小型煤气混烧锅炉应用水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器技术分析

根据运行实际，对热电厂3书锅炉气力式水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器在设计和运行方面的不足进行了比较准确的分析，提出了改进建议．     

工业锅炉用燃烧器标准现状及安全运行要素

本文介绍了工业锅炉燃烧器的分类情况,分析了国内外燃烧器标准现状,指出了目前我国燃烧器相关标准不足的问题,重点介绍了《锅炉用液体/气体燃料燃烧器技术规范》国家标准意见征求稿内容,详细给出了有关燃烧器安全运行相关要素。该标准的颁布施行对于实现我国工业燃烧器的安全运行和促进燃烧器行业发展有重要的意义。     

锅炉结渣分析及处理

<正>中铝河南分公司热力厂4#锅炉系中温中压自然循环煤粉锅炉,1966年投产,1993年从75t/h改造到80t/h,型号更换为NG-80/3.82。为了提高低负荷稳燃性能,2001年将前墙三个主燃烧器由轴向叶片式改造为西安交通大学研制的径向浓淡旋流燃烧器。近几年,随着氧化铝产量的不断提高。供汽总负荷越来越大,特别是冬季供暖期运行锅炉基本满负荷运行才能保证生产的需要。4#锅炉多次出现炉膛结渣严重被迫降负荷运行甚至停炉处理的情况,严重影响了生产的正常进行。     

浓淡煤粉燃烧的数值研究

浓淡燃烧是当前煤粉燃烧的一个重要趋势。应用Eulerian／Lagrangian方法，采用非一致性网格生成技术，对四角切向燃烧锅炉浓淡煤粉燃烧及炉内过程进行了数值研究。结果表明：在本文的研究参数范围内，煤粉浓淡比3：1是最佳浓淡比，对应的浓侧煤粉浓度为0．624kg coal／kg air；浓淡煤粉燃烧具有稳燃作用；炉膛出口截面上烟温的计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

国内外劳动安全卫生信息

国内外劳动安全卫生信息我国颁布《燃气燃烧器具安全技术通则》从１９９８年５月１日起，我国实施《燃气燃烧器具安全技术通则》（ＧＢ１６９１４１９９７，以下简称《通则》）。《通则》作为一项国家技术标准，主要包括以下主要内容：排除烟气防止一氧化碳中毒。对于...     

生物质颗粒燃料燃烧技术发展现状及趋势

生物质颗粒燃料燃烧器具有热效率高,污染物排放量低,控制性好等优点,可以用于家庭取暖、热水、工业干燥等领域.目前国外生物质颗粒燃料燃烧器已发展成熟,但我国在这方面还有一定差距.通过分析典型生物质颗粒燃烧器的构造,以及点火方式和控制系统,指出国内目前存在燃烧器自动化程度低,核心技术缺乏,原料适应性差,相关技术标准缺乏等问题,最后提出加快点火和自控系统研发,制定行业标准等建议.     

渐变型多孔介质中低浓度瓦斯燃烧特性数值模拟

利用模拟软件Fluent6.3建立二维模型并进行合理设置,对多孔介质中的煤矿低浓度瓦斯燃烧进行数值模拟,研究了均匀型和渐变型燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况,以及三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况。结果表明,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的温度分布比均匀型燃烧器更加均匀;同一瓦斯当量比和流速下,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的NOx产生量比均匀型燃烧器低很多,有利于减少污染物排放;三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合的温度分布和NOx生成有着不同特点,燃烧器设计时,可根据不同需求选取不同组合形式,综合考虑各因素,组合一燃烧特性最佳。     

燃气锅炉低氮改造中存在的问题及检验关注要点

在对经过低氮改造的燃气锅炉进行定期检验的过程中,笔者发现了改造后锅炉普遍存在的一些安全问题:燃烧器型号与型式试验证书不符、燃烧器主要配件与型式试验证书不符、直接加装烟气再循环管造成燃烧器故障、新燃烧器与锅炉原燃烧器接口尺寸不匹配、改动原燃气管路或者锅炉本体。对于这些影响锅炉安全运行的问题本文提出了检验关注要点和建议。     

一例因燃烧器改造而引起的锅炉爆管事故原因分析

通过对一例因燃烧器改造不当而引起的锅炉爆管事故的描述和分析，引起大家对锅炉燃烧器改造后必须进行锅炉外部检验的重视，避免类似锅炉爆管事故的发生。     

直流扩散式燃气燃烧器燃烧特性试验研究

针对目前国内广泛运行的锅壳式燃气锅炉，以在该结构锅炉上大量使用的直流扩散式天然气燃烧器为研究对象，研究了燃气燃烧器在不同负荷、炉膛背压、过量空气系数等参数对锅炉炉膛内火焰燃烧场分布的影响，其试验结果对燃气锅炉的安全经济运行以及燃气燃烧器的结构优化具有重要意义。     

