化规律. 结果表明:低温条件下,香蒲根际土壤的硝化强度最高,平均值为1.40 mg/(kg·h),黄菖蒲和菖蒲的平均值均为0.96 mg/(kg·h). 湿地植物根际土壤中的细菌数量(数量级为1010)远高于古菌(数量级为108),其中AOB为优势菌种,3种湿地植物的AOA数量分别约占总古菌数量的46.0%、47.9%和49.7%. 3种湿地植物根际AOB的数量(以湿土计,下同)排序为香蒲(2.57×109 g-1)>黄菖蒲(1.23×109 g-1)≈菖蒲(1.14×109 g-1),AOA的数量(以湿土计)排序为黄菖蒲(2.78×108 g-1)>香蒲(2.57×108 g-1)>菖蒲(1.15×108 g-1). 微生物分布特性和硝化作用效果均表明,不同植物根际氨氧化过程的主要作用微生物具有一定差异,AOA和AOB对于湿地土壤氮转化均具有不可忽视的作用,并与植物本体、土壤硝化过程微环境之间有一定的耦合关系.      

乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性

利用土壤薄层层析法研究乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性以灌溉河水为展开剂,得到乙草胺和丁草胺在北京海淀壤土中的相对移动值Rf的平均值分别为0.121和0.031,在河北白洋淀砂壤土中的相对移动值R_f的平均值分别为0.147和0.032.采用不同的土壤试验,乙草胺的移动性存在一定的差异.说明乙草胺在土壤中的移动性与土壤的性质有关,特别是土壤有机质含量,土壤吸附性能越强,越不易移动.乙草胺属于移动性弱的农药品种,移动等级为Ⅱ级,丁草胺属于移动性很弱的农药品种,移动等级为I级乙草胺和丁草胺虽然同属于酰胺类除草剂,但是,由于它们的水溶解度的差异,它们在土壤中的移动性有较大的差别.以30mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液(DDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为展开剂,乙草胺在北京海淀壤土中的R_f的平均值分别为0.159和0.098.阴离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的迁移,阳离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的吸附,从而阻止农药在土壤中的迁移.     

镉和乙草胺复合污染对玉米生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了镉与乙草胺复合污染对玉米幼苗MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,镉单独处理,低浓度下MDA的含量变化不大,当镉浓度大于30 mg/kg时,MDA的含量急剧上升;超氧化物歧化酶SOD、CAT在浓度为30 mg/kg时活性达到最高,之后随浓度的增大,其活性逐渐降低;POD的活性随着镉浓度的增大逐渐升高,且100 mg/kg时达到最高。镉与乙草胺复合处理,低镉浓度下MDA的含量与对照组CK相比差异显著,处理浓度越大,MDA含量越高;SOD、CAT的活性变化趋势与单镉处理时相类似,但变化幅度更加明显;POD的活性则随着浓度的增大继续升高。镉与乙草胺复合处理对玉米幼苗的毒害程度要大于单镉处理,并且施加乙草胺的浓度越大,玉米受毒害程度越深。     

人工芦苇湿地氨氮污染物去除及氨氧化菌群落多样性分析

对不同质量浓度的NH₃-N在水平潜流人工湿地内的去除过程进行考察,并且对比分析了去除率和硝化强度,利用PCR-DGGE技术研究了ρ(NH₃-N)及植物种植等因素对人工湿地中AOB(氨氧化细菌)群落结构的影响. 结果表明:在水力停留时间为2.5d的情况下,模拟低污染水ρ(NH₃-N)分别为0.6~0.7和4.5~5.0mg/L时,芦苇湿地对TN的去除率分别为81.9%和62.2%. 较高的ρ(NH₃-N)和种植芦苇有利于提高湿地硝化强度和AOB群落多样性. 系统运行50d时,处理高ρ(NH₃-N)和低ρ(NH₃-N)低污染水的芦苇湿地的硝化强度分别为0.164和0.103mg/(kg·h);AOB群落Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(系统运行90d时)分别为2.32和1.75. 处理高ρ(NH₃-N)的低污染水时,空白湿地和芦苇湿地的硝化强度分别为0.082和0.164mg/(kg·h);AOB群落Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(系统运行90d时)从1.95增至2.32.      

