电磁场对污泥回流工艺混凝效能和絮体特性的影响

本研究采用电磁场对回流污泥进行磁化处理,考察了不同强度和时间电磁作用对污泥回流过程的混凝效果和溶解性有机物去除效能的影响.结果表明,磁化污泥可改善污泥回流混凝过程的浊度和DOC去除率,比磁化之前分别提高了3.7%、32.4%,足够大的磁场强度和必要的磁化时间对混凝效能改善有较显著的作用;磁化作用可使回流污泥和混凝时混合水的Zeta电位升高,使混凝时的絮体特性得到了明显改善,絮体具有更大的成长速率、平均絮凝指数和平均粒径,絮体结构更加密实、规则.     

超声对净水沉淀污泥絮体特性及对污泥回流效能的影响

为解决污泥回流强化混凝技术存在的有毒有害物质积累的问题,取净水沉淀污泥经超声预处理后进行回流试验,考察超声作用后净水沉淀污泥絮体特性的变化及其对回流效能的影响.结果表明:超声作用后污泥溶液的温度升高,絮体粒径减小,长时间作用后粒径可降至几个mm,且粒径与声能密度呈现相关性;1,5W/mL的超声处理后,絮体Zeta电位降低,比表面积增大,10,15W/mL的超声处理后絮体Zeta电位升高,比表面积有所下降;低声能密度(1W/mL)超声处理后污泥回流可强化混凝效果,30min超声作用后污泥回流的浊度、UV254和CODMn去除率分别提高了2.7%、23.12%和10.02%,长时间高声能密度(15W/mL)超声波处理污泥回流后混凝效果反而恶化.超声技术对污泥回流后污染物的去除率有一定的提高,但超声时间和声能密度必须很好控制.     

三种常见混凝机理为主导条件下絮体特性研究

以模拟低浊微污染水为原水,硫酸铝[Al2 (SO4)3]为混凝剂,考察了3种常见混凝机理(电性中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫)为主导条件下絮体的成长过程、二维边界分形维数(Dpf)和比表面积及其与混凝效果的相关性.结果表明:吸附架桥为主导机理下絮体最大增长速率S (0.951)最快,达到稳定后絮凝指数FI最大(3.7%),二维边界分形维数Dpf最大(1.587),絮体呈块状且絮体间出现孔状间隙,比表面积介于网捕卷扫和电性中和之间[网捕卷扫(83.646m2/g)>吸附架桥(98.808m2/g)>电性中和(116.046m2/g)];FI值、S及Dpf变化与浊度去除率相关性较好,其相关系数分别达0.979、0.982和0.963,同时比表面积大的絮体吸附容量大,有机物的去除率高.     

Nano-TiO2回收过程中SO42-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响

为了降低纳米TiO₂使用成本,采用不同混凝剂对纳米TiO₂悬浊液进行固液分离.通过考察浊度去除率、出水pH值的变化情况,并结合X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、固体核磁（NMR）、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）表征,探究了纳米TiO₂回收过程中SO₄^2-对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响.结果表明,当使用AlCl₃作混凝剂时（0.1mmol/L）,SO₄^2-浓度从0.0mmol/L增加到20.0mmol/L,浊度去除率降低了0.80%,絮体粒径从450μm下降到215 μm,而强度因子无明显变化.低聚合态的Al_a不与SO₄^2-结合,混凝过程中通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫的作用形成大量无定形的Al （OH）₃.当使用Al₁₃作混凝剂时,再生长后絮体的粒径随着SO₄^2-浓度的增加而下降,S-O峰的红移证明有新的含S聚合物产生,Al 2p的峰均向较高的结合能移动证明生成的絮体不是Al （OH）₃.     