四角切圆燃烧锅炉冷态空气动力场试验研究

通过对330MW四角切圆锅炉燃烧器进行了炉内冷态空气动力场试验的研究，分析了B层燃烧器区域空气速度分布和衰减情况，研究了一次风速，一、二次风动量比和周界风风量等因素对四角切圆燃烧方式的炉内空气动力场的影响规律。试验结果表明，四角的一次风射流衰减特性基本一致，射流刚性良好。在改变二次凤与一次风动量比后，对炉内实际切圆直径影响较小。周界风可以增强一次风射流的刚性，燃烧器上下摆动只改变了炉膛火焰中心的位置，并未改变切圆大小。这为燃烧器安全稳定运行提供技术依据和运行参考。     

焦炉煤气用于气体悬浮焙烧炉安全性分析

从安全角度对焦炉爆气在气体悬浮焙烧炉3套煤气燃烧器、安全联锁、预防泄漏、防止爆炸、自动检测的安全性进行了分析论证。     

Belief-bias and labor unions: The effect of strong attitudes on reasoning

This study compared three types of reasoning bias associated with strong belief: Judgement of plausibility, contrast effects, and social attribution. Respectively, these relate to bias in the perceived validity and extremity of statements and bias in causal interpretations of actions. Technical college students (N = 153) in two highly unionized communities completed one scale for each form of bias and a section of the IRC Union Attitude Scale which measured their attitude toward unions. Belief–bias was indicated across all three measures although there were differences in their salience. Social attribution was the strongest type of bias manifested (r = 0.58, p ? 0.001) and contrast effects (r = 0.33, p ? 0.001) were a second and third. The implications of these results are explored and future research directions in this new line of study are suggested.     

导向标志可见域的实验研究

在介绍可见域概念的基础上,将导向标志可见域转化为偏移角和观察距离的关系,开展了不同偏移角下导向标志观察距离的测量实验,分别测定了两种导向标志类型(电光源型和磷光型)在两种环境照度水平(正常照明和无照明)下,9种偏移角(0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、50°、60°、70°和80°)所对应的观察距离。实验发现随着偏移角的增加,观察距离非线性的减少,导向标志的可见域为椭圆形,该椭圆的短轴是偏移角为0°时的观察距离,该项实验的开展为导向标志可见域的确定提供了基础数据。     

On the response of 500 gal propane tanks to a 25% engulfing fire

This paper presents detailed data on the thermal response of two 500 gal ASME code propane tanks that were 25% engulfed in a hydrocarbon fire. These tests were done as part of an overall test programme to study thermal protection systems for propane-filled railway tank-cars.

The fire was generated using an array of 25 liquid propane-fuelled burners. This provided a luminous fire that engulfed 25% of the tank surface on one side. The intent of these tests was to model a severe partially engulfing fire situation.

The paper presents data on the tank wall and lading temperatures and tank internal pressure. In the first test the wind reduced the fire heating and resulted in a late failure of the tank at 46 min. This tank failed catastrophically with a powerful boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). In the other test, the fire heating was very severe and steady and this tank failed very quickly in 8 min as a finite rupture with massive two-phase jet release. The reasons for these different outcomes are discussed. The different failures provide a range of realistic outcomes for the subject tank and fire condition.     

The effect of contextual information on professional judgment: Reliability and biasability of expert workplace safety inspectors

Introduction: A critical aspect of occupational safety is workplace inspections by experts, in which hazards are identified. Scientific research demonstrates that expectation generated by context (i.e., prior knowledge and experience) can bias the judgments of professionals and that individuals are largely unaware when their judgments are affected by bias. Method: The current research tested the reliability and biasability of expert safety inspectors’ judgments. We used a two-study design (Study 1, N = 83; Study 2, N = 70) to explore the potential of contextual, task-irrelevant, information to bias professionals’ judgments. We examined three main issues: (1) the effect that biasing background information (safe and unsafe company history) had on professional regulatory safety inspectors’ judgments of a worksite; (2) the reliability of those judgments amongst safety inspectors and (3) inspectors’ awareness of bias in their judgments and confidence in their performance. Results: Our findings establish that: (i) inspectors’ judgments were biased by historical contextual information, (ii) they were not only biased, but the impact was implicit: they reported being unaware that it affected their judgments, and (iii) independent of our manipulations, inspectors were inconsistent with one another and the variations were not a product of experience. Conclusion: Our results are a replication of findings from a host of other professional domains, where honest, hardworking professionals underappreciate the biasing effect of context on their decision making. The current paper situates these findings within the relevant research on safety inspection, cognitive bias and decision making, as well as provides suggestions for bias mitigation in workplace safety inspection. Practical Application: Our results have implications for occupational health and safety given that inspection is an integral aspect of an effective safety system. In addition to our findings, this study contributes to the literature by providing recommendations regarding how to mitigate the effect of bias in inspection.     