Responses of soil ammonia oxidizers to a short-term severe mercury stress

The responses of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) to mercury(Hg) stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment.Treated with four different concentrations of Hg(CK,Hg25,Hg50,and Hg100,denoting 0,25,50,and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil,respectively),samples were harvested after 3,7,and 28 day incubation.Results showed that the soil potential nitrification rate(PNR) was significantly inhibited by Hg stress during the incubation.However,lower abundances of AOA(the highest in CK: 9.20 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50: 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil) and AOB(the highest in CK: 2.68 × 10~7 copies/g dry soil; the lowest in Hg50:7.49 × 10~6 copies/g dry soil) were observed only at day 28 of incubation(P 0.05).Moreover,only the community structure of soil AOB obviously shifted under Hg stress as seen through DGGE profiles,which revealed that 2–3 distinct AOB bands emerged in the Hg treatments at day 28.In summary,soil PNR might be a very useful parameter to assess acute Hg stress on soil ecosystems,and the community structure of soil AOB might be a realistic biological indicator for the assessment of heavy metal stress on soil ecosystems in the future.     

复合垂直流湿地氨氧化菌种群结构及活性的空间分布

应用复合垂直流湿地净化富营养化景观水体,测定了湿地系统不同空间层次的氮氧化菌(AOB)活性,并采用PCR-DGGE技术考察了氨氧化菌种群多样性.结果表明,在复合垂直流湿地中,由于植物根际效应、异养菌竞争、DO浓度以及氨氮浓度等环境条件的综合作用,氨氧化菌活性和种群多样性沿水流方向呈现出较为明显的空间分布差异.下行池表层氨氧化菌活性最高,为0.79 mg·(kg·h)-1(以NO-3-N计,下同).从下行池表层到上行池底层.氨氧化菌活性逐渐下降,至上行池表层略有增加,氨氧化菌活性为0.17 mg·(kg·h)-1.氨氧化菌多样性与活性的空间分布表现出大致相同的趋势,下行池氨氧化菌多样性指数(平均为1.92)高于上行池(平均为1.65).在复合垂直流湿地系统中,多数菌种为寡营养类微生物,Nitrosonwnas sp.为优势菌种,在湿地氨氮的去除过程中起着主导作用.此外还检测到Uncultured beta proteobacterium、Comamonas sp.以及Nitrosomonas oligotropha等菌种.在湿地不同位置,不同湿地环境长期选择的结果,使氨氧化菌种群结构表现出一定的空间演替变化.     

Biodegradation of acetanilide herbicides acetochlor and butachlor in soil

The biodegradation of two acetanilide herbicides, acetochlor and butachlor in soil after other environmental organic matters addition were measured during 35 days lal)oratory incubations. The herbicides were applied to soil alone, soiI-SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) mixtures and soil-HA (humic acid) mixtures. Herbicide biodegradation kinetics were compared in the different treatment. Biodegradation products of herbicides in soil alone samples were identified by GC/MS at the end of incubation. Addition of SDBS and HA to soil decreased acetochlor biodegradation, but increased butachlor biodegradation. The biodegradation half-life of acetochlor and butachlor in soil alone, soilSDBS mixtures and soil-HA mixtures were 4.6d, 6, ld and 5.4d and 5.3d, 4.9d and 5.3d respectively. The biodegradation products were hydroxyacetochlor and 2-melhvl-6-ethvlaniline for acetochlor, and hvdroxvbutachlor and 2,6-diethvlaniline for butachlor.     

