对环境监测站通过计量认证/审查认可(验收)的实践与思考

通过克拉玛依市环境科研监测中心站计量认证／审查认可(验收)所取得的经验，指出建立符合计量认证／审查认可(验收)评审准则的质量体系，按程序文件实施环境监测全程序质量控制，在日常工作中做好样品管理、仪器设备(标准物质)管理、量值溯源、记录和报告的管理等基础工作是计量认证／审查认可(验收)工作取得成功的保证；全员参与是计量认证／审查认可(验收)工作取得成功的前提；加强人员培训，切实掌握计量认证／审查认可(验收)评审准则的要求是计量认证／审查认可(验收)工作顺利进行的基本条件。     

环保系统计量认证的工作程序

为帮助申请国家级计量认证的环保机构开展工作，介绍了环保系统计量认证的依据、认证机构、评审准则以及工作程序，并就计量认证的申请与受理程序、准备工作、评审步骤、整改与上报材料以及审批发证程序进行了阐述。     

新疆辐射环境监理站的计量认证正式评审已经通过

新疆辐射环境监理站的计量认证正式评审已经通过根据中华人民共和国计量法第二十二条规定，国家环保局与国家技术监督局联合下发了：“环境保护系统各级环境监测站具有为社会提供公证数据的职能，也应该进行计量认证”的通知。事实也说明，计量认证工作给环保部门带来了多...     

环境监测站在计量认证中应做的基本工作

环境监测站在计量认证中应做的基本工作黄忻（河北省环境监测中心站０５００５１）《中华人民共和国计量法》第二十二条和《中华人民共和国计量法实施细则》第七章规定，环境监测站属于为社会提供公正数据的检验机构，必须通过计量认证，方能取得具有法律效力的公正数据的...     

襄樊市五县三市全部通过计量认证

襄樊市五县三市全部通过计量认证继襄樊市环境监测站１９９１年１２月通过湖北省计量局的计量认证评审后，１９９３年１２月１日该市所辖的南漳县、老河口市、襄阳县、谷城县、枣阳市、随州市、保康县和宜城县八个四级站全部通过省计量局的计量认证评审，获得了ＣＭＡ标志...     

乌鲁木齐市环境科学研究监测中心站一次通过计量认证复查

乌鲁木齐市环境科学研究监测中心站一次通过计量认证复查根据《中华人民共和国计量法》与《产品质量检验机构计量认证管理办法》的规定，乌鲁木齐市环境科学研究监测中心站于１９９４年上半年向自治区计量局工业处提出持证到期复查的申请。同年１１月８日至１１日，由自治...     

做好计量认证提高监测站的水平

一、什么叫计量认证计量认证是指我国省级以上政府计量行政部门,根据计量法的规定,对出示公证数据的有关机构(如卫生防疫、药品检验、环境监测、产品检验等机构)的检验能力、可靠性和公正性进行考核,证明其是否具有为社会提供公证数据的资格.这种考核,也就是国际上通常所说的实验室认证.计量认证按管理范围分为强制认证和自愿认证两种.凡是为社会提供公证数据的产品质量检验机构,属于必须认证范围.这些机构的认证,称为强制认证.我国目前已设立的卫生防疫站、药品检验所、环境监测站、商品检验局、压力锅炉容器检验所以及各类产品质量监督机构,均属强制计量认证机构.     

质量保证的关键环节——计量认证

论述了计量认证在环境监测质量保证工作中的重要性与必要性,介绍了基层监测站计量认证工作的内容与程序。     

湖北省环境监测计量认证工作全面展开

湖北省环境监测系统在狠抓了环境监测人员合格证考核工作的基础上,及时地把工作重点转移到环境监测站的计量认证工作上来.省环境监测中心站和省计量局于9月22日～25日在武汉联合举办了首批环境监测计量认证学习班,为环境监测计量认证工作的开展做好知识和技术准备.由8名专家组成的湖北省计量认证环保评审组在省计量局领导下已开始工作.评审组将对各申请     

新疆环境监测中心站顺利通过计量认证复查评审

中国环境监测总站计量认证考核组受国家技术监督局的委托 ,于 2 0 0 1年 9月 1 5— 1 7日对新疆环境监测中心站进行了计量认证复查评审。新疆环境监测中心站 1 996年 3月取得的国家技术监督局颁发的计量认证合格证 (期限五年 )已于 2 0 0 1年 3月到期。为了迎接计量认证复查评审 ,新疆环境监测中心站的领导高度重视 ,专门成立了领导小组 ,全面负责此项工作 ,全站的专业技术人员积极配合。经过半年多的准备 ,新疆环境监测中心站以优异成绩通过了计量认证考核组的基础理论、密码样品测试等内容的考核及现场检查 ,顺利通过评审 ,并于 2 0 0 1年…     