火源长宽比对隧道内矩形火燃烧特性的影响研究

开展了一系列小尺寸实验研究隧道内不同火源受限情况下的火焰形态和顶棚射流火焰长度。实验中采用四个长宽比范围1~8的矩形气体燃烧器作为火源,并通过改变火源的摆放位置和贴壁方向(长边贴壁和短边贴壁)来改变火源的受限程度。结果表明:当火源置于开放空间非受限场景时,随着火源长宽比的增大,火源卷吸空气周长增大,导致火焰高度不断减小。对于贴壁火当矩形火源的长边贴壁时,随着长宽比的增大,其火焰高度同样不断减小;由于卷吸不对称,火焰贴着墙壁向上方蔓延,其火焰高度明显高于开放空间条件下的值。当火源短边贴壁时,火焰高度虽然仍随长宽比的增大而减小,但其火焰高度与开放空间相近,明显小于长边贴壁的情况,说明此时空气卷吸受限程度不大,火焰蔓延没有受到墙壁明显的影响。在前人对轴对称火源(方形和圆形火源)研究的基础上,本文对矩形火源位于隧道纵向中心线和紧贴隧道侧壁的火焰形态和火源长度进行了实验研究,定义了一个修正的无量纲火源功率?Q *mod,并引入了考虑矩形火源长宽比的无量纲特征参量(n+1)/n,建立了综合考虑火源功率、火源尺寸和贴壁方向的矩形贴壁火的火焰长度关系式。     

Perceptions of personal vulnerability to workplace hazards in the Australian construction industry

Introduction

The importance of risk perception for workplace safety has been highlighted by the inclusion of risk appraisals in contemporary models of precautionary behavior at work. Optimism bias is the tendency to think that negative events are less likely to happen to oneself than to the average person, and is proposed to be related to the reduced use of precautions.

Method

Building on studies of optimism bias for workplace hazards using samples with heterogenous risk profiles, the current study aimed to investigate whether optimism bias is present in a sample of workers exposed to similar workplace hazards. 175 Australian construction workers completed a brief survey that asked them to rate the likelihood of common construction industry hazards occurring to them and to the average worker of the same age doing the same job. Significant levels of optimism bias were found for many hazards (including being electrocuted, being trapped in a confined space, falling from heights, and causing someone else to have an injury).

Results

Optimism bias was not related to perceived controllability, contrary to findings in other domains, yet consistent with findings of optimism bias for workplace hazards. Optimism bias was not found to be related to a reduction in safe work behaviors, though this may be due to difficulties in measuring safe or precautionary behavior, such as social desirability.

Impact on industry

That most workers think that hazards are less likely to happen to them than to the average worker presents a significant problem because it may ameliorate the efficacy of safety programs, yet constitutes a largely unexplored opportunity for improving workplace safety performance.     

条件价值法评估生命价值的应用探讨

分别对条件价值法评估生命价值的经济学理论基础和研究进展进行阐述;分析条件价值法应用于生命价值评估可能会产生的偏差有假想偏差、策略偏差和信息偏差,并探讨支付意愿与受偿意愿、诱导技术、风险变化率对其结果有效性的影响。根据文献分析结果,结合前期应用条件价值法评估生命价值实证研究的成果,就如何提高条件价值法评估生命价值结果的可靠性和有效性给出实证研究设计方案,通过总体设计框架、工作环境风险认知调查、工作风险支付意愿的设计、社会经济信息变量的设置、调查准备与预调查、样本容量及抽样设计、数据统计分析等多个方面的优化设计可以保障评估生命价值的有效性和可靠性。     

How to dissolve fixed‐pie bias in negotiation? Social antecedents and the mediating effect of mental‐model adjustment

Fixed‐pie bias, defined as the erroneous belief that the other negotiation party's interest is directly opposite to one's own, has been a consistent hurdle that negotiators must overcome in their efforts to achieve optimal negotiation outcomes. In this study, we explore the underlying cognitive mechanism and the social antecedents of fixed‐pie bias reduction in negotiation. Using data from a negotiation simulation with 256 participants, we found that mental‐model adjustments made by negotiators could effectively decrease fixed‐pie bias. More interestingly, we also found that negotiators were less likely to reduce fixed‐pie bias when negotiating with an in‐group member than with an out‐group member but only under a high accountability condition. Finally, we found that mental‐model adjustment mediated the effects of the aforementioned social antecedents (in‐groupness and accountability) on reduced fixed‐pie bias. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.