艾比湖湿地盐节木根际土壤氨氧化微生物多样性和丰度及其与环境因子的相关性分析

氨氧化反应是硝化作用的关键步骤,参与这一反应的微生物是氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA).对新疆艾比湖湿地盐节木根际和非根际土壤的氨氧化微生物进行群落结构和丰度分析,并探究其与土壤理化因子的相关性.同时,以氨单加氧酶基因(amo A)为分子标记,构建克隆文库和测序并与q-PCR法结合研究AOA、AOB的群落结构和丰度,利用Pearson相关分析法探究其与环境因子的相关性.结果表明,根际土壤中AOB的多样性高于AOA,amo A基因序列多属于土壤/水体沉积物分支,AOB克隆文库中的所有序列均属于亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).根际土壤中AOA amo A和AOB amo A的数量分别为2.09×104和2.91×105copies·g~(-1),AOB/AOA的比值为13.9;非根际土壤中AOA amo A和AOB amo A的数量分别为3.85×104和4.76×105copies·g~(-1),AOB/AOA的比值为12.36.相关分析显示,氨氧化微生物的群落结构和丰度与电导率(EC)、有机质(OM)、速效氮(AN)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和总氮(TN)等环境因子显著相关.这些结果表明,根际土壤中AOB的群落多样性高于AOA,根际和非根际土壤中AOB的丰度均高于AOA,说明在艾比湖湿地AOB是氨氧化微生物的优势种群,且EC、OM、AN、NH_4~+-N和TN可能会影响氨氧化微生物的群落结构和丰度.     

乙草胺对小麦生理机能的影响与生物标记物识别

对乙草胺胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛（MDA）以及叶片中叶绿素含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,乙草胺处理小麦幼苗1 d后,叶片MDA含量显著增加,说明了乙草胺处理诱导有毒活性氧（AOS）生成,但随着处理时间的延长,不同浓度处理与对照的差异逐渐减小.对小麦叶片中POD活性变化的研究表明,在乙草胺胁迫的开始阶段,植物有能力抵抗低浓度乙草胺污染所产生的氧化胁迫,但是,随着暴露时间的延长和污染物浓度的增加,这种抵抗能力将会消失.对小麦SOD活性的研究表明,小麦叶片中POD酶活的上升可能与其它途径而不是SOD诱导产生的H₂O₂有关.小麦叶片中MDA含量和POD活性不能作为土壤乙草胺污染的生物标记物.小麦叶片中SOD酶活性有着作为乙草胺污染土壤生物标记物的潜力,但还需要进一步研究.小麦叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量可以作为乙草胺污染胁迫的生物标记物,并且小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量与土壤乙草胺浓度之间具有较好的剂量-效应关系.     

游离氨对硝化菌活性的抑制及可逆性影响

为考察游离氨(FA)对硝化菌(氨氧化菌AOB和亚硝酸盐氧化菌NOB)活性的抑制影响,采用SBR反应器,基于FA与过程控制协同作用在实现短程硝化的基础上,考察了不同FA浓度(1.0,5.3,16.6,13.4,9.9,5.2,1.0mg/L)梯度下,FA对AOB和NOB活性的抑制作用及可逆性.结果表明,当FA浓度达到13.4mg/L时,系统内亚硝态氮积累率(NiAR)逐渐增加,硝态氮积累率(NaAR)逐渐减小,且NiAR/ NaAR>1时,系统实现了稳定短程硝化.在此FA浓度条件下,FA对AOB和NOB活性均产生一定的抑制作用,但相对于AOB,NOB对FA的抑制作用更加敏感.当AOB活性被短暂抑制后,其活性又迅速恢复;而NOB活性被完全抑制.此后当FA浓度又逐渐降至1.0mg/L时,AOB活性始终维持较高水平,而NOB活性尚未恢复.也即是说,在本试验控制的FA浓度条件下,FA对AOB活性的抑制作用是可逆的,而对NOB活性的抑制作用不可逆.     

铁矿区内重金属对土壤氨氧化微生物群落组成的影响

以密云水库上游某铁矿区为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析了矿区内不同采样点的土壤中氨氧化微生物的数量和群落结构的变化,结果表明,土样中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的数量变化范围分别为3.01×107~1.08×109copies/g干土和8.65×107~2.69×109copies/g干土.重金属含量与氨氧化微生物数量的相关性分析以及氨氧化微生物群落结构的冗余分析结果表明,该矿区内重金属污染改变了土壤中的氨氧化微生物的数量和结构.Cu污染对AOA的数量起到了显著抑制作用(r= -0.653*, P<0.05),但是对AOB则没有明显作用;Zn污染对尾矿库区域土壤的AOA/AOB比值影响显著(r= -0.606*, P<0.05);Cd污染改变了AOB的种群分布,降低了AOB的多样性水平.土壤中Cr长期干扰并没有改变氨氧化微生物的数量和结构,但是明显得抑制了氨氧化速率,表明重金属污染在一定程度上也影响了土壤生态系统的氮循环.     