Real-time monitoring of water quality using fish and crayfish as bio-indicators: a review

Water quality monitoring using fish and crayfish as bio-indicators requires an understanding of the state of pollution of waters, choice of bio-indicators, physiological and behavioral endpoints of fish and crayfish, and principles of the methodology and their potential applications. Here, we discuss telemetry, acoustic monitoring, vision-based monitoring, measures of ventilatory activity, electrocardiography, and fiber-optic plethysmography. Assessment of water quality must be based, not only on physicochemical characteristics of the current environment as determined by chemical analyses, but also on observations of the physiology and behavior of its inhabitants. Real-time biomonitoring is suggested as the most reliable method, since it incorporates living organisms into the system to serve as biosensors. The potential application of the methods discussed includes use at water treatment plants and water supply stations for prevention of hazardous toxicological events, and, for aquaculture, in ponds, lakes, and aquariums for monitoring growth, population size, and behavior traits.     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用ADDINCNKISM.UserStyle

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于“天-空-地”一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18.73%和5.24%,2010年得分最低(41.97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81.63%,2015年得分为76.23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路。     

Wildlife biomaterial banking in Africa for now and the future

The Wildlife Biological Resource Centre (wBRC) together with its partners in BioBank SA, have created a Biological Resource Bank (BRB) that is dedicated to the acquisition, processing, banking, using and provision of biomaterials to the scientific and conservation industry that are viable, diverse and representative of southern Africa's wildlife populations. Banked biomaterials include tissue such as muscle, kidney, fat, liver, embryos, fibroblast cultures, blood, sperm, hair, egg shells and other tissue, fluids and cells. Biomaterials are made available for research, biodiversity conservation and biotechnology development. Biomaterials are used in many disciplines, including genetics, reproduction, nutrition, and disease studies. Biomaterials from selected species are also useful for the detection and monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants and other potentially harmful substances found in the environment. Biomaterials are made available to third parties with prior consent from the biomaterials "owner" and only after the signing of a customised Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) or Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA). The training of staff from National and Provincial Game Reserves, Zoological Gardens, Animal Breeders and laboratories is carried out on a regular basis with the aim of securing good quality biomaterials. Sampling kits are made available to persons tasked with the collection of wildlife biomaterials. The Biobank SA consortium acts as an integrated resource centre linking partner collections. The consortium's operational arm, namely wBRC, is active in the development of relevant policy, regulations and legislation pertaining to biomaterials, including Access and Benefit Sharing systems. The main sponsor of the project is the Department of Science and Technology, National Government of South Africa.     

Heavy metal induced ecological risk in the city of Urumqi, NW China

A total of 169 samples of road dust collected in the city of Urumqi, capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China, were analyzed by method of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for 10 elements (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, Be, Co, Zn, and U). The possible sources of metals are identified with multivariate analysis such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Besides, enrichment factors are used to quantitatively evaluate the influences of human activities on heavy metal concentrations. Moreover, the potential ecological risk index is applied to evaluating the ecological risk of heavy metal pollutants. The results indicate that: (1) the concentrations of the heavy metals involved were much higher in urban areas than the background values, except those of Co and U. Mn, U, and Co are mainly of natural origin; Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr are mainly of traffic sources and are partly of industrial sources; Ni and Be are mainly the results of industrial activities, such as machine shops, firepower plants, tire and rubber factories, cement factories, and textile mills and are partly of the traffic sources; (2) with high “toxic-response” factor and high concentration, Cd has more serious influences on the environment than other heavy metals. Therefore, commercial and industrial areas are usually characterized by higher potential ecological risk when compared with residential areas and new developing urban areas. The results of this study could be helpful for the management of environment in industrial areas.     

Groundwater environmental capacity and its evaluation index

At present, anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals far exceeds natural input in some aquatic sediment, but the proportions are difficult to differentiate due to the changes in sediment characters. In this paper, the metal (Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) concentrations, grain size, and total organic carbon (TOC) content in the surface and core sediments of Nansihu Lake Catchment (the open lake and six inflow rivers) were determined. The chemical speciations of the metals (Al, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in the surface sediments were also analyzed. Approaches of factor analysis, normalized enrichment factor (EF) and the new non-residual fractions enrichment factor (K_NRF) were used to differentiate the sources of the metals in the sediments, from detrital clastic debris or anthropogenic input, and to quantify the anthropogenic contamination. The results indicate that natural processes were more dominant in concentrating the metals in the surface and core sediments of the open lake. High concentration of Ca and deficiency of other metals in the upper layers of the sediment core were attributed to the input of carbonate minerals in the catchment with increasing human activities since 1980s. High TOC content magnified the deficiency of the metals. Nevertheless, the EF and K_NRF both reveal moderate to significant anthropogenic contamination of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the surface sediments of Laoyun River and the estuary and Cr in the surface sediments of Baima River. The proportion of non-residual fractions (acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions) of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the contaminated sediments increased to 37–99% from the background levels less than 30%.     