聚硅酸硫酸铁强化混凝去除微污染水源水中天然有机污染物

应用强化混凝技术,降低原水中有机物含量,是控制消毒副产物生成的有效途径之一。通过混凝搅拌试验,评价了聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂对原水中有机污染物的去除效果,考察了混凝剂投加量、pH值等对去除效果的影响。结果表明：聚硅酸硫酸铁去除有机物和除浊能力明显优于硫酸铁、聚合硫酸铁,其适宜的投药量范围和pH值范围宽;聚硅酸硫酸铁在混凝过程中形成的矾花较大,沉降速度快,因而可缩短处理水在构筑物中的停留时间,提高系统的处理能力;此外,通过正交实验确定了聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂的最佳水力条件。     

高密度澄清池除氟中试研究

以聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用高密度回流絮凝澄清池进行饮用水除氟试验。考察了原水水量、氟初始浓度、原水浊度、絮体回流比等因素对除氟效果的影响。结果表明:高密度澄清池具有良好的除氟效果,可使滤后水中氟浓度低于1 mg/L。当絮体回流点位于快速混合处时,回流比为50%时,能提高氟的去除率。     

Coagulation of micro-polluted Pearl River water with IPF-PACIs

Water samples collected from early March 2001 to the end of April 2002 at the branch of Pearl River around the Guangzhou City were analyzed for its micro-polluted characteristics. The coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chlorides(PACIs) was then examined focusing on the effect of primary water quality and speciation distribution. The results showed that PACIs exhibit better coagulation efficiency than alum in accordance with the different speciation.The turbidity removal property of PACIs is evidently better than alum at low dosage. While in neutral zone(about 6.5--7.5), the turbidity removal of PACIs decreases owing to the restabilization of particles at higher dosage. The organic matters in raw water exhibit marked influence on coagulation. In acidic zone, organic matters complex with polymer species and promote the formation of flocs. With an increase in pH, the complexation of organics with polymer species gradually decreases, and the removal of organics mainly depends on adsorption. The effect is evidently improved with the raise of B value.     

用粉末活性炭作前助凝剂提高PAC除藻效果的研究

采用烧杯搅拌实验研究了用粉末活性炭作前助凝剂提高聚合氯化铝(PAC)去除铜绿微囊藻的有效性。结果表明,单独使用粉末活性炭作前助凝剂的除藻效果并不好,而先投加20 mg/L高岭土,再将15 mg/L PAC与粉末活性炭同时投加,除浊除藻效果明显提高。考虑首先充分发挥粉末活性炭对有机物的去除能力,在除浊除藻率仍然较高的情况下,采用粉末活性炭先于高岭土2 min投加的方式,粉末活性炭的最佳助凝剂量为10mg/L。采用粉末活性炭、高岭土和FeCl3依次投加的完整助凝技术路线,除浊除藻效率最高。碱性水体比酸性水体有利于联用三种助凝剂除藻。扫描电镜(SEM)观察结果表明,采用助凝技术,藻细胞主要与高岭土无机颗粒发生凝聚,投加粉末活性炭有助于絮凝体体积增长,而在絮凝阶段投加FeCl3可使絮凝体的分维数达到1.947的最高值。联用粉末活性炭、高岭土和FeCl3是非常有效的助凝除藻新技术。     

铝基无机有机复合絮凝剂对超滤膜性能的影响研究

采用铝基无机有机复合絮凝剂(PAC-JY01)对含有腐殖酸与高岭土的模拟水样进行强化混凝处理,取混凝后出水进行超滤,通过测定超滤前后出水水质以及超滤膜运行状况,探讨PAC-JY01对超滤膜工艺效能的影响.结果表明,在强化混凝-超滤联用工艺中PAC-JY01的最佳投加量为3mg/L,最佳pH=6.在最佳条件下,UV254和浊度的去除率分别达到79.30%、99.70%;在实验运行条件下,较大的絮体容易在膜表面沉积而造成膜污染.     