溶解氧对Anammox滤池内功能菌群及活性的影响

针对目前厌氧氨氧化系统内微生物的研究,主要以厌氧氨氧化菌本身这一情况,本研究对长期稳定运行的Anammox滤池内微生物菌群结构进行了测定,同时测试与分析了滤池内厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）、氨氧化菌（AOB）、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）和反硝化菌（DNB）的关键动力学常数,探究了溶解氧（DO）浓度从0.2mg/L增加至1.5mg/L,AnAOB、AOB以及NOB活性的变化.结果表明,长期稳定运行的Anammox滤池是一个以厌氧氨氧化功能为主,多菌群共存的混合体系.滤池内厌氧氨氧化活性最高,为5.3mgN/（gVSS·h）,同时系统内DNB和AOB也具有一定活性.DO在0.2~1.5mg/L范围内,AnAOB活性变化不大;随着DO浓度增加,AOB比氨氧化速率从0.76mgN/（gVSS·h）增加到1.08mgN/（gVSS·h）,通过Monod方程进一步得到AOB氧半饱和常数（K_O2,AOB）为（0.106±0.010） mg/L,表明系统内AOB对氧具有极高的亲和力;整个过程基本检测不到NOB的活性.厌氧氨氧化系统中主要功能菌群共存,且相互竞争底物.     

贵州省土壤硒含量背景值研究

以贵州省耕地表层土壤（0～20 cm）为研究对象,系统采集了454 431件土壤样品,分析测试了土壤硒含量,讨论了贵州省耕地表层土壤硒含量及其分布特征,以及不同土壤类型、不同酸碱度、不同地类土壤的硒含量背景值。结果表明,贵州省耕地土壤硒含量背景值为0.482 mg/kg,变化范围为0.179～1.295 mg/kg。与中国农耕区表层土壤硒含量平均值（0.217 mg/kg）相比,贵州省耕地土壤硒含量处于较高水平,为发展富硒农业产业提供了有力支撑。不同土壤类型中棕壤土的硒含量背景值最高（0.591 mg/kg）,紫色土的硒含量背景值最低（0.363 mg/kg）。不同酸碱度土壤中,强酸性土壤硒含量背景值最高（0.562 mg/kg）,强碱性土壤硒含量背景值最低（0.246 mg/kg）。不同地类土壤中,茶园土壤硒含量背景值最高（0.554 mg/kg）,水田土壤硒含量背景值最低（0.414 mg/kg）。     

NaCl盐度对氨氧化细菌活性的影响及动力学特性

含盐废水的硝化过程常常出现亚硝酸盐积累,NaCl盐度对氨氧化菌(AOB)活性的影响与动力学特性并不清楚.采用高浓度氨氮污水富集培养AOB,并成功实现短程硝化.对富含AOB的污泥进行荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)分析表明AOB占细菌总数比例为(55±7)%.污泥的最大比氨氧化速率为(0.92±0.13)gN/(gVSS·d).用此污泥考察了NaCl盐度对AOB活性的影响,并测定了10g/L时AOB的动力学参数(KNH3、Ko).试验结果表明,与盐度为0g/L时的AOB活性相比,盐度为15g/L时的AOB活性降低了37%;盐度为30g/L时降低了85%.盐度为10g/L时,AOB的最大比氨氧化速率为(0.62 ± 0.03)gN/(gVSS·d),底物半饱和常数KNH3值为(7.62 ± 0.13)mg/L,氧的半饱和常数Ko值为(0.39 ± 0.04)mg/L,其中KNH3测定值高于ASM2模型推荐值.NaCl盐度对AOB的抑制降低了最大比氨氧化速率,对底物(NH4+-N)传递存在影响.