陕西省城镇污水处理厂进出水中主要离子与重点元素分布特征

污水处理厂出水中主要离子和重点元素的浓度特征及去除效果会影响受纳水体的盐度、碱度等指标,从而影响河湖的生态服务功能,但是这方面的研究长期以来未得到充分关注。在陕西省全境选择51家城镇污水处理厂,测定进水和出水中的钾、钙、钠、镁、氟、氯和硫酸根离子,以及铁、锰、硼、钼、锶等重点元素的浓度。测定结果显示:陕西省城镇污水处理厂进水和出水中的阳离子以钠离子为主,其次是钙、镁离子,钾离子浓度最低;阴离子中,氯离子浓度最大,其次为硫酸根离子。就总离子浓度而言,陕北和关中地区污水处理厂进水的离子浓度普遍高于陕南地区。相关性分析结果显示:在污水处理厂进水中,钠、氟、氯、镁及硫酸根离子相互之间均呈现显著正相关关系;铁、锰在进水中没有表现出明显的相关关系,而在出水中呈现显著的正相关关系。污水处理厂仅能够处理污水中少量的氟、钾和镁离子。铁元素和锰元素在经过污水处理厂的处理后,浓度有所升高。此研究的研究结果可为河湖水化学组成管理决策提供参考。     

Reproducibility and imputation of air toxics data

Ambient air quality datasets include missing data, values below method detection limits and outliers, and the precision and accuracy of the measurements themselves are often unknown. At the same time, many analyses require continuous data sequences and assume that measurements are error-free. While a variety of data imputation and cleaning techniques are available, the evaluation of such techniques remains limited. This study evaluates the performance of these techniques for ambient air toxics measurements, a particularly challenging application, and includes the analysis of intra- and inter-laboratory precision. The analysis uses an unusually complete-dataset, consisting of daily measurements of over 70 species of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected over a one year period in Dearborn, Michigan, including 122 pairs of replicates. Analysis was restricted to compounds found above detection limits in > or =20% of the samples. Outliers were detected using the Gumbell extreme value distribution. Error models for inter- and intra-laboratory reproducibility were derived from replicate samples. Imputation variables were selected using a generalized additive model, and the performance of two techniques, multiple imputation and optimal linear estimation, was evaluated for three missingness patterns. Many species were rarely detected or had very poor reproducibility. Error models developed for seven carbonyls showed median intra- and inter-laboratory errors of 22% and 25%, respectively. Better reproducibility was seen for the 16 VOCs meeting detection and reproducibility criteria. Imputation performance depended on the compound and missingness pattern. Data missing at random could be adequately imputed, but imputations for row-wise deletions, the most common type of missingness pattern encountered, were not informative. The analysis shows that air toxics data require significant efforts to identify and mitigate errors, outliers and missing observations, and that these steps are essential and should be performed prior to using these data in receptor, exposure, health and other applications.     

A review of perchlorate (ClO<Subscript>4</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript>) occurrence in fruits and vegetables

Since the 1990s, a large number of studies around the world have reported the presence of perchlorate in different types of environmental matrices. In view of their inherent characteristics, such as high solubility, mobility, persistence, and low affinity for the surface of soil, perchlorates are mobilized through the water-soil system and accumulate in edible plant species of high human consumption. However, the ingestion of food products containing perchlorate represents a potential health risk to people due to their adverse effects on thyroid, hormone, and neuronal development, mainly in infants and fetuses. At present, research has been centered on determining sources, fates, and remediation methods and not on its real extension in vegetables under farming conditions. This review presents a comprehensive overview and update of the frequent detection of perchlorate in fruits and vegetables produced and marketed around the world. Additionally, the impact of fertilizer on the potential addition of perchlorate to soil and its mobility in the water-soil-plant system is discussed. This review is organized into the following sections: sources of perchlorate, mobility in the water-soil system, presence in fruits and vegetables in different countries, international regulations, and toxicological studies. Finally, recommendations for future studies concerning perchlorate in fruits and vegetables are presented.     

海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统研究

为解决我国海洋污损灾害应急监测技术应用单一、水平参差不齐、监测队伍缺少优化调度等问题,基于我国现阶段海洋污损灾害的管理模式和应急监测技术水平与力量,梳理并优化应急监测业务流程,将海洋污损灾害高发海域的水动力实时模拟、污染物扩散与溯源的动态模拟预测、应急监测的启动判别指标体系、监测范围指引模式、监测方案自动生成、监测信息实时编报等技术集成整合,构建海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统,其适用性和高效性已在业务化示范和实践应用中得到验证。