微气泡及其产生方式对活性污泥混合液性质的影响

微气泡曝气有助于强化氧传质过程,在废水好氧生物处理中具有潜在的应用优势;同时,微气泡及其产生方式可能对污泥混合液性质产生影响.本研究采用SPG膜微气泡发生系统研究了微气泡及其产生方式对污泥混合液性质的影响.结果表明,微气泡曝气中,微气泡附着于污泥絮体导致污泥上浮聚集,从而造成反应器中污泥浓度(MLSS)下降,以及污泥沉降性能变差.微气泡产生过程中,液体循环泵(离心型)产生的强水力剪切力作用于污泥混合液,造成污泥絮体破碎、污泥粒径减小以及污泥絮体EPS释放,进而使得上清液浊度和有机碳(特别是胶体有机碳)浓度升高,污泥絮体的再絮凝能力丧失.微气泡产生过程中,污泥破碎导致的污泥有机物的释放使得污泥混合液的黏度增加,但混合液表面张力保持不变.     

PAC与PDMDAAC复合混凝剂去除高浊度水中有机氯

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为原料制备复合混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对高浊度水体中有机氯(OCPs)以及浊度去除效果进行研究.考察了PAC-PDMDAAC复合比例、复合混凝剂投加量、水样初始浊度、慢速搅拌时间、pH值等因素对浊度和OCPs去除效果的影响,结合絮体分形维数和Zeta电位对去除效果进行验证.结果表明,复合比例对处理高浊水体中的OCPs以及浊度效果影响较大,PAC与PDMDAAC复合比例为5:1,投药量为1mL/L,慢速搅拌时间为15min时,OCPs和浊度去除率达到最佳;随着初始浊度的升高,水体中OCPs的去除率也随之增加,表明PAC-PDMDAAC复合混凝剂更适用于高浊度水中OCPs和浊度的去除;复合混凝剂与其他混凝剂相比,其最佳pH值范围较广,当pH值为4时,OCPs和浊度去除率达到最佳.利用絮体分形维数和Zeta电位两种表征手段对混凝效果进行进一步探讨,说明了实验结果的正确性.     

壳聚糖改性粘土去除城市湖泊中藻类的研究

对壳聚糖改性粘土用于城市湖泊中藻类的絮凝去除进行了研究。实验表明,粘土经过壳聚糖改性后,对高藻水中藻细胞的去除效能得到很大的提高。相比单独投加壳聚糖,粘土的加入增加了絮体密实度,减少了絮体体积,并使絮体分布更均匀。在壳聚糖与粘土配比为1∶20时,叶绿素的去除率和浊度的去除率均为最佳。粘土的种类对除藻效果有一定影响,其中以高粘凹凸棒石为最佳,在最佳投加量28 mg.L-1时,对叶绿素的去除率达到96.2%;粘土的粒径对絮凝效果基本没有影响,在粒径为60μm与300μm之间改性粘土对藻细胞的凝聚效果是一致的。经壳聚糖改性的粘土在酸性条件下絮凝效果较好,当pH值大于7时,其絮凝能力迅速下降。     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACI

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.     

Coagulation of micro-polluted Pearl River water with IPF-PACls

IntroductionThewaterqualityofnaturalriverisverycomplex,includingvariouskindsoforganic ,inorganicandbiologicalmatters,suchasthesolublemolecules,polymericmatters,colloids ,andsuspendedparticlessuchaslivebacteria ,algaeandalsoprotozoan (Tang,2 0 0 0 ) .Generally ,aquaticparticulatesaredispersivelysuspended ,ordepositintodiversesedimentsthroughadsorption ,aggregationandsedimentation.Furthermore ,theycanberesuspended ,transferredandconvertedundervariouswaterfluidconditions.Clearlydocumentedhistori…     

Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment

Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.     

聚合硫酸铁(PFS)混凝腐殖酸(HA)的过程中典型操作因素的影响研究

针对聚合硫酸铁（PFS）混凝-沉淀去除腐殖酸（HA）水样的过程,通过测定典型操作因素（PFS投加量、原水pH和搅拌方式）下微絮体的zeta电位、上清液的浊度、UV254、pH值及电导率和絮体沉降体积变化,探讨了这些因素对该过程的影响.结果表明：在原水pH=6.00时,PFS混凝HA的主要机制为电中和作用,搅拌方式对PFS的最佳投加范围没有明显的影响,但单一搅拌方式下HA的去除效果更好;在原水pH=8.00时,吸附络合-卷扫絮凝成为主要的混凝机制,复合搅拌方式下PFS的最佳投加量范围大于单一搅拌方式,且前者的HA去除效果更好.整体而言,几种混凝条件下PFS最佳投药量对应的微絮体zeta电位均在-12.00mV左右;原水pH=6.00时PFS混凝-沉淀去除HA的效果比原水pH=8.00时的好,且前者形成的PFS-HA沉淀絮体体积较小,但单一搅拌方式下絮体结构的重组过程并不是影响絮体体积的主要因素.复合搅拌方式中开始阶段的高强度搅拌有助于PFS组分在HA水样中的分散而有利于其电中和作用的发挥,但对PFS的水解过程影响不大.     

壳聚糖改性铝污泥对铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除

采用给水厂副产物铝污泥代替黏土作为下沉载体,利用壳聚糖改性,将其用于铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除.结果表明,壳聚糖与铝污泥以1：50的质量比复合改性后除藻效果明显提高：对于藻密度约为4.88×10⁶cells/mL的含藻水,当改性铝污泥最佳投加量为0.25g/L,30min后藻密度和浊度去除率分别达到100%和98.92%,形成的絮体完整紧实,分形维数值为1.719.通过Zeta电位、SEM等表征分析,此过程主要依靠壳聚糖、铝污泥及藻类之间的"电性中和"与"吸附架桥"等的作用,混凝絮凝过程快速高效且投加量小,最佳环境pH值介于7~9.5,外加NaCl、CaCl₂在离子强度较低情况下基本不影响絮凝沉淀过程.加之铝污泥对水体中的磷具有良好的吸附作用,因此壳聚糖改性铝污泥对淡水水体中铜绿微囊藻的去除及生长抑制具有良好的效果,实现了"以废治污".     

聚合氯化铝及聚合氯化铝铁处理微污染地表水效果

选用两种无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC),与传统混凝剂Al2(SO4)3处理微污染地表水。以浊度和CODMn去除率为主要指标,考察投药量和pH对混凝效果的影响。通过考察沉淀时间对浊度去除效果的影响,结合实验现象,讨论三种混凝剂生成矾花的大小和沉降性能。结果发现,PAC和PAFC在5mg/L的投药量下可以取得较好的混凝效果,出水符合GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》。三种混凝剂的最佳pH为6,PAFC受pH影响较小,当pH为5～8时可取得较好的CODMn去除效果。PAFC生成的矾花体积较大,沉降性能较好,在实际应用中可缩短沉淀池的水力停留时间。     

Polytitanium sulfate (PTS): Coagulation application and Ti species detection

Interest in the development of inorganic polymerized coagulants is growing; however, there are only limited studies on the synthesis of polytitanium coagulants, which are expected to exhibit improved coagulation efficiency with better floc properties. This study presents the synthesis of polytitanium sulfate (PTS) for potential application in water purification, followed by characterization of PTS flocs and titanium species detection. Stable PTS solutions were successfully synthesized and standard jar tests were conducted to evaluate their coagulation efficiency. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) speciation analysis revealed that a variety of mononuclear and polynuclear complexes were formed in PTS solution, indicating the polymeric nature of the synthesized coagulant. Floc characteristics were studied through on-line monitoring of floc size using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Results showed that PTS had a comparable or in some cases even higher organic matter and particulate removal efficiency than Ti(SO₄)₂. The effluent pH after PTS coagulation significantly improved toward desirable values closer to neutral pH. Properties of flocs formed by PTS were significantly improved in terms of floc size, growth rate and structure. This study showed that PTS could be an efficient and promising coagulant for water purification, with the additional benefit that its coagulated sludge can be used to recover valuable TiO₂ nanoparticles for various commercial applications.